RESUMO
Grape seeds are rich in bioactive substances, including polyphenols, terpenoids, and phytosterols. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) boasts a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lignans, phytoestrogens, and soluble fibers, all contributing to its therapeutic potential. In this study, we pioneered the formulation of an oil blend (GL) combining grape seed oil (G) and golden linseed oil (GL) in equal volumes (1:1 (v/v)) and we evaluated in terms of the nutritional, physical, and chemical properties and their influence in an in vivo experimental model. We analyzed the oils by performing physical-chemical analyses, examining the oxidative stability using Rancimat; conducting thermal analyses via thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), performing optical UV-vis absorption analyses; examining the fluorescence emission-excitation matrix, total carotenoids, and color, and conducting metabolic assessments in an in vivo experimental trial. The fatty acid profile presented a higher fraction of linoleic acid (C18:2) in G and GL and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) in L. The acidity and peroxide indices were within the recommended ranges. The TG/DTG, DSC, and Rancimat analyses revealed similar behaviors, and the optical analyses revealed color variations caused by carotenoid contents in L and GL. In the in vivo trial, G (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) promoted lower total consumption, and the blend (GL: 2000 mg/kg/day) group exhibited less weight gain per gram of consumed food. The group with G supplementation (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) and GL had the highest levels of HDL-c. The group with L supplementation (L2: 2000 mg/kg/day) had the lowest total cholesterol level. The L2, G1 (1000 mg/kg/day), and G2 groups exhibited the lowest MCP-1 and TNF-α values. Additionally, the lowest adipocyte areas occurred in G and GL. Our results suggest that this combination is of high quality for consumption and can influence lipid profiles, markers of inflammation, and antioxidant status.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their various health benefits. Chia is the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids. However, its oil is highly susceptible to oxidative deterioration and should be protected for incorporation into food matrices. This work aimed to study the incorporation of different chia oil microcapsules in a powdered beverage, analyzing the effect on the physicochemical characteristics and stability during storage. RESULTS: Different types of microcapsules were obtained: monolayer microcapsules using sodium caseinate and lactose as wall material, and multilayer microcapsules produced through electrostatic deposition using lecithins, chitosan, and chia mucilage as the first, second, and third layers, respectively. The results demonstrated an efficient enrichment of smoothies, with omega-3 fatty acid values ranging from 24.09% to 42.73%, while the original food matrix powder lacked this component. These powder beverages exhibited low moisture content (≤ 2.91%) and low water activity (≤ 0.39). The aerated, packed density and compressibility assays indicated that adding microcapsules made the powders less dense and compressible. The color of the original powdered beverage was not modified. The dispersibility reflected an acceptable instantaneity, reaching the maximum obscuration after 30 s of stirring. The solubility of all the enriched products was higher than 70%, whereas the pH was ~6.8. The contact angle between the powder and liquid indicated an excellent ability to be reconstituted in water. The analysis of the glass transition temperature showed that the storage temperature (25 °C) was adequate. The peroxide value of all the products was low throughout the storage (≤ 1.63 meq peroxide kg-1 of oil at 90 days at 25 ± 2 °C), thus maintaining the quality of the microencapsulated chia oil. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that incorporating the monolayer and multilayer chia oil microcapsules that were studied could be a viable strategy for enriching smoothies with the omega-3 fatty acids present in chia seed oil. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Extratos Vegetais , Salvia hispanica , Salvia , Salvia/química , Frutas/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Cápsulas , Pós , Óleos de Plantas/química , Bebidas/análise , Água , Peróxidos , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
Maternal obesity and the imbalance in linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) levels are related with hepatic disturbances in the offspring. However, whether these alterations are present during fetal life is not well understood. Obese and normal weight pregnant women were recruited to determine fatty acids (FAs) consumption, FAs profile (in maternal erythrocytes, placenta and neonatal very low-density lipoproteins VLDL) and biomarkers of fetal liver function, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin, in umbilical cord blood. Stearic acid (C18:0, ST) was lower, and total n-3 FAs tended to be lower in umbilical cord VLDLs of obese women compared to controls. Independently of maternal obesity, GGT levels in umbilical cord blood was positively correlated with the LA content and negatively correlated with the ALA content in maternal erythrocytes. We conclude that maternal obesity and its imbalance of LA and ALA are associated with changes in biomarkers of fetal liver function.
