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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of hydrogel and zinc oxide nanoparticles on quinoa germination and establishment. Various doses of a commercial potassium-based hydrogel (0, 5, 7, and 9 g), each dissolved in one liter of rainwater, were applied. Additionally, 1.5 g of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) and pre-crushed nitrogen fertilizer, at a rate of 1.6 kg/ha, were added to the solution to achieve a homogeneous mixture. Following the application of hydrogel in the 10-linear-meter rows corresponding to each treatment area in every block, 25 seeds per linear meter of the "Blanca de Juli" quinoa cultivar were sown with a 4 cm spacing between the seeds. Subsequently, a thin layer of soil, approximately 0.5 cm thick, was used to cover the seeds. Ten seedlings were randomly selected and labeled for subsequent evaluations. The experimental design employed in this research was a completely randomized block design. The collected data underwent an analysis of variance, and the means of all the treatments were compared using Tukey's test with a 5% probability. Height and diameter evaluations of the plant neck were conducted every 45 days. The doses used in this study (5, 7, and 9 g of hydrogel per liter of water) significantly enhanced seed germination and increased the number of plants per linear meter (from 82.00 to 90.33) compared to the control dose without hydrogel (14.66), which resulted in an average of one plant per linear meter.
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This study focuses on describing the diversity of pesticides, the knowledge and behaviors of their use, and the acute poisoning symptoms (APS) derived from their exposure from two agricultural production systems (papaya-Carica papaya L.- and chili-Capsicum annuum L.-) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through surveys, sociodemographic information, characteristics of the production system, knowledge and behaviors in the handling of pesticides, and APS perceived by users were captured. Papaya producers are younger, have fewer years of activity, and have larger agricultural areas than chili producers. Insect attacks and diseases are an essential factor for the application of pesticides. Thirty-one active ingredients (Ais) were identified in papaya and thirty-seven in chili, predominantly insecticides and fungicides of toxicological category IV. Approximately 50% of users apply mixtures of different Ais, have little knowledge and inappropriate behavior in their handling, and report up to five acute pesticide poisoning symptoms, mainly burning and irritation of the skin, burning eyes, itchy skin, runny nose, headache, and watery eyes. The production of papaya and chili are relevant activities for generating economic income, but they risk the producer's and their family's health. Both systems are a potential scenario for the manifestation of diseases due to exposure to pesticides in the medium and long term.
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Capsicum , Carica , Praguicidas , México , Humanos , Adulto , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Masculino , População Rural , Adulto Jovem , Agricultura , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Exposição Ambiental , Exposição Ocupacional , Adolescente , IdosoRESUMO
RESUMEN La agricultura familiar es considerada como un modelo productivo potencial, ya que desde la organización asociativa se contribuye con volúmenes de producción y de abastecimiento de alimentos; sin embargo, estas entidades enfrentan retos relacionados con una mejor inserción en los circuitos de mercado, por lo cual, buscan estrategias para diferenciarse. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los factores que determinan la agregación de valor de los productos agrícolas comercializados por organizaciones de agricultura familiar, en el Departamento de Nariño, Colombia. A través del método de estudio de caso fue seleccionada una muestra de 150 organizaciones agrícolas familiares y el análisis de la información, se realizó mediante un modelo Probit. El 64 % de las entidades realizan actividades de valor agregado, las variables significativas (P< 0,05) fueron el nivel de ingresos y con signo negativo, la pérdida de producto, la producción promedio y los kilogramos vendidos. Además, las organizaciones con mayores ingresos tienen más probabilidad de dar valor agregado a los productos; en contraste, menor producción y pérdidas del producto, ocasionan que disminuya dicha probabilidad. Se requiere la implementación de políticas que favorezcan la agregación de valor de los productos agroalimentarios, para lograr una mejor comercialización de los productos, menor pérdida de alimentos y mayor ingreso.
ABSTRACT Family farming is considered a potential productive model since the associative organization contributes to production volumes and food supply. However, these organizations face challenges related to a better insertion in the market circuits, for which they seek strategies to differentiate themselves. This study aims to identify the factors that determine the added value of agricultural products marketed by family farming organizations in the Department of Nariño, Colombia. Through the case study method, a sample of 150 family farm organizations was selected, and the information was analyzed using a Probit model. 64 % of the organizations carry out value-added activities; the significant variables (P< 0.05) were the income level and, with a negative sign, the loss of product, the average production, and the kilograms sold. In addition, higher-income organizations are more likely to add value to products; in contrast, lower production and product losses cause this probability to decrease. Implementing policies that favor adding value to agri-food products is required to achieve better commercialization of the products, less food loss, and higher income.
