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Equine farming generates a significant amount of waste, prompting the need for effective management. Composting enhanced by filamentous fungi holds promise for this purpose. This study focused on inoculating Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in composting horse bedding made with wood shavings (Pinus elliottii). The experiment lasted 90 days, with two treatment groups, control and inoculated, analyzing temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen content, and cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents. Both treatments entered the thermophilic phase by the fourth day, reaching temperatures above 55°C and mesophilic maturation at 35 days (41 ± 0.2°C). The inoculated treatment exhibited higher electrical conductivity after 30 days and a more pronounced reduction in the total carbon content (42.85% vs. 38.29%) compared to the control. While there was no significant nitrogen difference, the inoculated treatment had a sharper reduction in carbon/nitrogen ratio, and cellulose and hemicellulose contents. Both treatments showed low coliform counts, no Salmonella sp., and reduced Strongyloides sp. larvae. Inoculating A. fumigatus in saturated horse bedding made from wood shavings improved compost quality, providing a possibility for sustainable equine farming waste treatment.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atmospheric plasma application on the inactivation of fungi on the surface of Erythrina velutina seeds and on isolated fungal colonies. Two experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design. First, plasma was applied to the surface of the seeds using helium gas and atmospheric plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min in addition to the control (untreated seeds), constituting seven treatments with five repetitions each. In the second experiment, Petri dishes containing the inoculum of different fungi were treated with atmospheric air plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min (Air-3, Air-6, and Air-9) and were compared with untreated fungi in Petri dishes without treatment (control), totaling four treatments and five repetitions each. We found that the application of atmospheric air plasma to E. velutina seeds for 9 min had an antimicrobial effect on the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Brachysporium sp., and Rhizopus sp. The formation of fungal colonies isolated from E. velutina seeds was also inhibited by 3 min of exposure to atmospheric air plasma, except for A. niger, whose inhibition occurred after 6 min of exposure to atmospheric plasma.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de plasma atmosférico na inativação de fungos na superfície de sementes de Erythrina velutina e em colônias fúngicas isoladas. Dois experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado: no primeiro, o plasma foi aplicado na superfície das sementes usando gás hélio e plasma atmosférico por três, seis e nove minutos, além do controle (sementes sem tratamento), constituindo sete tratamentos com cinco repetições cada; no segundo experimento, placas de Petri contendo o inóculo de diferentes fungos foram tratadas com plasma atmosférico por três, seis e nove minutos (Air-3, Air-6 e Air-9) e comparadas com fungos não tratados em placas de Petri sem tratamento (controle), totalizando quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições cada. Descobrimos que a aplicação de plasma atmosférico nas sementes de E. velutina por nove minutos teve efeito antimicrobiano sobre os fungos Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Brachysporium sp. e Rhizopus sp. A formação de colônias fúngicas isoladas de sementes de E. velutina também foi inibida por três minutos de exposição à aplicação de plasma atmosférico, exceto para A. niger, cuja inibição ocorreu a partir de 6 minutos de exposição à aplicação de plasma atmosférico.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atmospheric plasma application on the inactivation of fungi on the surface of Erythrina velutina seeds and on isolated fungal colonies. Two experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design. First, plasma was applied to the surface of the seeds using helium gas and atmospheric plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min in addition to the control (untreated seeds), constituting seven treatments with five repetitions each. In the second experiment, Petri dishes containing the inoculum of different fungi were treated with atmospheric air plasma for 3, 6, and 9 min (Air-3, Air-6, and Air-9) and were compared with untreated fungi in Petri dishes without treatment (control), totaling four treatments and five repetitions each. We found that the application of atmospheric air plasma to E. velutina seeds for 9 min had an antimicrobial effect on the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Brachysporium sp., and Rhizopus sp. The formation of fungal colonies isolated from E. velutina seeds was also inhibited by 3 min of exposure to atmospheric air plasma, except for A. niger, whose inhibition occurred after 6 min of exposure to atmospheric plasma.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de plasma atmosférico na inativação de fungos na superfície de sementes de Erythrina velutina e em colônias fúngicas isoladas. Dois experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado: no primeiro, o plasma foi aplicado na superfície das sementes usando gás hélio e plasma atmosférico por três, seis e nove minutos, além do controle (sementes sem tratamento), constituindo sete tratamentos com cinco repetições cada; no segundo experimento, placas de Petri contendo o inóculo de diferentes fungos foram tratadas com plasma atmosférico por três, seis e nove minutos (Air-3, Air-6 e Air-9) e comparadas com fungos não tratados em placas de Petri sem tratamento (controle), totalizando quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições cada. Descobrimos que a aplicação de plasma atmosférico nas sementes de E. velutina por nove minutos teve efeito antimicrobiano sobre os fungos Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Brachysporium sp. e Rhizopus sp. A formação de colônias fúngicas isoladas de sementes de E. velutina também foi inibida por três minutos de exposição à aplicação de plasma atmosférico, exceto para A. niger, cuja inibição ocorreu a partir de 6 minutos de exposição à aplicação de plasma atmosférico.