Assuntos
Obesidade Materna , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais , Obesidade , Ácido Linoleico , Sangue Fetal , Fígado , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
The carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a key transcription factor to understand the gene−diet−nutrient relationship that leads to metabolic diseases. We aimed to analyze the association between the rs17145750 and rs3812316 SNVs (single nucleotide variants) of the MLXIPL gene with dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical variables in Mexican Mestizo subjects. This is a cross-sectional study of 587 individuals. Genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination. In addition, liver and adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a subgroup of 24 subjects to analyze the expression of the MLXIPL gene. An in silico test of the protein stability and allelic imbalance showed that rs17145750 and rs3812316 showed a high rate of joint heritability in a highly conserved area. The G allele of rs3812316 was associated with lower triglyceride levels (OR = −0.070 ± 0.027, p < 0.011, 95% CI = −0.124 to −0.016), the production of an unstable protein (ΔΔG −0.83 kcal/mol), and probably lower tissue mRNA levels. In addition, we found independent factors that also influence triglyceride levels, such as insulin resistance, HDL-c, and dietary protein intake in women. Our data showed that the association of rs3812316 on triglycerides was only observed in patients with an inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake (1.97 ± 0.03 vs. 2.11 ± 0.01 log mg/dL, p < 0.001).
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , Humanos , Feminino , Triglicerídeos/genética , Estudos Transversais , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/genética , NucleotídeosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High-fat diet (HFD) intake during gestation and lactation has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders in adult offspring. We investigated whether metabolic alterations resulting from the maternal consumption of HFD are prevented by the addition of omega-3 (É·3) in the diet. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wistar rat dams were fed a control (C: 19% of lipids and É·6:É·3 = 12), HF (HF: 33% lipids and É·6:É·3 = 21), or HF enriched with É·3 (HFω3: 33% lipids and É·6:É·3 = 9) diet during gestation and lactation, and their offspring food consumption, murinometric measurements, serum levels of metabolic markers, insulin and pyruvate sensitivity tests were evaluated. The maternal HFD increased body weight at birth, dyslipidemia, and elevated fasting glucose levels in the HF group. The enrichment of É·3 in the maternal HFD led to lower birth weight and improved lipid, glycemic, and transaminase biochemical profile of the HFω3 group until the beginning of adulthood. However, at later adulthood of the offspring, there was no improvement in these biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: Our findings show the maternal consumption of high-fat É·3-rich diet is able to attenuate or prevent metabolic disruption elicited by HFD in offspring until 90 days old, but not in the long term, as observed at 300 days old of the offspring.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an herbaceous plant used as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) source that presents a range of beneficial effects on human health. Herein, it was used a chia oil containing over than 62% of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a compound widely related to anti-inflammatory actions. Chia oil effect was tested using paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, and ear edema induced by croton oil, histamine, and capsaicin. Croton oil was used in both preventive and therapeutic treatment schedules of chia oil while histamine and capsaicin were used only in preventive treatment schedule. Chia oil mechanism of action was investigated using nociception and paw edema response induced by intraplantar injection of acidified saline (ASIC activator), PGE2 (prostaglandin pathway), cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1 activator), bradykinin (BK pathway), menthol (TRPM8 activator), and capsaicin (TRPV1 activator). Further, RT-PCR for inflammatory mediators (TRPA1, NF-κB, PPAR-γ, COX-2, IL-6, TNF, FPR2, FAAH, MAGL, and IL-12A) induced by carrageenan, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the cell viability were then accessed. Later, chia oil actions were evaluated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis (MS) model. Chia oil showed anti-edematogenic and anti-hyperalgesic effects when administered 1 h before pro-inflammatory stimulus - particularly carrageenan and croton oil. Moreover, chia oil upregulated the mRNA levels of COX-2 and formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) while reduced IL-6 expression in the spinal cord of mice submitted to i.pl. injection of carrageenan. Interestingly, chia oil mediates antinociceptive effects in mice decreasing the nociceptive response induced by acidified saline, PGE2, and cinnamaldehyde, but not by bradykinin, menthol, and capsaicin. On the EAE model, chia oil preventively administered attenuated EAE-induced motor deficits and mechanical hyperalgesia in mice, suggesting a valuable effect of chia oil supplementation in regulating inflammatory responses and some immune functions during immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID). Nonetheless, additional reports will need to assess the effect of chia oil in well-controlled clinical trials performed in MS patients.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios , Extratos Vegetais , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Carragenina , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The omega 3 fatty acids (ω3FA) have been recommended for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, but there are studies questioning those beneficial effects. In this research, we supplemented the short-chain ω3FA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), to a model of rats with T2DM and normoglycemic controls, for 5 months. We were mainly interested in studying the effects of diabetes and ALA on the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes and the consequences on mitochondrial respiration. We found that the Respiratory Control (RC) of diabetic rats was 46% lower than in control rats; in diabetic rats with ALA supplement, it was only 23.9% lower, but in control rats with ALA supplement, the RC was 29.5% higher, apparently improving. Diabetes also decreased the membrane fluidity, changed the thermotropic characteristics of membranes, and increased the proportion of saturated fatty acids. ALA supplement partially kept regulated the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes in induced rats. Our data indicate that diabetes decreased the membrane fluidity through changes in the fatty acids composition that simultaneously affected the RC, which means that the mitochondrial respiration is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the membranes. Simultaneously, it was followed the effects of ALA on the progress of diabetes and we found also that the supplementation of ALA helped in controlling glycaemia in rats induced to T2DM; however, in control non-induced rats, the supplementation of ALA derived in characteristics of initial development of diabetes.