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The natural ecosystems' replacement by farmland and the consequent biodiversity damage (BD) for agriculture are one of the principal concerns worldwide. The development of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology involves enormous efforts to include BD parameters and develop a prospective LCA approach for future evaluations of production and technologies use. Thus, this work aims to determine the current impacts and estimate the future impacts in terms of damage to biodiversity caused by land occupation by agricultural commodities produced in Brazil, such as coffee, corn, oranges, and sugar cane, for the six ecoregions present in the country-Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampas, and Pantanal-in the 20-year period from 2015 to 2035. For this and to search for hotpots, we applied the indicators proposed by Chaudhary and Books (2018), for inventories whose functional unit is production per m2 of 1 kg of crop. Although the Cerrado is one of the ecoregions in which deforestation has advanced the most, it has the area/production ratio that has evolved the most. In contrast, Pampas and Caatinga, which are not seen as agricultural frontiers, increased their impacts. The most optimistic scenarios for the future have been those in regions considered agricultural frontiers; however, these are the regions where agriculture is more technologically developed, for example, coffee production in the Atlantic Forest and in the Cerrado. The results indicate that the technological development of agriculture can contribute to mitigating the impacts of damage to biodiversity in the future, and that the implementation of legislative and inspection measures is fundamental to supporting the correct use of the soil and preventing illegal soil change. Otherwise, in the future, we will see the increasing disappearance of species. Thus, we need researchers, farmers, and policy makers to move from development to conservation.
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Café , Ecossistema , Animais , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Biodiversidade , Agricultura/métodos , Solo , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
Background: Raw vegetables have been considered vehicles of enteroparasites. South American countries are among the most important exporters of fresh vegetables, including Ecuador, which has a tropical climate and soils rich in organic matter that allow it to harvest throughout the year for sale to different countries. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of the parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens grown in an agricultural area of the Ecuadorian Andes. Methods: A cross-sectional field study was conducted with snowball sampling on 1,416 samples (516 fruits, 488 vegetables, and 412 leafy greens). Each sample were washed with water, and the resulting solution after removing the vegetables, was subjected to 24-hour sedimentation. The concentrated sediment underwent microscopic analysis. Results: The overall positivity for parasitic contamination was 63.4%, with leafy greens having the highest contamination rate (76.9%) (P<0.0001), surpassing vegetables (67.8%) and fruits (48.4%). Cabbage (100%), onions (84%), and strawberries (60.2%) emerged as the most contaminated within their respective groups. Protozoa were more prevalent (49.6%) than helminths (15.5%) (P<0.0001). Blastocystis sp. (33.5%) ranked highest, followed by Eimeria spp. (26.3%), Entamoeba spp. (10.3%), Giardia spp. (8.3%), Balantidium spp. (6.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6%), Cyclospora spp. (4.4%), Cystoisospora spp. (0.5%), Strongylida (15.5%), and Ascaris spp. (0.4%). Conclusions: The study reveals that vegetables and fruits for human consumption from this area of the Ecuadorian Andes are highly contaminated with various parasites, constituting a possible source of infection for humans and animals in this area, or in non-endemic areas where these products are marketed. The finding emphasizes the need for strict hygienic measures in agricultural crops, which will be properly achieved through the treatment of soil, manure and water used for cultivation.
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Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Parasitos , Animais , Humanos , Verduras/parasitologia , Equador , Frutas , Estudos Transversais , Solo , ÁguaRESUMO
With the gradual transfer of an enormous young and middle age labor force from agricultural field to non-agricultural sectors, the negative role of land fragmentation (LF), which is related to food security, is increasingly reflecting in the process of agricultural modernization. Meanwhile, the positive roles of farmers' combined-tillage in production are gradually emerging. Based on the above background, this study explained the relationship among farmers' combined-tillage, LF and agricultural production efficiency (APE). The study used survey date and the SFA-QR model to empirically investigate the effects of LF and farmers' combined-tillage on APE. Furthermore, this article analyzed the moderating effect of farmers' combined-tillage on the relationship between LF and APE. The results demonstrated that: (1) Farmers combined-tillage improves the APE significantly, especially on low and medium efficiency households; (2) LF has a negative impact on APE, especially on low and medium efficiency households; (3) Combined-tillage could alleviate the adverse effects of LF on APE. In this regard, the paper also proposed some suggestions to face the adverse effects of LF and promote farmers' combined-tillage in production.
Com a transferência gradual de enorme força de trabalho jovem e de meia idade do campo agrícola para os setores não agrícolas, o papel negativo da fragmentação da terra (LF), relacionada à segurança alimentar, está cada vez mais refletido no processo de modernização agrícola. Enquanto isso, os papéis positivos da lavoura combinada dos agricultores na produção estão surgindo gradualmente. Com base no histórico acima, o objetivo deste estudo é explicar a relação entre o plantio direto dos agricultores, LF e eficiência da produção agrícola (APE). O estudo usou dados do levantamento e o modelo SFA-QR para investigar empiricamente os efeitos da FL e do plantio direto dos agricultores sobre o APE. Além disso, este artigo analisou o efeito moderador do plantio combinado dos agricultores na relação entre LF e APE. Os resultados demonstram que: (1) A lavoura combinada dos agricultores melhora significativamente o APE, especialmente em domicílios de baixa e média eficiência; (2) LF tem um impacto negativo na APE, especialmente em domicílios de baixa e média eficiência; (3) A lavoura combinada pode aliviar os efeitos adversos do LF no APE. Nesse sentido, o trabalho também propõe algumas sugestões para enfrentar os efeitos adversos da FL e promover o plantio combinado dos agricultores na produção.