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Prickly pear peel (Opuntia ficus-indica) residues can be used as a substrate in solid-state fermentation to obtain bioactive compounds. The kinetic growth of some Aspergillus strains was evaluated. A Box-Hunter and Hunter design to evaluate the independent factors was used. These factors were temperature (°C), inoculum (spores/g), humidity (%), pH, NaNO3 (g/L), MgSO4 (g/L), KCl (g/L), and KH2PO4 (g/L). The response factors were the amount of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fermentation extracts was evaluated. Aspergillus niger strains GH1 and HT3 were the best for accumulating tannins. The humidity, inoculum, and temperature affect the release of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Treatment 13 (low values for temperature, inoculum, NaNO3, MgSO4; and high values for humidity, pH, KCl, KH2PO4) resulted in 32.9 mg/g of condensed tannins being obtained; while treatment 16 (high values for all the factors evaluated) resulted in 3.5 mg/g of hydrolyzable tannins being obtained. In addition, the fermented extracts showed higher antioxidant activity compared to the unfermented extracts. Treatments 13 and 16 showed low inhibition of E. coli, Alternaria sp., and Botrytis spp. The solid-state fermentation process involving prickly pear peel residues favors the accumulation of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, with antioxidant and antifungal activity.

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Mangrove shrub Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh was used to test the antifungal and antibacterial activities of aerial fractions in vitro. Aspergillus sp, Candida sp and Gram positive bacteria have all been found to be sensitive to mangrove extracts, whereas Gram negative bacteria have been found to be resistant to them. Agar disc diffusion and well-cut diffusion were employed to conduct antifungal and antibacterial activities. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for each assay have been established. Several extracts from Mangrove reduced fungus growth (diameters fluctuated between 11 and 41 mm). The Ethyl acetate fraction showed particularly strong inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. albicanis, and A. fumigatus. They had 41, 40, and 25 mm-diameter inhibition zones, respectively. Nesoral, a synthetic antifungal medication, showed no significant changes in its MICs compared to different extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by Petroleum Ether extracts at MICs of 0.78 and 0.35 mg/mL, respectively. It is possible that A. marina extracts may be exploited as a viable natural alternative that may be employed in the management of various infections, notably nosocomial bacterial infections, as anti-candidiasis and as anti-aspergillosis agents.

Arbusto de mangue Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh foi usado para testar as atividades antifúngicas e antibacterianas de frações aéreas in vitro. As bactérias Aspergillus sp, Candida sp e Gram-positivas mostraram-se sensíveis aos extratos de mangue, enquanto as bactérias Gram-negativas mostraram-se resistentes a eles. Difusão em disco de ágar e difusão bem cortada foram empregadas para realizar atividades antifúngicas e antibacterianas. Para cada ensaio foram estabelecidas as CIMs (concentrações inibitórias mínimas). Vários extratos de mangue reduziram o crescimento do fungo (os diâmetros variaram entre 11 e 41 mm). A fração acetato de etila mostrou inibição particularmente forte de C. tropicalis, C. albicanis e A. fumigatus. Eles tinham zonas de inibição de 41, 40 e 25 mm de diâmetro, respectivamente. Nesoral, um medicamento antifúngico sintético, não apresentou alterações significativas em suas CIMs em comparação com diferentes extratos Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis foram inibidos por extratos de éter de petróleo em MICs de 0,78 e 0,35 mg/mL, respectivamente. É possível que os extratos de A. marina possam ser explorados como uma alternativa natural viável que pode ser empregada no manejo de várias infecções, notadamente infecções bacterianas nosocomiais, como agentes anti-candidíase e anti-aspergilose.