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fitoterapia , Antioxidantes , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Chlorella/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Linho/química , Análise de Alimentos , Humanos , Juglans/química , Spirulina/química , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Previous research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids from animal origin may promote the browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. We evaluated if supplementation with a plant oil (chia, Salvia hispanica L.) rich in alpha-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3; ω-3) would promote browning and improve glucose metabolism in animals subjected to an obesogenic diet. Swiss male mice (n = 28) were divided into 4 groups: C: control diet; H: high-fat diet; HC: animals in the H group supplemented with chia oil after reaching obesity; HCW: animals fed since weaning on a high-fat diet supplemented with chia oil. Glucose tolerance, inflammatory markers, and expression of genes and proteins involved in the browning process were examined. When supplemented since weaning, chia oil improved glucose metabolism and promoted the browning process and a healthier phenotype. Results of this study suggested that chia oil has potential to protect against the development of obesity-related diseases.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdiferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Salvia/química , Adipócitos Brancos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipócitos Brancos/fisiologia , Adipogenia/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipogenia/genética , Tecido Adiposo Branco/fisiologia , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Leptina/sangue , Ácidos Linolênicos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The aim of this review was to compile evidence and understand chia seed effects on unbalanced diet animal studies and the molecular mechanisms on metabolic biomarker modulation. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases, following PRISMA recommendations. Risk of bias and quality was assessed using SYRCLE toll and ARRIVE guidelines. Seventeen articles were included. Throughout the studies, chia's main effects are associated with AMPK modulation: improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance, lipogenesis, antioxidant activity, and inflammation. Details about randomization and allocation concealment were insufficient, as well as information about blind protocols. Sample size, chia dose, and number of animals evaluated for each parameter were found to be lacking information among the studies. Based on experimental study data, chia has bioactive potential, and its daily consumption may reduce the risk of chronic disease development, mainly due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of the seed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile, insulin and glucose tolerance, and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Whole seed or its oil presents positive effect, but the effects of chia oil can act faster than the seed.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Salvia/metabolismo , Animais , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/química , Camundongos , Ratos , Salvia/química , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
O ômega 3 é um ácido graxo poliinsaturado utilizado como agente terapêutico no tratamento de diversas doenças. Evidências sugerem efeito anti-inflamatório com sua utilização. A escolha do tratamento eficiente que minimize os efeitos adversos do tratamento oncológico tem sido desafiadora para a prática clínica. Dessa forma, ele seria interessante na prevenção e / ou tratamento da mucosite, uma inflamação que acomete as mucosas da boca ao ânus, decorrente da utilização de quimioterápico e radioterápico. As consequências deste agravo vão desde a perda de peso, anorexia e odinofagia, ao aumento do risco de translocação bacteriana, em virtude do aumento da permeabilidade intestinal (PI). Tais complicações podem levar à interrupção do tratamento quimioterápico até que o paciente se restabeleça. Trabalhos anteriores do nosso grupos de pesquisa demonstraram que o ômega 3 foi capaz de atenuar a perda de peso e reduzir a PI pela regulação da apoptose de células intestinais. Entretanto, possíveis efeitos da suplementação do ômega 3 no tumor não foram investigados. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito deste composto na mucosite induzida por quimioterápico em modelo de tumor de mama murino. Para tanto, camundongos Balb/c foram divididos nos grupos controle (CTL), controle tumor (CTLTU), tumor ômega 3 (TUW3), tumor 5-fluouracil (TU5FU) e tumor 5-fluouracil ômega 3 (TU5FUW3). Nos animais dos grupos com tumor foi realizada a inoculação das células tumorais (dia 1) e, uma vez que os tumores já se encontravam palpáveis (dia10), os grupos TUW3 e TU5FUW3 iniciaram a suplementação com ômega 3 pela ração por 10 dias, enquanto os demais animais receberam ração controle. Ao final desse período, os animais dos grupos TU5FU e TU5FUW3 receberam injeção intraperitoneal de 5-FU (300mg/kg) para indução da mucosite, enquanto os demais animais receberam a injeção de solução salina. Após 72 horas, os animais foram eutanasiados para coleta de dados. A suplementação com ômega 3 não foi capaz de prevenir a perda de peso em decorrência da mucosite. Entretanto, os animais do grupo TU5FUW3 apresentaram redução da PI por meio da recuperação das junções firmes ZO-1 e ocludina, além da preservação da arquitetura dos vilos. Os animais do grupo CTLTU também apresentaram aumento da PI e redução da expressão das proteínas de junção, provavelmente pela liberação de citocinas TNF-α e IL-1ß, conforme dosagem destas no baço. Nos animais suplementados com ômega 3 foi observado redução do tamanho do tumor e do número de metástases tumorais, além de redução da proliferação de células tumorais e aumento da afinidade das células tumorais ao quimioterápico, levando à apoptose destas. Este processo de citotoxicidade seletiva foi observado pela redução da toxicidade hepática. Diante desses resultados, pode-se concluir que a suplementação de ômega 3, por período de dez dias, foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos da mucosite induzida por quimioterápico, sem causar prejuízo à sua atividade antitumoral.