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Privação do Sono , 24444 , Produção Agrícola , FazendeirosRESUMO
ABSTRACT: With the gradual transfer of an enormous young and middle age labor force from agricultural field to non-agricultural sectors, the negative role of land fragmentation (LF), which is related to food security, is increasingly reflecting in the process of agricultural modernization. Meanwhile, the positive roles of farmers' combined-tillage in production are gradually emerging. Based on the above background, this study explained the relationship among farmers' combined-tillage, LF and agricultural production efficiency (APE). The study used survey date and the SFA-QR model to empirically investigate the effects of LF and farmers' combined-tillage on APE. Furthermore, this article analyzed the moderating effect of farmers' combined-tillage on the relationship between LF and APE. The results demonstrated that: (1) Farmers combined-tillage improves the APE significantly, especially on low and medium efficiency households; (2) LF has a negative impact on APE, especially on low and medium efficiency households; (3) Combined-tillage could alleviate the adverse effects of LF on APE. In this regard, the paper also proposed some suggestions to face the adverse effects of LF and promote farmers' combined-tillage in production.
RESUMO: Com a transferência gradual de enorme força de trabalho jovem e de meia idade do campo agrícola para os setores não agrícolas, o papel negativo da fragmentação da terra (LF), relacionada à segurança alimentar, está cada vez mais refletido no processo de modernização agrícola. Enquanto isso, os papéis positivos da lavoura combinada dos agricultores na produção estão surgindo gradualmente. Com base no histórico acima, o objetivo deste estudo é explicar a relação entre o plantio direto dos agricultores, LF e eficiência da produção agrícola (APE). O estudo usou dados do levantamento e o modelo SFA-QR para investigar empiricamente os efeitos da FL e do plantio direto dos agricultores sobre o APE. Além disso, este artigo analisou o efeito moderador do plantio combinado dos agricultores na relação entre LF e APE. Os resultados demonstram que: (1) A lavoura combinada dos agricultores melhora significativamente o APE, especialmente em domicílios de baixa e média eficiência; (2) LF tem um impacto negativo na APE, especialmente em domicílios de baixa e média eficiência; (3) A lavoura combinada pode aliviar os efeitos adversos do LF no APE. Nesse sentido, o trabalho também propõe algumas sugestões para enfrentar os efeitos adversos da FL e promover o plantio combinado dos agricultores na produção.
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The article considers econometric ridge regression models of the risk-sensitive sunflower yield on the example of an export-oriented agricultural crop. In particular, we have proved that despite the functional mulcollinearity of the predictors in the sunflower yield model with respect to risk caused by the algorithm peculiarities of the hierarchy analysis methods, the ridge regression procedure makes it possible to obtain its complete specification and provide biased but stable estimates of the forecast parameters in the case of uncertain input variables. It has been substantiated that the rational value of the displacement parameters is expedient to be established using a graphical interpretation of the ridge wake as the border of fast and slow fluctuations in the estimates of the ridge regression coefficients. Econometric models were calculated using SPSS Statistics, Mathcad and FAR-AREA 4.0 software. The empirical basis for forecast calculations was the assessment of trends in sunflower production in all categories of farms in the Rostov region of Russia for the period of 2008-2018. The calculation results of econometric models made it possible to develop three author's scenarios for the sunflower production in the region, namely, inertial, moderate, and optimistic ones that consider the export-oriented strategy of the agro-industrial complex.(AU)
O artigo considera modelos econométricos de regressão de rendimento de girassol sensível ao risco sobre o exemplo de uma cultura agrícola orientada para a exportação. Em particular, provamos que apesar da multicolinearidade funcional dos preditores no modelo de rendimento de girassol com relação ao risco causado pelas peculiaridades dos algoritmos dos métodos de análise hierárquica, o procedimento de regressão de cristas permite obter sua especificação completa e fornecer estimativas tendenciosas, mas estáveis dos parâmetros de previsão no caso de variáveis de entrada incertas. Foi comprovado que o valor racional dos parâmetros de deslocamento é conveniente de ser estabelecido usando uma interpretação gráfica da esteira da crista como fronteira das flutuações rápidas e lentas nas estimativas dos coeficientes de regressão da crista. Os modelos econométricos foram calculados usando o software SPSS Statistics, Mathcad e FAR-AREA 4.0. A base empírica para os cálculos de previsão foi a avaliação das tendências da produção de girassol em todas as categorias de fazendas na região de Rostov na Rússia para o período de 2008-2018. Os resultados dos cálculos dos modelos econométricos permitiram desenvolver três cenários de autor para a produção de girassol na região, a saber, os cenários inercial, moderado e otimista que consideram a estratégia orientada à exportação do complexo agroindustrial.(AU)
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Modelos Econométricos , Produtos Agrícolas/provisão & distribuição , Produção Agrícola/economia , Previsões , Helianthus , Exportação de ProdutosRESUMO
Resumen El propósito de este artículo es analizar la exposición a plaguicidas y cuidados de la salud, en el contexto de las prácticas productivas y reproductivas de la vida cotidiana de horticultores del Cinturón Verde de Córdoba (CVCC), Argentina, desde los dominios individual, particular y general como marco comprensivo de los procesos de determinación de salud. Se implementó un estudio analítico explicativo que incluyó el uso de metodologías mixtas entre 2013 y 2017. Se efectuó un análisis de triangulación de resultados provenientes de las vertientes cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se observó que el Modelo Productivo Agrícola Dominante determina el deterioro de las condiciones productivas y la exposición a plaguicidas de la población hortícola del CVCC. Los deficientes sistemas de regulación del uso de la tierra, débil legislación y control acorde al contexto, por parte del Estado, inciden en la vida cotidiana y obturan las prácticas individuales protectoras de la salud de los horticultores.