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Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) migrate to the continental shelf of southern-southeastern Brazil during austral winter. Stranded penguins are directed to rehabilitation centers, where they occasionally develop fungal diseases. Aspergillosis, a mycosis caused by Aspergillus spp., is one of the most important diseases of captive penguins, while Candida sp. has been detected in penguins undergoing rehabilitation. Nevertheless, their occurrence in the wild is poorly understood. This study surveyed the occurrence of mycoses in free-ranging Magellanic penguins wintering in southeastern Brazil. These penguins were either found dead or stranded alive and died during transport to a rehabilitation center. Overall, 61 fresh to moderate autolyzed carcasses were necropsied. Upon necropsy, three juvenile males (4.9%) presented mycotic-consistent gross lesions. Histopathology and panfungal PCRs confirmed the mycoses. Major microscopic findings were marked chronic necrotizing multifocal to coalescent pneumonia, airsacculitis, and esophageal/gastric serositis with two types of intralesional fungal structures: (a) septated acute-angled branching hyphae (n = 2) and (b) yeast structures (n = 1), both PAS- and Grocott-positive. Sequences identical to Aspergillus sp. were retrieved in two cases, while the third had sequences identical to Candida palmioleophila. This study describes two cases of aspergillosis and one of candidiasis in free-ranging Magellanic penguins, confirming the species' susceptibility in the wild. These mycoses could be associated with the animals' poor body condition, and/or impaired immunity, and natural and anthropogenic challenges related to migration. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of aspergillosis in free-ranging Magellanic penguins in the Atlantic Ocean and of candidiasis in penguins worldwide.

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O gênero Aspergillus compreende espécies de fungos saprotróficos, globalmente distribuídos, sendo os Aspergillus seção Fumigati conhecidos por causarem doença em humanos e animais imunocomprometidos. Os sinais clínicos dependem do sistema acometido, podendo apresentar febre branda, cólicas intensas, pneumonias, micose de bolsa gutural, e, ocasionalmente, lesões no sistema nervoso central. O presente trabalho objetiva relatar os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histologia de um caso de aspergilose sistêmica em um potro de oito meses de idade. O animal apresentava refluxo enterogástrico, peristaltismo aumentado, fezes pastosas, dor abdominal e desidratação intensa. O quadro clínico evoluiu para óbito e o cadáver foi encaminhado para a necropsia. Macroscopicamente, havia sufusões e equimoses na serosa do trato gastrointestinal e ulcerações na mucosa do intestino delgado. No pulmão, havia nódulos multifocais, esbranquiçados e firmes que, ao corte, apresentavam-se císticos, com revestimento interno vinhoso e friável. O coração exibia áreas esbranquiçadas multifocais no miocárdio e os rins continham nódulos avermelhados nas regiões cortical e medular. No encéfalo, havia áreas multifocais amareladas e hemorrágicas com bordos avermelhados. Microscopicamente, observaram-se áreas multifocais de necrose com infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso no intestino, pulmão, encéfalo, miocárdio e nos rins. Hifas fúngicas intralesionais e intravasculares foram observadas no encéfalo e no pulmão. Estruturas de fenótipo compatível com Aspergillus fumigatus foram observadas na cultura fúngica. Amostras encaminhadas para virologia apresentaram-se positivas para Herpesvírus Equino (HVE) tipo 1 e 4. O diagnóstico de aspergilose sistêmica foi determinado pelo histórico clínico, imunossupressão, achados macroscópicos, histológicos, isolamento do fungo e à infecção concomitante por HVE.

