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INTRODUCTION: Single cigarette sales at tobacco-selling points of sale (POS) may promote smoking. We explored visibility and availability of single cigarettes in POS around schools in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, countries where their sale is banned. METHODS: Between April and July 2023, an observational study was conducted at POS around high schools in urban and rural areas in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. A sampling frame of schools was generated from public registries, with schools categorised according to their socioeconomic status and randomly selected within socioeconomic strata. A total of 2081 POS were surveyed based on their proximity to these randomly selected schools. Data were collected on the visibility of single cigarettes (any cigarette sticks or open cigarette packs on display and able to be seen by customers were coded as visible) and their availability (ie, whether singles were sold, whether visible or not). RESULTS: Single cigarettes were visible in 37.2% of POS and available in most (84.9%), with neighbourhood stores the primary source. In most (84.1%) POS with visible single cigarettes, they were displayed near candy or toys. Prices of the cheapest single cigarette sticks ranged from US$0.03 in Argentina to US$0.13 in Guatemala. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate widespread availability of single cigarettes in four Latin American countries where their sale is banned. The low price of single cigarettes, and their proximity to candy/toys, may increase the appeal of smoking to youth. Stricter enforcement of bans on single cigarettes, which may serve as a gateway to experimentation and continued smoking, is needed.

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Resumen: México ocupa el primer lugar en obesidad infantil en el mundo, por lo que resulta importante identificar variables asociadas al consumo alimentario. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si la forma en que el consumo de alimentos se modifica en función de las normas sociales alimentarias y la publicidad alimentaria que recibe la población infantil escolar. Se diseñó un estudio multivariado predictivo utilizando sistemas de lógica difusa tipo dos de intervalo (IT2 FLS), y comparando su ajuste con modelos convencionales, como la regresión lineal múltiple (RLM). Se trabajó con las respuestas emitidas por 196 niños en un estudio previo y almacenadas en una base de datos, seleccionando solo las que correspondieron a las variables de interés para el estudio. Las normas sociales a evitar, el número de comidas y la compra de alimentos por la publicidad alimentaria permitieron predecir el consumo alimentario de los niños mediante IT2 FLS. En RLM las horas de comidas tuvo mayor capacidad predictiva que el número de comidas. El IT2 FLS proporcionó un mayor coeficiente de determinación (R2 = 0.649), que el de la RLM (R2 = 0.370). El consumo alimentario, al ser un fenómeno multicausal y complejo, puede ser mejor predicho al utilizar métodos de análisis que manejen de forma más flexible la incertidumbre, como lo hace la IT2 FLS.

Abstract: Mexico ranks first in childhood obesity in the world, so it is important to identify variables associated with food consumption. The objective of this work was to establish whether the way in which food consumption is modified depending on social food norms and food advertising received by school children. A predictive multivariate study was designed using interval type two fuzzy logic systems (IT2 FLS), and comparing its fit with conventional models, such as multiple linear regression (RLM). We worked with the responses issued by 196 children in a previous study and stored in a database, selecting only those that corresponded to the variables of interest for the study. The social norms to avoid, the number of meals and the purchase of food through food advertising made it possible to predict children's food consumption through IT2 FLS. In RLM, mealtimes had a greater predictive capacity than the number of meals. The IT2 FLS provided a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.649) than that of the RLM (R2 = 0.370). Food consumption, being a multicausal and complex phenomenon, can be better predicted by using analysis methods that manage uncertainty more flexibly, as the IT2 FLS does.

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Introduction. The highest levels of childhood overweight and obesity in Latin America correspond to Argentina; this condition increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other conditions in adulthood. More than 25% of childhood and adolescent obesity are attributable to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Our objective was to assess the disease and financial burden of SSB consumption among children and adolescents in Río Negro, the morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and the impact of reducing sugar consumption via the implementation of Law no. 27642 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating. Population and methods. We used a mathematical simulation model with a comparative risk assessment approach in the Río Negro population aged 0 to 17 years. The burden of obesity attributable to SSB consumption in the short and long term and direct medical costs were assessed. Results. The average consumption of SSBs was 348 mL/day; the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.6% and 11.6%, respectively. There were over 6600 cases of overweight in children and adolescents; while in adulthood, there were over 17 500 cases of overweight, 34 deaths attributable to SSBs, 3200 cases of diabetes, and over 4230 other health events. Direct medical costs were estimated at ARS 250 000 000 attributable to SSB consumption. Conclusion. The implementation of a comprehensive policy as established by Law no. 27642 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating in Río Negro would decrease 24% of overweight cases, morbidity, mortality, and associated medical costs.