Abstract This article aims to analyze health care and exposure to pesticides within the context of productive and reproductive practices or the everyday life of horticulturists in the Green Belt of the City of Cordoba (GBCC), Argentina, from the individual, particular and general domains as the comprehensive framework of health determining processes. An explanatory analytical study was implemented which included the use of mixed methodologies between 2013 and 2017. A triangulation analysis was carried out of the results of the quantitative and qualitative aspects. It was observed that the dominant agricultural productive model has determined the deterioration of the productive conditions and exposure to pesticides of the horticultural population of the GBCC. Deficient systems for regulating land use, weak legislation and control from the State in accordance with the context impact on everyday life and block the horticulturists' individual health protection practices.
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Humanos , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Argentina , Cidades , Atenção à Saúde , HorticulturaRESUMO
Introducción: En la región Caribe de Colombia hay presencia de especies nativas de gramíneas que aún no han sido evaluadas. Objetivo: Identificar taxonómicamente una gramínea de la región Sabanas de Sucre y estudiar la influencia de la edad sobre sus atributos morfológicos y de producción. Materiales y métodos: El estudio se ubicó en 9º12'38.59" N y 75º24'06.63", a 165 msnm. En 18 parcelas se evaluaron tres intervalos de corte (21, 28 y 35 días). Inicialmente, se identificó la gramínea. Fue evaluada la composición química, el número y longitud de las hojas, las relaciones entre material verde y seco y entre hojas y tallos, y su evolución, y la producción y tasa de acúmulo de MS. Resultados: La gramínea se identificó como Panicum cf. hispidifolium Swallen. El contenido de PB, NDT y cenizas disminuyeron (P<0,05) con el incremento en la edad, presentando valores medios de 12,3; 58,5 y 9,7%, respectivamente. Las fracciones MS, FDA y CNE aumentaron (P<0,05) con la edad, presentando valores medios de 21,6; 37,17 y 6,24%, respectivamente. La disponibilidad de MS y la tasa de acúmulo evolucionaron cuadráticamente (P<0,05), con mayor intensidad entre los días 21 y 28. El promedio de MS disponible fue de 8049,1 kg/ha y la tasa diaria de acúmulo fue de 281,2 kg/ha. Conclusión: Se concluye que P. hispidifolium es una gramínea con potencial forrajero para la región Sabanas de Sucre, y que se debe manejar con periodos de descanso de alrededor de 28 días, considerando la disponibilidad y calidad de la MS.
Introduction: In the Caribbean region of Colombia there are native species of grasses that have not yet been evaluated. Objective: To identify taxonomically a grass observed in the Savannas de Sucre region and study the influence of age on its morphological and production attributes. Materials and Methods: The study was located at 9º12'38.59"N and 75º24'06.63", at 165 meters above sea level. In 18 plots, three cut intervals were evaluated (21, 28 and 35 days). Initially, the grass was identified. The chemical composition, the number and length of the leaves, the relationships between green and dry material and between leaves and stems, and their evolution, and the production and accumulation rate of DM were tested. Results: The grass was identified as Panicum cf. hispidifolium Swallen. The content of PB, NDT and ash decreased (P <0.05) with increasing age, presenting mean values of 12.27; 58.5 and 9.7%, respectively. The MS, FDA and CNE fractions increased (P <0.05) with age, presenting mean values of 21.6; 37.17 and 6.24%, respectively. DM availability and accumulation rate evolved quadratically (P <0.05), with greater intensity between days 21 and 28. The average DM available was 8049.1 kg / ha and the daily accumulation rate was 281.2 kg / ha. Conclusion: It is concluded that P. hispidifolium is a grass with forage potential for the Savannas of Sucre region, and that it should be managed with rest periods of around 28 days, considering the availability and quality of the DM.
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Panicum , Colômbia , VernoniaRESUMO
Peru has a commodities-based economy where agriculture plays an essential role in the nation's development. Among agricultural products, fruits and vegetables are foundational to Peruvian culture and a healthy and nutritious diet. Produce is also the primary income source for thousands of small-scale farmers and producers throughout the country. Peru has significant potential to export agricultural and value-added products. Nevertheless, the Peruvian food chain has weak food safety and quality standards, limiting access to international markets. The inherent lack of food safety surveillance and management systems negatively affects public health. In the past decade, fresh and raw produce has been associated with several foodborne outbreaks worldwide, resulting in significant health and economic losses. This alarming situation for public health officials and regulators has called for the strengthening of produce safety standards and food safety risk management for safer food and to reduce the incidence of foodborne illnesses. This review summarizes the current status of produce safety in Peru and explores opportunities (e.g., policy, university capacity development) toward a safer food system.