Omega 3 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of various diseases. It is widely accepted that its use can exert an anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, it would be interesting in the prevention and treatment of mucositis, which is described as an inflammation that affects mucosal membranes from the mouth to the anus, due to the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Patients who suffer from this outcome, usually presents weight loss, anorexia and odynophagia,also there is an increased risk of bacterial translocation, due to the increase of the intestinal permeability (IP). Such complications can lead to the interruption of chemotherapy treatment until the patient is recovered. Previous work has shown that omega 3 was able to reduce weight loss and reduce IP by reducing intestinal cell apoptosis. However, the effects of omega 3 supplementation from the diet on the tumor remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of this compound on chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the murine breast tumor model. For that, BALB/ c mice were divided into the control (CTL), tumor control (CTLTU), omega 3 tumor (TUW3), 5-fluouracil tumor (TU5FU) and 5-fluouracil omega 3 tumor (TU5FUW3) groups. Tumor cells were inoculated (day 1) and, since they were already palpable (day 10), groups TUW3 and TU5FUW3 started receiving the chow supplemented with omega 3 for 10 days, while the other animals received control chow. At the end of this period, animals from groups TU5FU and TU5FUW3 received an intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (300mg / kg) to induce mucositis, while the other animals received an injection of saline. After 72 hours, all animals were euthanized for data collection. Omega 3 supplementation was not able to prevent weight loss due to mucositis. However, animals from TU5FUW3 group showed a reduction in IP by recovering the tight-junctions ZO-1 and occludin, and by preventing the mucosal damage. Animals from CTLTU group also showed increased PI and reduced expression of tight-junction proteins, probably due to the release of cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß, according to their dosage in the spleen. In addition, our results have demonstrated that animals supplemented with omega 3, have shown a reduction in the size of the tumor and the number of metastasis in lungs. We have found that the reduction was mediated through a reduction in the proliferation of tumor cells and also by an increased affinity of tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic drug, leading to their apoptosis. This selective cytotoxicity process leads to the reduction of liver toxicity. Given these results, we can conclude that omega 3 supplementation, for ten days, was able to attenuate the effects of chemotherapy-induced mucositis, without causing damage to its antitumor activity.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Neoplasias da Mama , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , MucositeRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of male goats on the resistance of semen to the cryopreservation process. Sixteen males were distributed in four groups and fed a diet supplemented with 0, 4, 8, and 12% of flaxseed for a period of 60 days. Only the ejaculates that presented motility and vigor above 70% and 3, respectively, were sent through the cryopreservation process. After thawing, the semen was evaluated through thermo resistance, hypoosmotic, and acrossomal integrity tests. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression at 5% of significance. There was positive quadratic behavior for motility after 60, 120, and 180 min in the thermoresistance test (TTR), and positive quadratic behavior for sperm vigor after thawing after 120 and 180 min in the TTR (P < 0.05). However, negative quadratic behavior was obtained for plasma membrane integrity according to the hypoosmotic test (P < 0.05) and there was a difference in the acrosomal integrity test, presenting an optimum maximum level of 3.25% of flaxseed for acrosomal integrity of 65.83% (P < 0.05). The results obtained demonstrated that the addition of as much as 12% of flaxseed to the diet of goat breeders improved post-thawing sperm quality.(AU)
O objetivo com o estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta de machos caprinos sobre a resistência do sêmen frente ao processo de criopreservação. Foram utilizados 16 machos, os quais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos e receberam dieta suplementada com 0, 4, 8 e 12% de semente de linhaça, durante um período de 60 dias. As coletas de sêmen iniciaram 25 dias após o início do fornecimento das dietas. Apenas os ejaculados que apresentaram motilidade e vigor acima de 70% e 3, respectivamente, foram encaminhados para o processo de criopreservação. Após o descongelamento, o sêmen foi avaliado através dos testes de termorresistência, hiposmótico e de integridade acrossomal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão a 5% de significância. Houve comportamento quadrático positivo para a motilidade progressiva aos 60, 120 e 180 minutos no teste de termoresistência (TTR), e comportamento quadrático positivo para o vigor espermático pós-descongelamento aos 120 e 180 minutos no TTR (P<0,05). Entretanto, obteve-se comportamento quadrático negativo para a integridade da membrana plasmática pelo Teste Hiposmótico (P<0,05) e houve diferença para o teste de integridade acrossomal, apresentando nível máximo ótimo de 3,25% de semente de linhaça para integridade acrossomal de 65,83% (P<0,05). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a adição de 12% de semente de linhaça na dieta de reprodutores caprinos melhora a qualidade espermática pós-descongelamento.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Ruminantes , Linho , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Criopreservação/veterináriaRESUMO