Introducción. Los mayores valores de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil de Latinoamérica corresponden a Argentina, condición que incrementa el riesgo de obesidad en la adultez, diabetes tipo 2, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares y otras. Más del 25 % de los casos de obesidad infantojuvenil pueden atribuirse al consumo de bebidas azucaradas (BA). El objetivo fue evaluar la carga de enfermedad y la económica del consumo de BA en niños y adolescentes rionegrinos; morbimortalidad en la adultez e impacto de lograr una reducción del consumo de azúcares con la implementación de la Ley 27642 de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable. Población y métodos. Se utilizó un modelo de simulación matemática con enfoque de evaluación de riesgo comparativo en la población rionegrina de 0 a 17 años. Se evaluó la carga de obesidad atribuible al consumo de BA a corto y largo plazo, y los costos médicos directos. Resultados. El consumo promedio de BA fue de 348 ml/día y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fueron del 16,6 % y el 11,6 %, respectivamente. Se estimaron más de 6600 casos de exceso de peso en niños y adolescentes; y, en la adultez, más de 17 500 casos de exceso de peso, 34 muertes atribuibles a BA, 3200 casos de diabetes y más de 4230 en otros eventos de salud. Se calcularon costos médicos directos por $ 250 000 000 atribuibles al consumo de BA. Conclusión. La implementación de una política integral como establece la Ley 27642 de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable en Río Negro disminuiría el 24 % de los casos de exceso de peso, la morbimortalidad y los costos médicos asociados.

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As propagandas de bebidas alcóolicas, além de serem mais frequentes do que outras mercadorias, também apresentam conteúdo que pode ter papel facilitador no uso dessa substância psicoativa, visto que, na maior parte delas, trazem ideias e sensações de prazer. Por isso, esta pesquisa consistiu na identificação e análise qualitativa de propagandas de cerveja que tiveram alguma denúncia feita ao ou pelo Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (Conar), nos últimos cinco anos (2015 a 2020), a partir do levantamento dessas denúncias no site do Conar e, posteriormente, foi realizada análise dos motivos condizentes com o código. Como resultado, constatou-se uma progressão nos alinhamentos entre as denúncias e as decisões, sendo encontrada maior dificuldade no alinhamento da infração em relação ao conteúdo das peças publici-tárias do que em questões técnicas.

Advertisements for alcoholic beverages, in addition to being more frequent than other goods, also present content that can play a role in facilitating the use of this psychoactive substance, since, in most of them, they bring ideas and sensations of pleasure. Therefore, this research consisted of the identification and qualitative analysis of beer advertisements that had any complaints made to or by the National Advertising Self-Regulation Council (Conar), in the last five years (2015 to 2020), based on the survey of these complaints on the website of Conar and, subsequently, an analysis of the reasons consistent with the code was carried out. As a result, there was a progression in the alignments between complaints and decisions, with greater difficulty being found in aligning the infraction in relation to the content of the advertising pieces than in technical issues.

Los anuncios de bebidas alcohólicas, además de ser más frecuentes que los de otros productos, también presentan contenidos que pueden desempeñar un papel a la hora de facilitar el consumo de esta sustan-cia psicoactiva, ya que, en la mayoría de ellos, aportan ideas y sensaciones de placer. Por lo tanto, esta investigación consistió en la identificación y análisis cualitativo de los anuncios de cerveza que tuvieron alguna denuncia realizada ante o por el Consejo Nacional de Autorregulación Publicitaria (Conar), en los últimos cinco años (2015 a 2020), a partir de la encuesta a estos. denuncias en el sitio web del Conar y, posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los motivos compatibles con el código. Como resultado, hubo una progresión en los alineamientos entre denuncias y decisiones, encontrándose mayor dificultad en alinear la infracción con el contenido de las piezas publicitarias que en cuestiones técnicas.