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Microbiologia de Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Agricultura/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Peru , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/normasRESUMO
RESUMEN Los sistemas de producción agrícolas en la subregión Valle del Sinú, en Colombia, en los últimos 50 años, se han basado en la siembra de cultivos en rotación o alternancia de maíz - algodón y arroz, y se caracterizan por el uso intensivo de implementos de mecanización e insumos agrícolas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características fisicoquímicas de los suelos, bajo los sistemas productivos de maíz - algodón y arroz e identificar las principales limitantes de suelo, que afectan el desarrollo y la productividad de los cultivos, en la subregión Valle del Sinú. Para lo anterior, se realizaron muestreos de suelo en 64 sitios, distribuidos en cinco municipios del Valle del Sinú, evaluando propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo. El suelo en estudio pertenece al orden Inceptisol, moderadamente profundo, compuesto por arcillas expansivas y horizonte argílico. El suelo, se caracterizó por una reacción acida (5,82±0,87 a 6,78±0,34), contenido medio de MO. La media de la CIC varió en rango, de 18,45±2,94 a 22,85±4,36cmol(+) kg-1, la CE estuvo no salinos, variando de 0,29±0,09 a 0,91±1,70dS cm-1. Los contenidos de P, S, Ca, Mg y K fueron altos. La densidad aparente mostró valores promedios restrictivos para el desarrollo de raíces en cuatro de los cinco municipios, variando de 1,42±0,10 a 1,49±0,08g cm-3, excepto en San Carlos (1,33±0,14g cm-3). Los resultados obtenidos evidencian indicios de procesos de degradación de suelo, relacionados con el manejo de los suelos.
ABSTRACT The agricultural production systems in the Valle del Sinú subregion in Colombia, in the last 50 years, have been based on the sowing of crops in rotation and / or alternation of corn - cotton and rice, and are characterized by the intensive use of implements mechanization and agricultural inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the soils under the corn - cotton and rice production systems and identifying the main soil limitations, which affect crop development and productivity, in the Sinú Valley Subregion. For the above, soil sampling was carried out at 64 sites distributed in five municipalities of the Sinú Valley, evaluating the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The soil under study belongs to the order Inceptisol, moderately deep, composed of expansive clays and argillic horizons. The soil was characterized by an acid reaction (5.82 ± 0.87 to 6.78 ± 0.34), average MO content. The mean of the CIC varied in the range of 18.45 ± 2.94 to 22.85 ± 4.36cmol(+) kg-1, the EC was not saline, varying from 0.29 ± 0.09 to 0.91 ± 1.70dS cm-1. The contents of P, S, Ca, Mg and K were high. The apparent density showed restrictive average values for root development in four of the five municipalities, ranging from 1.42 ± 0.10 to 1.49 ± 0.08g cm-3, except in San Carlos (1.33 ± 0.14g cm-3). The results obtained show evidence of soil degradation processes related to soil management.
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Resumen Introducción: se analizan las políticas de transferencia de tecnología de la cadena productiva del café mediante simulaciones realizadas por medio de los escenarios de: modo I technology push, modo II Market Pull, modo III Sistémico y el modo IV combinación de modos. Objetivo: analizar las políticas que favorezcan los procesos de transferencia de tecnología en la cadena productiva del café en Antioquia a partir de un modelo de Simulación Basado en Agentes. Materiales y métodos: tras la revisión bibliográfica realizada en fuentes primarias y segundarias se caracterizó la cadena y se clasificaron las políticas que a lo largo de la historia se han implementado a favor de ésta. Resultados: esta clasificación sirvió de insumo junto con el instrumento aplicado a los 256 agentes representativos de la cadena para definir los parámetros del Modelo de simulación Basado en Agentes. Cabe resaltar que al Modelo se le realizó una validación conceptual mediante dos técnicas: el método histórico del racionalismo y la aproximación histórica amigable, y una validación operacional. Conclusiones: después de aplicar varias técnicas de validación y verificación, se encontró que el modelo ayuda al entendimiento del fenómeno de la transferencia de tecnología en la cadena productiva del café, la cual es comprendida como un Sistema de Innovación de carácter localizado. El análisis de las políticas permite recomendar los modos de políticas que permiten la participación de un mayor número de agentes en el proceso de transferencia de tecnología obteniendo un sistema con mayor distribución de las oportunidades de mercado.
Abstract Introduction: the technology transfer policies of the coffee production chain are analyzed through simulations carried out using the following scenarios: I technology push mode, II Market Pull mode, Systemic III mode and IV mode combination modes. Objective: analyze the policies that favor technology transfer processes in the coffee production chain in Antioquia based on an agent-based simulation model. Materials and methods: after the literature review carried out in primary and secondary sources, the chain was characterized and the policies that throughout history have been implemented in favor of it. Results: this classification served as input together with the instrument applied to the 256 representative agents of the chain to define the parameters of the Agent-Based Simulation Model. It should be noted that the Model was given a conceptual validation through two techniques: the historical method of rationalism and the friendly historical approach, and an operational validation. Conclusion: after applying several validation and verification techniques, it was found that the model helps to understand the phenomenon of technology transfer in the coffee production chain, which is understood as a localized Innovation System. Policy analysis makes it possible to recommend policy modes that allow more actors to participate in the technology transfer process by obtaining a system with greater distribution of market opportunities.