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta sobre a qualidade seminal e o perfil metabólico de machos caprinos. Foram utilizados 16 machos da raça Saanen, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, recebendo níveis de inclusão de semente de linhaça (0, 4, 8 e 12%) na dieta, durante um período de 60 dias. As coletas e as avaliações seminais foram realizadas duas vezes por semana. Os animais foram submetidos a coletas quinzenais de sangue, durante todo o período experimental. Os dados foram avaliados por ANOVA e pela análise de regressão a 5% de significância. Houve comportamento cúbico para motilidade espermática progressiva, que apresentou o maior valor (82,30%) com a adição de 9,92% de semente de linhaça na dieta (P<0,05). Houve comportamento cúbico para concentração plasmática de triglicerídeos, e o nível de 8% de semente de linhaça na dieta apresentou média de 43,32mg dL-1, acima dos valores normais para a espécie caprina (P<0,05). A inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta de machos caprinos proporcionou melhora na produção espermática e na qualidade seminal. No entanto, devem-se considerar os possíveis efeitos dos níveis superiores a 4% de semente de linhaça sobre o perfil metabólico dos animais.(AU)
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flaxseed inclusion in the diet of male goats through the semen quality and metabolic profile. Randomly allocated 16 Saanen males were placed into four groups receiving flaxseed inclusion levels (0, 4, 8 and 12%) in the diet over a period of 60 days. The collections and seminal evaluations were performed twice a week. The animals were subjected to biweekly blood collections from the beginning to the end of the trial period. The data were evaluated by ANOVA and regression analysis at 5% significance. A cubic behavior for motility, with the highest value (82.30%) with the addition of 9.92% of flaxseed in the diet (P< 0.05) was detected. A cubic behavior for plasma triglyceride concentration and the level of 8% of flaxseed in the diet averaged 43.32mg dL -1 above normal values for goats (P< 0.05) was detected. The inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of male goats improved sperm production and quality. However, one should consider the possible effects of the levels above 4% of flaxseed on the metabolic profile of the animals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cabras , Linho , Dieta/veterinária , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Ração AnimalRESUMO
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta sobre a qualidade seminal e o perfil metabólico de machos caprinos. Foram utilizados 16 machos da raça Saanen, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, recebendo níveis de inclusão de semente de linhaça (0, 4, 8 e 12%) na dieta, durante um período de 60 dias. As coletas e as avaliações seminais foram realizadas duas vezes por semana. Os animais foram submetidos a coletas quinzenais de sangue, durante todo o período experimental. Os dados foram avaliados por ANOVA e pela análise de regressão a 5% de significância. Houve comportamento cúbico para motilidade espermática progressiva, que apresentou o maior valor (82,30%) com a adição de 9,92% de semente de linhaça na dieta (P<0,05). Houve comportamento cúbico para concentração plasmática de triglicerídeos, e o nível de 8% de semente de linhaça na dieta apresentou média de 43,32mg dL-1, acima dos valores normais para a espécie caprina (P<0,05). A inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta de machos caprinos proporcionou melhora na produção espermática e na qualidade seminal. No entanto, devem-se considerar os possíveis efeitos dos níveis superiores a 4% de semente de linhaça sobre o perfil metabólico dos animais.(AU)
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flaxseed inclusion in the diet of male goats through the semen quality and metabolic profile. Randomly allocated 16 Saanen males were placed into four groups receiving flaxseed inclusion levels (0, 4, 8 and 12%) in the diet over a period of 60 days. The collections and seminal evaluations were performed twice a week. The animals were subjected to biweekly blood collections from the beginning to the end of the trial period. The data were evaluated by ANOVA and regression analysis at 5% significance. A cubic behavior for motility, with the highest value (82.30%) with the addition of 9.92% of flaxseed in the diet (P< 0.05) was detected. A cubic behavior for plasma triglyceride concentration and the level of 8% of flaxseed in the diet averaged 43.32mg dL -1 above normal values for goats (P< 0.05) was detected. The inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of male goats improved sperm production and quality. However, one should consider the possible effects of the levels above 4% of flaxseed on the metabolic profile of the animals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cabras , Linho , Dieta/veterinária , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Ração AnimalRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of male goats on the resistance of semen to the cryopreservation process. Sixteen males were distributed in four groups and fed a diet supplemented with 0, 4, 8, and 12% of flaxseed for a period of 60 days. Only the ejaculates that presented motility and vigor above 70% and 3, respectively, were sent through the cryopreservation process. After thawing, the semen was evaluated through thermo resistance, hypoosmotic, and acrossomal integrity tests. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression at 5% of significance. There was positive quadratic behavior for motility after 60, 120, and 180 min in the thermoresistance test (TTR), and positive quadratic behavior for sperm vigor after thawing after 120 and 180 min in the TTR (P < 0.05). However, negative quadratic behavior was obtained for plasma membrane integrity according to the hypoosmotic test (P < 0.05) and there was a difference in the acrosomal integrity test, presenting an optimum maximum level of 3.25% of flaxseed for acrosomal integrity of 65.83% (P < 0.05). The results obtained demonstrated that the addition of as much as 12% of flaxseed to the diet of goat breeders improved post-thawing sperm quality.
O objetivo com o estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de semente de linhaça na dieta de machos caprinos sobre a resistência do sêmen frente ao processo de criopreservação. Foram utilizados 16 machos, os quais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos e receberam dieta suplementada com 0, 4, 8 e 12% de semente de linhaça, durante um período de 60 dias. As coletas de sêmen iniciaram 25 dias após o início do fornecimento das dietas. Apenas os ejaculados que apresentaram motilidade e vigor acima de 70% e 3, respectivamente, foram encaminhados para o processo de criopreservação. Após o descongelamento, o sêmen foi avaliado através dos testes de termorresistência, hiposmótico e de integridade acrossomal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão a 5% de significância. Houve comportamento quadrático positivo para a motilidade progressiva aos 60, 120 e 180 minutos no teste de termoresistência (TTR), e comportamento quadrático positivo para o vigor espermático pós-descongelamento aos 120 e 180 minutos no TTR (P<0,05). Entretanto, obteve-se comportamento quadrático negativo para a integridade da membrana plasmática pelo Teste Hiposmótico (P<0,05) e houve diferença para o teste de integridade acrossomal, apresentando nível máximo ótimo de 3,25% de semente de linhaça para integridade acrossomal de 65,83% (P<0,05). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a adição de 12% de semente de linhaça na dieta de reprodutores caprinos melhora a qualidade espermática pós-descongelamento.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Linho , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Ruminantes , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Criopreservação/veterináriaRESUMO
O objetivo desta pesquisa é levantar a literatura científica sobre os benefícios do Ômega-3 na gestação, que se deu pelas bases de dados Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Literatura Internacional em Ciências de Saúde (Medline) e National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) e Cochrane em literaturas nacionais e internacionais. Nesta pesquisa pode-se verificar que o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) é considerado como o principal tipo de Ômega-3 pelo fato de proporcionar benefícios para a saúde, que vão desde o desenvolvimento do cérebro e da retina do bebê, os quais têm início a partir da suplementação da mãe já na gestação. O acúmulo do Ômega-3 ocorre no último trimestre da gestação e o transporte se dá através da placenta, sendo depositado no cérebro e na retina do concepto. Ocorre também um acúmulo simultâneo nas glândulas mamárias durante esta fase. O recomendado pelo consenso é de 200mg/dia, independentemente da fonte utilizada para suplementação. O adequado aporte de Ômega-3 na gestação e no pós-natal tem influência positiva no desenvolvimento visual e do sistema nervoso do recém-nascido, influenciando também na inteligência e na intelectualidade do indivíduo na vida adulta. O Ômega-3 é importante também na prevenção e tratamento de diversas doenças como obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, imunológicas, câncer de cólon, entre outras.(AU)
The objective of this research is to raise the scientific literature on the benefits of omega-3 during pregnancy, which occurred in research in databases Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (Lilacs) , International Literature in Health Sciences (MEDLINE) and national Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Cochrane in national and international literature, which can be seen that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered as the main type of Omega-3, the fact provide health benefits ranging from brain development and the baby's retina, which begins from the mother during pregnancy supplementation already. The Omega-3 accumulation occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy and the transport is through the placenta being deposited in the brain and retina of the fetus. It is also a simultaneous accumulation in the mammary glands during this phase. The recommended by consensus is 200 mg / day, regardless of the source used for supplementation. Adequate intake of omega-3 during pregnancy and in the postnatal has positive influences on visual development and the nervous system of the newborn, influencing also the intelligence and the individual intellect in adulthood. The Omega-3 is also important in the prevention and treatment of various diseases as obesity, cardiovascular, immune disorders, colon cancer, among others.