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Sports betting and its associated problems are increasing rapidly. Moreover, it has been widely advertised and marketed, successfully reaching young adult males. This work aims to review recent publications regarding the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors across different ages. For this purpose, a search in the PubMed database was set for 5 years (November 2014 - November 2019). The search terms included: "Sports betting AND children", "Sports betting AND young adult", "Sports betting AND adult". The search generated 131 articles, including some duplications. Once duplicates were eliminated, the titles and abstract analysis led to 21 references. To this, four more recent references were added to complement the introduction and discussion sections. The total number of references is 25. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) human study, (b) quantitative, experimental, clinical study, or review, (c) emphasis on the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors, (d) specified number of subjects, (e) male or female gender, and (f) written in English (title and abstract). The findings indicated that: (1) marketing plays a significant role in normalizing gambling in sports, (2) policymakers should consider comprehensive approaches to reduce the exposure of sports betting advertising to young individuals, and (3) future studies should explore potential differences in results based on gender and developmental stage. For instance, sports betting is more prevalent among males than females, and younger children tend to be more impulsive than older children.

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INTRODUCTION: Monitoring tobacco industry marketing strategies in countries that have introduced plain packaging helps with documenting variations in the market during the transition period. Uruguay implemented plain packaging in February 2020. We describe changes in the characteristics of tobacco packaging, content and sticks before and after plain packaging implementation. METHODS: Data were collected across 15 neighbourhoods in different socioeconomic areas in Montevideo, Uruguay, before and after implementation (2019 and 2021). A high school or college was selected in each neighbourhood as the walking protocol starting point. Two stores were visited per neighbourhood. Cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco (RYO) were purchased and coded for the presence of taste or sensation lexical and imagery features. RESULTS: The number of unique products increased between 2019 (n=23) and 2021 (n=40). Prior to implementation, all packs presented design features. After its implementation, 95.7% of cigarette packs complied with regulations. Overall, 34.7% of cigarettes and RYO were flavoured in 2019 versus 50.0% in 2021 (p=0.01). In 2019, all flavoured cigarette packs conveyed taste through language and/or imagery, while cigarettes had designs on the filter suggesting the potential for altering the flavour. In 2021, 44.0% of cigarette packs indicated flavour through lexicon; and 81.0% of cigarette sticks still included a flavour capsule. CONCLUSIONS: After implementation, we noticed an increase in the availability of unique flavoured cigarettes and RYO among surveyed retailers. However, this increase was less pronounced compared with what is reported in the Latin American region. Non-compliance was identified. Greater efforts should be made enforcing current policy.

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BACKGROUND: With the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions imposed to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the Brazilian population has increased the time spent at home and watching television (TV). Since food advertising exposure is a key driver of food choices, this study described the content of food advertisements (ads) on Brazilian TV during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is an exploratory study. A total of 684 h of TV programming comprised of three free-to-air channels and two pay-per-view channels was recorded from 06 a.m. to 12 a.m. for eight non-consecutive days in June 2020. A content analysis of all the food-related ads was carried out. The data collection process followed INFORMAS Protocol for TV food advertising monitoring. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 7,083 ads, 752 (10.6%) of which were food-related and 487 (6.9%) were promoting ultra-processed foods. The content analysis indicated seven thematic categories, all of them with reference to the COVID-19 pandemic: brand and product differentials (79.8%); visual and sound effects (70.2%); thematic campaigns (56.0%); digitization (22.9%); convenience (16.5%); economic benefits (11.9%); and commensality and social interaction (6.1%). Ads content varied according to the day of the week, the time of the day, the length of the ad, and the channel type. CONCLUSIONS: The thematic of food advertising on Brazilian TV during the COVID-19 pandemic is aligned with the country's health crisis context and varied during the programming.