The Aspergillus genus comprises globally distributed species of saprotrophic fungi, with the Aspergillus section Fumigatus known to cause diseases in humans and immunocompromised animals. Clinical signs depend on the affected system, exhibiting mild fever, severe colic, pneumonia, guttural bag mycosis and occasionally lesions in the central nervous system. The present work aims to report the clinical signs, necropsy findings and histology of a case of systemic aspergillosis in an eight-months-old foal. The animal had enterogastric reflux, increased peristalsis, pasty feces, abdominal pain and severe dehydration. The condition evolved to death and the cadaver was sent for necropsy. Macroscopically, there were suffusions and ecchymosis in the serosa of the gastrointestinal tract and ulcerations in the mucosa of the small intestines. In the lung, there were multifocal, whitish and firm nodules that were cystic when cut with a friable winey internal lining. The heart had whitish multifocal areas in the myocardium and the kidneys contained reddish nodules in the cortical and medullary regions. In the brain there were yellowish and hemorrhagic multifocal areas with reddish borders. Microscopically, multifocal areas of necrosis with granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate were observed in the intestine, lung, brain, myocardium and kidneys. Intralesional and intravascular fungal were observed in the brain and lung. Structures with phenotype compatible with Aspergillus fumigatus were observed in the fungal culture. In virology, samples were positive for equine herpesvirus (HVE) types 1 and 4. The diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis was determined due to the clinical history, immunosuppression, macroscopic and histological findings, fungal isolation and concomitant HVE infection.

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O gênero Aspergillus compreende espécies de fungos saprotróficos, globalmente distribuídos, sendo os Aspergillus seção Fumigati conhecidos por causarem doença em humanos e animais imunocomprometidos. Os sinais clínicos dependem do sistema acometido, podendo apresentar febre branda, cólicas intensas, pneumonias, micose de bolsa gutural, e, ocasionalmente, lesões no sistema nervoso central. O presente trabalho objetiva relatar os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histologia de um caso de aspergilose sistêmica em um potro de oito meses de idade. O animal apresentava refluxo enterogástrico, peristaltismo aumentado, fezes pastosas, dor abdominal e desidratação intensa. O quadro clínico evoluiu para óbito e o cadáver foi encaminhado para a necropsia. Macroscopicamente, havia sufusões e equimoses na serosa do trato gastrointestinal e ulcerações na mucosa do intestino delgado. No pulmão, havia nódulos multifocais, esbranquiçados e firmes que, ao corte, apresentavam-se císticos, com revestimento interno vinhoso e friável. O coração exibia áreas esbranquiçadas multifocais no miocárdio e os rins continham nódulos avermelhados nas regiões cortical e medular. No encéfalo, havia áreas multifocais amareladas e hemorrágicas com bordos avermelhados. Microscopicamente, observaram-se áreas multifocais de necrose com infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso no intestino, pulmão, encéfalo, miocárdio e nos rins. Hifas fúngicas intralesionais e intravasculares foram observadas no encéfalo e no pulmão. Estruturas de fenótipo compatível com Aspergillus fumigatus foram observadas na cultura fúngica. Amostras encaminhadas para virologia apresentaram-se positivas para Herpesvírus Equino (HVE) tipo 1 e 4. O diagnóstico de aspergilose sistêmica foi determinado pelo histórico clínico, imunossupressão, achados macroscópicos, histológicos, isolamento do fungo e à infecção concomitante por HVE.(AU)