Resumo Introdução: analisam-se as políticas de transferência de tecnologia da cadeia produtiva do café mediante simulações realizadas por meio dos cenários de: modo I technology push, modo II Market Pull, modo III Sistêmico e o modo IV combinação de modos. Objectivo: analisar as políticas que favoreçam os processos de transferência de tecnologia na cadeia produtiva do café em Antioquia a partir de um modelo de Simulação Baseado em Agentes. Materiais e métodos: após da revisão bibliográfica realizada em fontes primárias e secundarias caracterizou-se a cadeia e classificaram-se as políticas que ao longo da história se implementaram a favor desta. Resultado: esta classificação serviu de insumo junto com o instrumento aplicado aos 256 agentes representativos da cadeia para definir os parâmetros do Modelo de simulação Baseado em Agentes. Cabe ressaltar que ao Modelo realizou-se uma validação conceitual mediante duas técnicas: o método histórico do racionalismo e a aproximação histórica amigável, e uma validação operacional. Conclusão: Depois de aplicar várias técnicas de validação e verificação, descobriu-se que o modelo ajuda a compreender o fenômeno da transferência de tecnologia na cadeia produtiva do café, que é compreendida como um Sistema de Inovação de caráter localizado. A análise das políticas permite recomendar os modos de políticas que permitem a participação de um maior número de agentes no processo de transferência de tecnologia obtendo um sistema com maior distribuição das oportunidades do mercado.
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Agricultural yield is the result of multiple factors and ecological processes (e.g., pollination, fertilization, pest control). Understanding how the different factors interact is fundamental to designing management practices aimed to increase these yields, which are environmental friendly and sustainable over time. In this study, we focus on insect pollination and plant nutrition status, since they are two key factors that influence crop yield. The study was carried out in Northwest Patagonia Argentina, which is an area of intensive production of pears and apples of global importance, during the harvest seasons 2018 and 2019. The plant nutrition was estimated from leaf chlorophyll content. Biotic pollination benefits were evaluated by comparing fruit quantity (fruit to flower ratio) and quality (weight, size, and sugar concentration) from approximately 25 flowers exposed to pollinators and 25 flowers excluded to them per tree (a total of 160 apple trees and 130 pear trees). In addition, we estimated the visitation rate of pollinators to flowers and related it to fruit quality in apple. Despite different floral characteristics, we found in both crops a positive effect of insect pollination in both the quantity and the quality of the fruits. Interestingly, the nutrition of the trees, although variable, did not affect either the quantity or the quality of the fruits. Despite the weak effect of nutrition, we found no interaction between pollination and plant nutrition (i.e., additive effects). These results highlight the importance of agricultural practices that promote pollinators on farms.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Malus , Valor Nutritivo , Polinização , Pyrus , Animais , Argentina , Produtos Agrícolas , Flores , Frutas , Insetos/fisiologia , Plantas DaninhasRESUMO
Even in areas of predominance of Caiuá sandstone, with soils of low natural fertility that are highly susceptible to erosion and degradation processes, farmers have adopted systems with little diversification, because they believe that they provide a greater economic return. However, agricultural practices such as crop rotation can bring agronomic benefits in terms of conservation agriculture, in addition to economic gains, circumventing edaphoclimatic difficulties in the region. In this context, the objective of this study is to verify whether no-till crop rotation systems are economically profitable, in a Caiuá sandstone area in the northwest region of the Brazilian state of Paraná. To this end, an experiment was conducted in the municipality of Umuarama, state of Paraná, in the crop year 2014/15 to 2016/17. The experimental design used random blocks, with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of four crop rotation systems, involving wheat, black oats, canola, safflower, rye, crambe, beans, maize, fodder radish, soybean, sorghum, lupin beans, buckwheat, and triticale cultivars. Crop yields, operating costs, income, and net farm income were assessed. From the results, it was reported that the highest income was obtained in the systems that adopted the largest number of winter and summer commercial crops. Only one treatment was profitable, that is, it had a positive net farm income. This scenario may be associated with the fragility of the regions soil, which having low fertility, requires a high investment in fertilization and liming to ensure adequate production.(AU)
Mesmo em áreas de predomínio do arenito Caiuá, com solos de baixa fertilidade natural e altamente susceptíveis a processos de erosão e degradação, agricultores têm adotado sistemas com baixa diversificação, por acreditarem que estes apresentam maior retorno econômico. No entanto, práticas agrícolas como a rotação de culturas podem trazer benefícios agronômicos, relativos à agricultura conservacionista, além de ganhos econômicos, contornando dificuldades edafoclimáticas da região. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se na região Noroeste do Paraná, em área de arenito Caiuá, sistemas de rotação de culturas sob plantio direto apresentam rentabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento no município de Umuarama, estado do Paraná, entre anos agrícolas de 2014/15 a 2016/17. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro sistemas de rotações de culturas, que envolveram cultivares de trigo, aveia preta, canola, cártamo, centeio, crambe, feijão, milho, nabo forrageiro, soja, sorgo, tremoço, trigo mourisco e triticale. Foram avaliadas as produtividades das culturas, os custos variáveis, as receitas e as margens brutas. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que as melhores receitas foram obtidas nos sistemas que adotaram o maior número de culturas comerciais de inverno e verão. Somente um tratamento apresentou rentabilidade, ou seja, margem bruta positiva. Este cenário pode estar associado à fragilidade do solo da região, que por serem de baixa fertilidade, demandam alto investimento com adubação e calagem, para garantir uma produção adequada.(AU)
Assuntos
Características do Solo/análise , Características do Solo/métodos , 24444 , Custos e Análise de Custo , Economia RuralRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Even in areas of predominance of Caiuá sandstone, with soils of low natural fertility that are highly susceptible to erosion and degradation processes, farmers have adopted systems with little diversification, because they believe that they provide a greater economic return. However, agricultural practices such as crop rotation can bring agronomic benefits in terms of conservation agriculture, in addition to economic gains, circumventing edaphoclimatic difficulties in the region. In this context, the objective of this study is to verify whether no-till crop rotation systems are economically profitable, in a Caiuá sandstone area in the northwest region of the Brazilian state of Paraná. To this end, an experiment was conducted in the municipality of Umuarama, state of Paraná, in the crop year 2014/15 to 2016/17. The experimental design used random blocks, with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of four crop rotation systems, involving wheat, black oats, canola, safflower, rye, crambe, beans, maize, fodder radish, soybean, sorghum, lupin beans, buckwheat, and triticale cultivars. Crop yields, operating costs, income, and net farm income were assessed. From the results, it was reported that the highest income was obtained in the systems that adopted the largest number of winter and summer commercial crops. Only one treatment was profitable, that is, it had a positive net farm income. This scenario may be associated with the fragility of the region's soil, which having low fertility, requires a high investment in fertilization and liming to ensure adequate production.