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This study examined the impact of green advertising and eco-labels on the attitudes and environmental awareness of millennials purchasing eco-friendly products in shopping centers across Ecuador. The research utilized a quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional methodology with 430 millennials participating. A 20-item survey was administered face-to-face at shopping centers in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador. The validity of the research model was established through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), employing SPSS 20 and AMOS 24 for statistical evaluations. Findings reveal that green advertising significantly shapes environmental attitudes (ß: 0.245) and awareness (ß: 0.110), as well as directly influences the purchasing behavior (ß: 0.154) towards green products. While eco-labels do not exert a direct effect on purchasing behavior (ß: 0.128), they significantly inform attitudes (ß: 0.406) and ecological awareness (ß: 0.277) of millennials who purchase organic products. This paper is among the pioneering research to delineate the correlation between green advertising elements and the purchasing patterns of green products among millennials in a developing nation. It concludes that marketing strategies centered on green advertising and eco-labels do affect millennials' attitudes and environmental consciousness, but only advertising has a direct impact on purchasing behaviors, contrary to eco-labels. The research bears social significance as it affirms that millennials are attentive to environmental issues and are actively engaged in promoting sustainability.

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Resumen Este artículo analiza la publicidad de medicamentos de patentes dirigida a las madres en la prensa colombiana entre 1903 y 1945. Muestra cómo estos anuncios jugaron un papel importante al momento de moldear a la mujer como una población objeto de consumo, estableciendo una maternidad científica por medio de la medicalización. La metodología incluyó el análisis de los avisos publicitarios en los periódicos El Tiempo, La Prensa, Rigoletto, El Faro y Evolución. Igualmente, dialogó con la historiografía de la temática producida en Colombia y otras latitudes. Concluyó que la maternidad fue un nicho importante para la venta de medicamentos, provocando la conformación de una idea comercial de lo materno.

Abstract This article analyses the advertising of patent medicine directed at mothers, which circulated in newspapers between 1903 and 1945. It demonstrates that these advertisings played an important role in shaping women as a consumer demographic, promoting a scientific approach to motherhood intertwined with health challenges. The methodology employed included the analysis of advertisements in the newspapers El Tiempo, La Prensa, Rigoletto, El Faro and Evolución. Additionally, it examines the historiography of the subject in Colombia and other latitudes. The conclusion of this study asserts that motherhood was a significant target for pharmaceutical industries, leading to a commercial concept of motherhood.

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OBJECTIVE: Food advertising is an important determinant of unhealthy eating. However, analysing a large number of advertisements (ads) to distinguish between food and non-food content is a challenging task. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based method to automatically identify and classify food and non-food ad videos. DESIGN: Methodological study to develop an algorithm model that prioritises both accuracy and efficiency in monitoring and classifying advertising videos. SETTING: From a collection of Brazilian television (TV) ads data, we created a database and split it into three sub-databases (i.e. training, validation and test) by extracting frames from ads. Subsequently, the training database was classified using the EfficientNet neural network. The best models and data-balancing strategies were investigated using the validation database. Finally, the test database was used to apply the best model and strategy, and results were verified with field experts. PARTICIPANTS: The study used 2124 recorded Brazilian TV programming hours from 2018 to 2020. It included 703 food ads and over 20 000 non-food ads, following the protocol developed by the INFORMAS network for monitoring food marketing on TV. RESULTS: The results showed that the EfficientNet neural network associated with the balanced batches strategy achieved an overall accuracy of 90·5 % on the test database, which represents a reduction of 99·9 % of the time spent on identifying and classifying ads. CONCLUSIONS: The method studied represents a promising approach for differentiating food and non-food-related video within monitoring food marketing, which has significant practical implications for researchers, public health policymakers, and regulatory bodies.

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O aumento da longevidade humana veio acompanhado de uma maior preocupação com os hábitos alimentares e de uma banalização das dietas prescritas, favorecendo um contexto de medicalização da comida, no qual a fronteira entre alimento e medicamento fica imprecisa. Isto tem sido usado mercadologicamente pelas indústrias alimentícias, farmacêuticas e de suplementos alimentares. Este artigo visa discutir como o ecossistema publicitário contemporâneo e a ciberpublicidade são utilizados para naturalizar a presença de suplementos e medicamentos na dieta cotidiana. Usou-se como estudo de caso uma campanha publicitária vietnamita, em que um comprimido foi posicionado como ingrediente culinário. A partir de outros casos descritos na literatura, discutem-se os resultados encontrados no contexto ocidental. Nas considerações finais, apresentam-se alguns desafios regulatórios; apontam-se perspectivas para pesquisas futuras; e defende-se a educação como elemento fundamental para a construção de uma sociedade em que a saúde seja valorizada e exigida como bem coletivo e direito de todos