The Aspergillus genus comprises globally distributed species of saprotrophic fungi, with the Aspergillus section Fumigatus known to cause diseases in humans and immunocompromised animals. Clinical signs depend on the affected system, exhibiting mild fever, severe colic, pneumonia, guttural bag mycosis and occasionally lesions in the central nervous system. The present work aims to report the clinical signs, necropsy findings and histology of a case of systemic aspergillosis in an eight-months-old foal. The animal had enterogastric reflux, increased peristalsis, pasty feces, abdominal pain and severe dehydration. The condition evolved to death and the cadaver was sent for necropsy. Macroscopically, there were suffusions and ecchymosis in the serosa of the gastrointestinal tract and ulcerations in the mucosa of the small intestines. In the lung, there were multifocal, whitish and firm nodules that were cystic when cut with a friable winey internal lining. The heart had whitish multifocal areas in the myocardium and the kidneys contained reddish nodules in the cortical and medullary regions. In the brain there were yellowish and hemorrhagic multifocal areas with reddish borders. Microscopically, multifocal areas of necrosis with granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate were observed in the intestine, lung, brain, myocardium and kidneys. Intralesional and intravascular fungal were observed in the brain and lung. Structures with phenotype compatible with Aspergillus fumigatus were observed in the fungal culture. In virology, samples were positive for equine herpesvirus (HVE) types 1 and 4. The diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis was determined due to the clinical history, immunosuppression, macroscopic and histological findings, fungal isolation and concomitant HVE infection.(AU)

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Los desechos agroindustriales se generan en grandes cantidades, y en la mayoría de los casos son depositados en vertederos lo cual constituye un problema ambiental. Estos residuos lignocelulósicos pueden utilizarse como materia prima o sustrato de crecimiento de hongos anamorfos, que a través de procesos de fermentación pueden producir biocombustibles, enzimas, vitaminas, antioxidantes, alimentos para animales, antibióticos y otros productos químicos. En este estudio se determinó la capacidad de producción de α-amilasas de 20 cepas nativas de hongos anamorfos del cepario de hongos del Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, de la USAC a través de fermentación en estado sólido, utilizando como sustrato cascarilla de arroz. La extracción de las enzimas se realizó por microfiltración y la actividad amilolítica fue medida por espectrofotometría. De las cepas evaluadas se encontró que las amilasas de Aspergillus sp. SL15319 mostraron la mayor actividad media (desviación estándar), tanto libres, 930.26 (1.56) UA/dl, como inmovilizadas, 900.34 (3.21) UA/dl, seguido por las de Beltrania rhombica, 905.02 (10.72) y 879.07 (3.87) UA/dl y Aspergillus sp. SL15119, 907.46 (5.17) y 875.95 (9.39) UA/dl (p < .05). La importancia de este estudio radica en dar a conocer el potencial de los hongos anamorfos nativos de Guatemala para el aprovechamiento de los residuos agroindustriales como materia prima para la producción de sustancias de utilidad para el ser humano, y en la reducción de la carga contaminante que se desecha al medio ambiente.

Agroindustrial wastes are generated in large quantities and in most cases deposited in landfills as waste. These lignocellulosic residues can be raw material or substrate for anamorphic fungi, which through fermentation processes can produce biofuels, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics and other chemical products. In this study, the α-amylase production capacity of 20 native strains of anamorphic fungi from the fungal strain collection of Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, USAC was determined through solid state fermentation, using rice husk as a substrate. The extraction of the enzymes was carried out by microfiltration and the amylolytic activity was measured by spectrophotometry. Of the strains evaluated, it was found that the amylases of Aspergillus sp. SL15319 showed the highest mean activity (standard deviation), both free, 930.26 (1.56) UA/dl, and immobilized, 900.34 (3.21) UA/dl, followed by those of Beltrania rhombica, 905.02 (10.72) and 879.07 (3.87) UA/dl and Aspergillus sp. SL15119 907.46 (5.17) and 875.95 (9.39) UA/dl (p < .05). The importance of this study lies in making known the potential of native anamorphic fungi in Guatemala for the use of agro-industrial waste as a raw material for the production of substances of use to humans, and in reducing the pollutant load that is discharged into the environment.