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Nutrição da Gestante , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/uso terapêutico , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Dietary omega-3 fatty acids have been efficacious in decreasing serum cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the metabolic and molecular changes induced by the omega-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in linseed oil, are not fully understood. In this study, we showed a correlation between ALA and insulin resistance, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS: We studied 40 male mice (C57/BL6) divided into 4 groups: a control (C) group, a control + omega-3/ALA (CA) group, a high-fat diet (HFD) (H) group and a high-fat diet + omega-3/ALA (HA) group. For 8 weeks, the animals in the H and HA groups were fed a high-fat (60%) diet, while the animals in the C and CA groups received regular chow. The diets of the CA and HA groups were supplemented with 10% lyophilized ALA. RESULTS: ALA supplementation improved glucose tolerance and reduced insulin resistance, as measured by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, respectively. In addition, ALA reduced hepatic steatosis and modified the standard fat concentration in the liver of animals fed an HFD. Dietary ALA supplementation reduced the serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), increased the expression of important chaperones such as binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and reduced the expression of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in hepatic tissues, suggesting an ERS adaptation in response to ALA supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary ALA supplementation is effective in preventing hepatic steatosis; is associated with a reduction in insulin resistance, inflammation and ERS; and represents an alternative for improving liver function and obtaining metabolic benefits.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Resistência à Insulina , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/administração & dosagem , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower than daily recommended intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Overweight pregnant women were twice as likely to have inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake. Pregnant women from a more disadvantaged socioeconomic situation had greater risks of inadequate intake. Conclusion: Over-intake of lipids is not problematic, but quality is an issue, with one third of the pregnant women and their fetuses exposed to adverse effects due to low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, indicating important nutritional vulnerability in this population.
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ingestão ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico e identificar fatores associados à ingestão inadequada em duas coortes de gestantes acompanhadas trimestralmente. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico (N=353) representativas das usuárias da rede pública de saúde de um município paulista. Nos três trimestres gestacionais foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Análises descritivas do perfil lipídico da dieta foram processadas seguidas do teste de comparações múltiplas. As diferenças, segundo trimestre gestacional, foram avaliadas pelo teste de diferença de médias. Para avaliação da adequação do consumo foi utilizada a ingestão recomendável. A associação entre a adequação da ingestão de ácido alfa-linolênico e características maternas foi investigada por meio de modelo de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A contribuição percentual de lipídeos totais mostrou-se adequada;1/3 das gestantes não alcançou a recomendação de ingestão diária de ácido alfa-linolênico. Gestantes com excesso de peso apresentam o dobro de chances de consumo inadequado de ácido alfa-linolênico. Comparadas às gestantes das classes D/E, as pertencentes a classe C têm menores chances de consumo inadequado. Conclusão: Não há um problema de excesso de consumo de lipídeos e sim da qualidade destes, cerca de 1/3 das gestantes acompanhadas e seus conceptos estão expostos aos efeitos adversos do baixo consumo de ácidos graxos de cadeia ômega-3 na gestação, indicando importante vulnerabilidade nutricional nessa população.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , Gestantes , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6RESUMO
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito de dietas com relações 18:3n3/18:2n6 de: 2,98; 1,68; 1,03; 0,61 e 0,35 (tratamentos 1 a 5 respectivamente) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos ácidos graxos em dietas vegetais para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Dezoito grupos de 16 peixes cada um foram alimentados por 34 dias com dieta controle contendo óleo de tilápia como único ingrediente de origem animal (tratamento 6). Numa segunda fase, durante 72 dias, cada dieta foi fornecida a três grupos aleatórios e, finalmente, determinados os CDAs dos ácidos graxos. A dieta controle resultou em maiores CDAs de ácidos graxos saturados (97,3%) e monoinsaturados (98,24%), e o tratamento 1, em maiores CDAs de poli-insaturados (99,25%) e 18:3n3 (99,83%). O CDA de 18:3n3 variou de forma decrescente, de acordo com a variação da relação 18:3n3/18:2n6 e foi sempre superior ao CDA do 18:2n6, apesar da ação não específica das lipases. Conclui-se que o CDA dos ácidos graxos, ou de grupos deles, aumenta com a elevação do grau de insaturação do ácido e da concentração deste na dieta e que a fluidez do óleo afeta o CDA de 18:3n3 - ALA e não o de 18:2n6 - LA, quando estes são os únicos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados do alimento.