As human longevity increases, a greater concern with eating habits is visible. Furthermore, the number of people who trivialize prescribed diets increases. This context favors the medicalization of food, in which the boundary between food and medicine is blurred. Industries take advantage of this situation to promote several products. This article discusses how the contemporary advertising ecosystem and the cyber advertising techniques are used to naturalize the presence of supplements and medications in the daily diet. We used as a case study a Vietnamese campaign, in which a tablet was positioned as a culinary ingredient. Based on other cases described in the literature, the results found in the Western context are discussed. In the last section, some regulatory challenges are presented, prospects for future research are pointed out, and education is defended as fundamental for the development of citizens who value Public Health as a collective good and a right of all

El aumento de la longevidad humana ha venido acompañado de una mayor preocupación por los hábitos alimentarios y de una banalización de las dietas prescritas, favoreciendo un contexto de medicalización de la alimentación, en el que la frontera entre alimento y medicamento se esfuma. Esto viene siendo utilizado comercialmente por industrias alimentarias, farmacéuticas y de complementos alimenticios. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de discutir como el ecosistema publicitario contemporáneo y la publicidad cibernética son usados para naturalizar la presencia de suplementos y medicamentos en la dieta diaria. Se utilizó como estudio de caso una campaña publicitaria vietnamita, en la que se posicionó un comprimido como ingrediente culinario. Con base en otros casos descritos en la literatura, se discuten los resultados encontrados en el contexto occidental. En las reflexiones finales, se presentan algunos desafíos regulatorios; se señalan perspectivas para futuras investigaciones; y la educación es defendida como elemento fundamental para la construcción de una sociedad en la que se valore y exija la salud como bien colectivo y derecho de todos.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between the marketing strategies and nutritional quality of foods and beverages promoted in television food advertisements (TV ads) seen by Colombian child audiences overall and based on child gender and socio-economic strata (SES). DESIGN: A quantitative content analysis of marketing appeals was combined with nutritional data of the food products advertised and matched with TV audience ratings data for each food and beverage ads for Colombian children between 4 and 11 years. SETTING: All beverages and foods TV ads cable or over-the-air channels in Colombia in 2017. PARTICIPANTS: N/A. RESULTS: Compared with rational appeals (e.g. freshness, health or nutrition messages), emotional appeals (referencing or depicting human senses or emotions, e.g. using cartoons to suggest fun) were more frequently used in the TV ads most viewed by Colombian children. Female children and children in lower SES tended to be more exposed to emotional appeals in TV ads than their male or higher SES counterparts. Furthermore, TV ads using more emotional appeals tended to be for products high in problematic nutrients. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study highlight the need to implement statutory measures to reduce the deleterious effect of food marketing on children.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tobacco-attributable burden on disease, medical costs, productivity losses and informal caregiving; and to estimate the health and economic gains that can be achieved if the main tobacco control measures (raising taxes on tobacco, plain packaging, advertising bans and smoke-free environments) are fully implemented in eight countries that encompass 80% of the Latin American population. DESIGN: Markov probabilistic microsimulation economic model of the natural history, costs and quality of life associated with the main tobacco-related diseases. Model inputs and data on labour productivity, informal caregivers' burden and interventions' effectiveness were obtained through literature review, surveys, civil registrations, vital statistics and hospital databases. Epidemiological and economic data from January to October 2020 were used to populate the model. FINDINGS: In these eight countries, smoking is responsible each year for 351 000 deaths, 2.25 million disease events, 12.2 million healthy years of life lost, US$22.8 billion in direct medical costs, US$16.2 billion in lost productivity and US$10.8 billion in caregiver costs. These economic losses represent 1.4% of countries' aggregated gross domestic products. The full implementation and enforcement of the four strategies: taxes, plain packaging, advertising bans and smoke-free environments would avert 271 000, 78 000, 71 000 and 39 000 deaths, respectively, in the next 10 years, and result in US$63.8, US$12.3, US$11.4 and US$5.7 billions in economic gains, respectively, on top of the benefits being achieved today by the current level of implementation of these measures. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking represents a substantial burden in Latin America. The full implementation of tobacco control measures could successfully avert deaths and disability, reduce healthcare spending and caregiver and productivity losses, likely resulting in large net economic benefits.