RESUMO: Mesmo em áreas de predomínio do arenito Caiuá, com solos de baixa fertilidade natural e altamente susceptíveis a processos de erosão e degradação, agricultores têm adotado sistemas com baixa diversificação, por acreditarem que estes apresentam maior retorno econômico. No entanto, práticas agrícolas como a rotação de culturas podem trazer benefícios agronômicos, relativos à agricultura conservacionista, além de ganhos econômicos, contornando dificuldades edafoclimáticas da região. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se na região Noroeste do Paraná, em área de arenito Caiuá, sistemas de rotação de culturas sob plantio direto apresentam rentabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento no município de Umuarama, estado do Paraná, entre anos agrícolas de 2014/15 a 2016/17. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro sistemas de rotações de culturas, que envolveram cultivares de trigo, aveia preta, canola, cártamo, centeio, crambe, feijão, milho, nabo forrageiro, soja, sorgo, tremoço, trigo mourisco e triticale. Foram avaliadas as produtividades das culturas, os custos variáveis, as receitas e as margens brutas. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que as melhores receitas foram obtidas nos sistemas que adotaram o maior número de culturas comerciais de inverno e verão. Somente um tratamento apresentou rentabilidade, ou seja, margem bruta positiva. Este cenário pode estar associado à fragilidade do solo da região, que por serem de baixa fertilidade, demandam alto investimento com adubação e calagem, para garantir uma produção adequada.
RESUMO
Agriculture is an indispensable activity for all countries. Depending on the increasing population, food needs can be met by increasing agricultural production. In this respect, it is of great importance to investigate the value of agricultural production and the factors affecting agricultural production. This study aimed to examine the impact on the agricultural production value of agricultural bank credit in Turkey. In the study, with the aim of examining the relationship between agricultural credit and agricultural production value in Turkey, 1998-2016 real agricultural loans and agricultural real gross domestic product annual data covering the period given above were used. The statistical analysis tool is ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques. According to OLS regression, the purposed model explains 83.94% of total variance. Regression coefficients show that effect of term is higher than effect of agricultural credits. The reason for this difference may be explained as dependency of credits on macroeconomic indicators and political structure of the country. This study proposes that agricultural credit mechanism in the country needs to be developed to increase the financing opportunities for the realization of technology and modernization investments by farmers.(AU)
A agricultura é uma atividade indispensável para todos os países. Dependendo do aumento da população, as necessidades alimentares podem ser atendidas através do aumento da produção agrícola. A esse respeito, é de grande importância investigar o valor da produção agrícola e os fatores que afetam a produção agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o impacto no valor da produção agrícola do crédito bancário agrícola na Turquia. No estudo, com o objetivo de examinar a relação entre crédito agrícola e valor da produção agrícola na Turquia, foram utilizados os empréstimos reais para 1998-2016 e os dados anuais do produto interno bruto agrícola real, cobrindo o período indicado acima. A ferramenta de análise estatística é uma técnica de mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS). De acordo com a regressão OLS, o modelo proposto explica 83,94% da variância total. Os coeficientes de regressão mostram que o efeito do prazo é superior ao efeito dos créditos agrícolas. O motivo dessa diferença pode ser explicado como dependência de créditos em indicadores macroeconômicos e estrutura política do país. Este estudo propõe que o mecanismo de crédito agrícola no país precise ser desenvolvido para aumentar as oportunidades de financiamento para a realização de investimentos em tecnologia e modernização pelos agricultores.(AU)
Assuntos
Produção Agrícola/economia , Análise de Regressão , Produto Interno Bruto/estatística & dados numéricos , TurquiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Agriculture is an indispensable activity for all countries. Depending on the increasing population, food needs can be met by increasing agricultural production. In this respect, it is of great importance to investigate the value of agricultural production and the factors affecting agricultural production. This study aimed to examine the impact on the agricultural production value of agricultural bank credit in Turkey. In the study, with the aim of examining the relationship between agricultural credit and agricultural production value in Turkey, 1998-2016 real agricultural loans and agricultural real gross domestic product annual data covering the period given above were used. The statistical analysis tool is ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques. According to OLS regression, the purposed model explains 83.94% of total variance. Regression coefficients show that effect of term is higher than effect of agricultural credits. The reason for this difference may be explained as dependency of credits on macroeconomic indicators and political structure of the country. This study proposes that agricultural credit mechanism in the country needs to be developed to increase the financing opportunities for the realization of technology and modernization investments by farmers.