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of diets with this 18:3n3/18:2n6 ratios: 2.98; 1.68; 1.03; 0.61 and 0.35 (treatments 1 to 5 respectively), on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fatty acids in vegetable-based diets for pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Eighteen groups of 16 fish each were fed for 34 days with a control diet containing tilapia oil as sole ingredient of animal origin (treatment 6). In a second phase, for 72 days, each diet was fed to 3 random groups, and finally the fatty acid ADCs were calculated. The control diet produced the highest ADC of saturated fatty acids (97.3%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (98.24%); and treatment 1, the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (99.25%) and 18:3n3 (99.83%) ADCs. The ADC of 18: 3n3 varied in a decreasing manner according to the variation of the ratio 18:3n3/18:2n6 and was always higher than the ADC of 18:2n6, despite the non-specific action of lipases. We conclude that the ADCs of fatty acids, or groups of them, increase as their degree of unsaturation and concentration in the diet increases, and, the fluidity of the oil affects the ADC of 18:3n3 -ALA and not of 18:2n6 - LA when these are the only poly-unsaturated fatty acids.
Assuntos
Animais , Caraciformes , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Ração Animal , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Óleos de Plantas , Ácido alfa-LinolênicoRESUMO
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito de dietas com relações 18:3n3/18:2n6 de: 2,98; 1,68; 1,03; 0,61 e 0,35 (tratamentos 1 a 5 respectivamente) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos ácidos graxos em dietas vegetais para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Dezoito grupos de 16 peixes cada um foram alimentados por 34 dias com dieta controle contendo óleo de tilápia como único ingrediente de origem animal (tratamento 6). Numa segunda fase, durante 72 dias, cada dieta foi fornecida a três grupos aleatórios e, finalmente, determinados os CDAs dos ácidos graxos. A dieta controle resultou em maiores CDAs de ácidos graxos saturados (97,3%) e monoinsaturados (98,24%), e o tratamento 1, em maiores CDAs de poli-insaturados (99,25%) e 18:3n3 (99,83%). O CDA de 18:3n3 variou de forma decrescente, de acordo com a variação da relação 18:3n3/18:2n6 e foi sempre superior ao CDA do 18:2n6, apesar da ação não específica das lipases. Conclui-se que o CDA dos ácidos graxos, ou de grupos deles, aumenta com a elevação do grau de insaturação do ácido e da concentração deste na dieta e que a fluidez do óleo afeta o CDA de 18:3n3 - ALA e não o de 18:2n6 - LA, quando estes são os únicos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados do alimento.(AU)
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of diets with this 18:3n3/18:2n6 ratios: 2.98; 1.68; 1.03; 0.61 and 0.35 (treatments 1 to 5 respectively), on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fatty acids in vegetable-based diets for pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Eighteen groups of 16 fish each were fed for 34 days with a control diet containing tilapia oil as sole ingredient of animal origin (treatment 6). In a second phase, for 72 days, each diet was fed to 3 random groups, and finally the fatty acid ADCs were calculated. The control diet produced the highest ADC of saturated fatty acids (97.3%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (98.24%); and treatment 1, the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (99.25%) and 18:3n3 (99.83%) ADCs. The ADC of 18: 3n3 varied in a decreasing manner according to the variation of the ratio 18:3n3/18:2n6 and was always higher than the ADC of 18:2n6, despite the non-specific action of lipases. We conclude that the ADCs of fatty acids, or groups of them, increase as their degree of unsaturation and concentration in the diet increases, and, the fluidity of the oil affects the ADC of 18:3n3 -ALA and not of 18:2n6 - LA when these are the only poly-unsaturated fatty acids.(AU)