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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between exposure to different sources of tobacco advertising and the consumption of conventional cigarettes in Peruvian adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analytical study of secondary data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2019 in Peru. The population consisted of adolescents aged 13-15 years. Generalized Linear Poisson family models were used to estimate prevalence ratios with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), which measured the strength of the association between exposure to advertising sources and conventional cigarette consumption. RESULTS: Data from 2083 adolescents who provided information on exposure to television advertising, 1092 on outdoor advertising, and 2008 about online advertising were analyzed. A higher probability of conventional cigarette consumption was noted in those exposed to ads via television (aPR=1.85; 95% CI: 1.28-2.69; p=0.002) and online (aPR=1.90; 95% CI: 1.40-2.58; p<0.001), in comparison with those not exposed. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) through television and online media are significantly associated with an increase in the consumption of conventional cigarettes among adolescents aged 13-15 years. Therefore, it is necessary to implement comprehensive bans on TAPS in Peru focused on these media to prevent the tobacco industry from continuing to introduce advertising to encourage tobacco consumption.

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A Odontologia tem adentrado nas redes sociais como forma de atrair e manter pacientes. O profissional, por vezes, não está atento às normativas éticas para utilizar a publicidade/propaganda na internet, cometendo infrações éticas referente à essas condutas. O objetivodesta pesquisa foi analisar os perfis públicos (de acesso aberto) de cirurgiões-dentistas (CD) do município de Londrina (PR) na rede social Instagram®frente aos aspectos da publicidade e propaganda caracterizados no Código de Ética Odontológica (CEO). Foi utilizada uma listagem de CD ativos no município de Londrina, disponibilizado pelo Conselho Regional de Odontologia do Paraná. Como critério de inclusão, foi necessário que o CD possuísse o perfil público e caracterizado como profissional da área, sendo excluídos os perfis privados, sem identificações, sem publicações e apenas com publicações pessoais.Após a seleção, cada perfil foi avaliado separadamente, levando-se em consideração as dez últimas postagens, de acordo com nove itens pré-estabelecidos tendo como base o CEO. Foram identificados 213 perfis que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo 137 em desacordo com o CEO e 76 em acordo. A maioria dos perfis analisados infringia um ou mais itens que foram avaliados, sendo a exposição de imagens de "antes e depois" o item encontrado com maior frequência (AU).

La Odontología ha entrado en las redes sociales como una forma de atraer y fidelizar pacientes. El profesional, en ocasiones, no es consciente de las normas éticas para el uso de publicidad/propaganda en internet, cometiendo infracciones éticas en relacióncon estas conductas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los perfiles públicos (acceso abierto) de los odontólogos (CD) de la ciudad de Londrina (PR) en la red social Instagram®frente a los aspectos de publicidad y propaganda caracterizados enel Código de Ética Dental (CEO). Se utilizó una lista de CD activos en la ciudad de Londrina, facilitada por el Consejo Regional de Odontología de Paraná. Como criterio de inclusión fue necesario que el CD tuviera perfil público y caracterizado como profesional del área, excluyendo perfiles privados, sin identificaciones, sin publicaciones y solo con publicaciones personales. Luego de la selección, cada perfil fue evaluado por separado, teniendo en cuenta los últimos diez cargos, según nueve ítems preestablecidos en base al CEO. Se identificaron un total de 213 perfiles que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, 137 en desacuerdo con el CEO y 76 de acuerdo. La mayoría de los perfiles analizados violaron uno o más ítems evaluados, siendo la exhibición de imágenes de "antes y después" el ítem encontrado con mayor frecuencia (AU).