RESUMO: A agricultura é uma atividade indispensável para todos os países. Dependendo do aumento da população, as necessidades alimentares podem ser atendidas através do aumento da produção agrícola. A esse respeito, é de grande importância investigar o valor da produção agrícola e os fatores que afetam a produção agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o impacto no valor da produção agrícola do crédito bancário agrícola na Turquia. No estudo, com o objetivo de examinar a relação entre crédito agrícola e valor da produção agrícola na Turquia, foram utilizados os empréstimos reais para 1998-2016 e os dados anuais do produto interno bruto agrícola real, cobrindo o período indicado acima. A ferramenta de análise estatística é uma técnica de mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS). De acordo com a regressão OLS, o modelo proposto explica 83,94% da variância total. Os coeficientes de regressão mostram que o efeito do prazo é superior ao efeito dos créditos agrícolas. O motivo dessa diferença pode ser explicado como dependência de créditos em indicadores macroeconômicos e estrutura política do país. Este estudo propõe que o mecanismo de crédito agrícola no país precise ser desenvolvido para aumentar as oportunidades de financiamento para a realização de investimentos em tecnologia e modernização pelos agricultores.
RESUMO
Resumo O presente estudo refere-se ao impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. Por meio de entrevistas objetivou-se analisar a influência dos condicionantes sociais, culturais e econômicos no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos. Para a coleta de dados foram entrevistados 339 trabalhadores rurais de perímetros irrigados dos municípios de Juazeiro-BA e Petrolina-PE. Todos do sexo masculino, sendo 182 (53,7%) proprietários rurais e 157 (46,3%) empregados, predominando indivíduos entre 40 e 59 anos entre os proprietários e abaixo de 39 anos entre os trabalhadores. Mais de 50% apresentou baixo nível de escolaridade e 55,2% tinha rendimentos mensais menor ou igual a 2 salários mínimos. Muitos sabem da importância do uso de EPIs e da obrigatoriedade do receituário agronômico para a utilização e a compra de agrotóxicos, entretanto cerca de 40% não usam EPIs ou fazem uso de forma incompleta e 28,9% não apresentam receituário durante a compra. Mais de 9% dos participantes relataram casos de intoxicação, no entanto, menos de 7% procuraram atendimento especializado. Os trabalhadores sabem que o uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras os expõem a situações de risco, mas essa informação não é suficiente para alterar a conduta no exercício laboral.
Abstract This study refers to the impact of the use of pesticides on human health in the São Francisco River Valley region, in which, through semi-structured interviews, the objective was to analyze the influence of social, cultural and economic determinants on the health-disease process of workers exposed to agrochemicals. For data collection, 339 rural workers from irrigated perimeters of the cities of Juazeiro, in the State of Bahia, and Petrolina, in the State of Pernambuco, were interviewed. All were male, of which 182 (53,7%) were rural owners and 157 (46,3%) were employees, predominantly between 40 and 59 years of age among owners and under 39 among workers. Over 50% have a low level of schooling and 55.2% of them have monthly incomes less than or equal to 2 minimum wages. Many of them know about the importance of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and the mandatory license for the use and purchase of agrochemicals. However, about 40% do not use PPE or use it inadequately and 28.9% do not have a license to purchase. More than 9% of participants reported cases of intoxication, however, less than 7% sought specialized care. Workers are aware of the risks that the use of agrochemicals expose them to risk situations, but this does not encourage them to change their worksite behavior.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural , Brasil , Entrevistas como Assunto , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/estatística & dados numéricos , Fazendas , Frutas , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
In recent years, there has been an increase in pesticide use to improve crop production due to the growth of agricultural activities. Consequently, various pesticides have been present in the environment for an extended period of time. This review presents a general description of recent advances in the development of methods for the quantification of pesticides used in agricultural activities. Current advances focus on improving sensitivity and selectivity through the use of nanomaterials in both sensor assemblies and new biosensors. In this study, we summarize the electrochemical, optical, nano-colorimetric, piezoelectric, chemo-luminescent and fluorescent techniques related to the determination of agricultural pesticides. A brief description of each method and its applications, detection limit, purpose-which is to efficiently determine pesticides-cost and precision are considered. The main crops that are assessed in this study are bananas, although other fruits and vegetables contaminated with pesticides are also mentioned. While many studies have assessed biosensors for the determination of pesticides, the research in this area needs to be expanded to allow for a balance between agricultural activities and environmental protection.