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Background: The Brazilian domestic canine population are the second largest in the world and their feeding means 0.4%of the Brazilian gross domestic product. For maintaining the quality of the food, the companies use worldwide standardsfor technical prevention and control of contaminants and biological conservation. The packaging is part of this process,since it provides a barrier between food and environment. However, in Brazil, packagings are often opened in retail storesfor bulk marketing. The objectives of this work were to develop a methodology to detect viruses in foods and to analyzethe bacterial and fungal contamination in puppies food sold in bulk in Ivoti and Estância Velha, cities in Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty samples collected between September and October 2016 were analyzed for mostprobable number of coliforms, Salmonella sp., mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold following the regulation of theBrazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply guidelines. They were also tested for Human MastadenovirusC (HAdV), Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV), and Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 (CPV) genomes. Viral analysis wereperformed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. During the collection of the samples hygienic-sanitary conditions, storage of feeds, animals access, dog grooming, and veterinary care were considered to evaluate the conditions ofeach store. A pilot study was carried out using one food sample marketed in bulk and one sample from the original package(closed package) and testing them for bacterial and fungal contamination for standardizing viral detection. Ten grams offood from the original package were mixed with 90 mL of Eagles Minimal Essential Medium (E-MEM) in 100 mL sterilebottles. These bottles were kept in room temperature and shaken for 60 min. Subsequently, aliquots were obtained by sequentially diluting the sample (10-2 to 10-4)...(AU)

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Pectinases are important enzymes not only for their potential applications in different industries such animal feed, agricultural, textile, beverage, food processing, oil extraction, etc. Ten fungal species were isolated from the soil and screened for production of pectinase enzyme by using the pectin agar medium. Pectinolytic enzymes synthesis were attained at a temperature of 30 °C and activities were determined after a seven-days culture of Aspergillus sp. 391 and Aspergillus sp. 031, in a basic medium containing 2% citrus pectin and as the sole carbon source. The extract enzymatic showed an optimum activity for exo-polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL) against galacturonic acid and pectin at pH 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. There were variations in PG and PNL enzymes levels produced in culture filtrates obtained of Aspergillus sp. 391 with addition of citrus waste (2.0 and 4.0 % w/v) to the medium. Maximum activity for PNL activity was observed in the medium containing 5% pectin or 4% citrus waste, as sole carbon source, after 7 days of growth. The results showed that the isolate Aspergillus sp. 391 is a promising for pectinolytic enzymes production at the industrial level.(AU)

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Vinasse is a waste material from distillery industries, which causes major environmental problems around the world. Argentina alone produces about 4 billion liters of vinasse annually; consequently, diverse biological eco-friendly treatments are evaluated for their ability to reduce the detrimental effects. The present study reports on the degradation of a 50% (v/v) local vinasse sample by an autochthonous fungus identified as Aspergillus sp. V1. The Bioprocess was conducted for 15 d at 30 °C after inoculation of spores at an end concentration of 1 × 106 CFU/mL. Effluent neutralization was detected after 6 d of treatment, with maximum COD and BOD removal after 12 d (49% and 59%, respectively). Effects of vinasse before and after treatment were predicted using Caco-2 cells and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) seeds as toxicological indicators. Only 13% viability was observed for Caco-2 cells exposed to untreated vinasse, but this percentage increased more than 3-fold for cells exposed to the treated effluent. While vinasse without treatment completely inhibited germination of seeds, exposure to treated effluent demonstrated a germination percentage of 60%. The present study highlights the use of a dual-purpose biotechnological process that aimed at reducing the detrimental effects of vinasse, enhancing its quality for agricultural practices.

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With the objective to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils of Citrus latifolia (Tahiti lemon) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon bark) in the control of plant pathogens Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and the quality of the bean seeds, two experiments were conducted. In the first one, the effect of essential oils of C. latifolia and C. zeylanicum was evaluated in vitro development of the fungi Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and, in the second one, the influence of essential oils on the physiological and sanitary quality of bean seeds. The variables mycelial growth, conidial germination and sporulation of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were measured in the first experiment, while the seed germination test, first count of germination, germination speed index (GSI) and sanity test of bean seeds were measured in the second. The essential oil (EO) of C. zeylanicum was more efficient than C. latifolia in the control of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., but decreased the physiological quality of the beans seeds. The fungal diversity identified in the seed health test was composed by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium and Rhizopus. The results indicate the potential of the use of these EOs in the seeds treatment.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Citrus latifolia (limão taiti) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela em casca) no controle dos fitopatógenos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e na qualidade das sementes de feijão, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais de C. latifolia e C. zeylanicum no desenvolvimento in vitro dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e, no segundo, a influência dos óleos essenciais sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de feijão. As variáveis crescimento micelial, germinação de conídios e esporulação de Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. foram aferidas no primeiro experimento, enquanto o teste de germinação de sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e teste de sanidade de sementes de feijão foram aferidas no segundo. O óleo essencial (OE) de C. zeylanicum foi mais eficiente que C. latifolia no controle dos fungos Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp., mas diminuiu a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão. A diversidade fúngica identificada no teste de sanidade de sementes foi composta por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium e Rhizopus. Os resultados indicam o potencial do uso desses óleos essenciais no tratamento de sementes.(AU)

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Background: The Brazilian domestic canine population are the second largest in the world and their feeding means 0.4%of the Brazilian gross domestic product. For maintaining the quality of the food, the companies use worldwide standardsfor technical prevention and control of contaminants and biological conservation. The packaging is part of this process,since it provides a barrier between food and environment. However, in Brazil, packagings are often opened in retail storesfor bulk marketing. The objectives of this work were to develop a methodology to detect viruses in foods and to analyzethe bacterial and fungal contamination in puppies’ food sold in bulk in Ivoti and Estância Velha, cities in Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty samples collected between September and October 2016 were analyzed for mostprobable number of coliforms, Salmonella sp., mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold following the regulation of theBrazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply guidelines. They were also tested for Human MastadenovirusC (HAdV), Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV), and Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 (CPV) genomes. Viral analysis wereperformed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. During the collection of the samples hygienic-sanitary conditions, storage of feeds, animals’ access, dog grooming, and veterinary care were considered to evaluate the conditions ofeach store. A pilot study was carried out using one food sample marketed in bulk and one sample from the original package(closed package) and testing them for bacterial and fungal contamination for standardizing viral detection. Ten grams offood from the original package were mixed with 90 mL of Eagles’ Minimal Essential Medium (E-MEM) in 100 mL sterilebottles. These bottles were kept in room temperature and shaken for 60 min. Subsequently, aliquots were obtained by sequentially diluting the sample (10-2 to 10-4)...

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RESUMO

With the objective to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils of Citrus latifolia (Tahiti lemon) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon bark) in the control of plant pathogens Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and the quality of the bean seeds, two experiments were conducted. In the first one, the effect of essential oils of C. latifolia and C. zeylanicum was evaluated in vitro development of the fungi Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and, in the second one, the influence of essential oils on the physiological and sanitary quality of bean seeds. The variables mycelial growth, conidial germination and sporulation of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were measured in the first experiment, while the seed germination test, first count of germination, germination speed index (GSI) and sanity test of bean seeds were measured in the second. The essential oil (EO) of C. zeylanicum was more efficient than C. latifolia in the control of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., but decreased the physiological quality of the beans seeds. The fungal diversity identified in the seed health test was composed by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium and Rhizopus. The results indicate the potential of the use of these EOs in the seeds treatment.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Citrus latifolia (limão taiti) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela em casca) no controle dos fitopatógenos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e na qualidade das sementes de feijão, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais de C. latifolia e C. zeylanicum no desenvolvimento in vitro dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e, no segundo, a influência dos óleos essenciais sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de feijão. As variáveis crescimento micelial, germinação de conídios e esporulação de Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. foram aferidas no primeiro experimento, enquanto o teste de germinação de sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e teste de sanidade de sementes de feijão foram aferidas no segundo. O óleo essencial (OE) de C. zeylanicum foi mais eficiente que C. latifolia no controle dos fungos Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp., mas diminuiu a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão. A diversidade fúngica identificada no teste de sanidade de sementes foi composta por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium e Rhizopus. Os resultados indicam o potencial do uso desses óleos essenciais no tratamento de sementes.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20 d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1 × 104 mL-1, after co-cultured for 12 d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289 mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.(AU)

RESUMO

Abstract Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20 d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1 × 104 mL-1, after co-cultured for 12 d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289 mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GC-MS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1×104mL-1, after co-cultured for 12d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GC–MS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.(AU)