Dentistry has entered social networks as a way toattract and retain patients. The professional, sometimes, is not aware of ethical norms for using publicity/advertisement on the internet, many times committing ethical infractions regarding these behaviors. The aim of this research was to analyze the public (open access) profiles of dentists (DE) in the municipality of Londrina (PR) on the social network InstagramTMin view of the aspects of publicity and advertisement characterized in the Code of Dental Ethics (CDE). A list of active DEs in the city of Londrina, made available by the Regional Council of Dentistry of Paraná, was used. As inclusion criterion, it was necessary that the dentist had public profile and characterized as a professional in the area, excluding private profiles, without identifications, without publications and only with personal publications. After selection, each profile was evaluated separately, taking into account the last ten posts, according to nine pre-established items based on CDE. A total of 213 profiles that met the inclusion criteria were identified, 137 in disagreement with CDE and 76 in agreement. Most profiles analyzed violated one or more items that were evaluated, with the exhibition of "before and after" images being the most frequently found item (AU).

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Popular social media platforms have been actively used by ultra-processed food companies to promote their products. Being exposed to this type of advertising increases the consumption of unhealthy foods and the risk of developing obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Thus, monitoring commercial content on social media is a core public health practice. We aimed to characterize the methods used for monitoring food advertising on social media and summarize the investigated advertising strategies via a scoping review of observational studies. This study is reported according to the MOOSE Statement, and its protocol was registered with the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration nº. CRD42020187740). Out of the 6093 citations retrieved, 26 met our eligibility criteria. The studies were published from 2014 to 2021, mostly after 2018. They focused on Australia, Facebook, strategies aimed at children and adolescents, and advertising practices of ultra-processed food companies. We grouped strategies in eight classes: post features (n = 18); connectivity and engagement (n = 18); economic advantages, gifts, or competitions (n = 14); claims (n = 14); promotional characters (n = 12); brand in evidence (n = 8); corporate social responsibility or philanthropy (n = 7); and COVID-19 (n = 3). We found similarities in the investigation of strategies regardless of the type of social media. Our findings can contribute to the designing of tools for monitoring studies and regulatory mechanisms to restrict the exposure of food advertising.

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Resumo O estudo visa avaliar a promoção dos subgrupos de AIN/MP anunciados em encartes de supermercados, considerando as características das redes e a tipologia dos encartes. Foram analisados encartes de cinco redes de supermercados da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (junho/2019-maio/2020). Foram apresentados dados de abrangência e perfil socioeconômico das redes e tipo de encarte. Dos 68.110 alimentos, 30,6% são AIN/MP. Carnes/ovos foram mais promovidos (42,3%), seguido de frutas/hortaliças (20,2%) anunciados mais em encartes de hortifruti. Laticínios; cereais/farinhas/massas e bebidas/infusões representaram cerca de 10,0% dos anúncios. Leguminosas (3,8%), especiarias e cogumelos (0,2%) e oleaginosas (0,1%) foram pouco promovidos. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na promoção de subgrupos segundo abrangência e perfil socioeconômico das redes. Frutas/hortaliças foram mais anunciadas em redes nacionais e voltadas para o público de alta renda em comparação às locais e voltadas para um público de média/baixa renda. Constatou-se desequilíbrio na promoção dos subgrupos de AIN/MP, com diferenças entre as redes e os tipos de encartes. Diante disto, deve-se dar luz à discussão sobre a regulação da promoção de alimentos no varejo alimentar.

Abstract The present study evaluated the promotion of natural/minimally processed foods (N/MPF) subgroups advertised in supermarket circulars by considering supermarket features and circular typology. We analyzed circulars published by five supermarket chains in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (June/2019-May/2020) and present data on the socioeconomic coverage and profile of the supermarkets and the types of circulars. Of the 68,110 types of foods, 30.6% were N/MPF. Meat/eggs were the most promoted ones (42.3%), followed by fruits/vegetables (20.2%), which were more often advertised by produce shop circulars. Dairy products, cereals/flours/pasta and beverages/infusions made up around 10.0% of the ads. Legumes (3.8%), spices and mushrooms (0.2%) and oilseeds (0.1%) were rarely promoted. Statistically significant differences were found in the promotion of subgroups according to supermarket coverage and their socioeconomic profiles. Fruits/vegetables were more often advertised by national chains and aimed at a high-income public than by local companies and aimed at a low/middle-income public. Promotion of N/MPF subgroups was disproportional due to differences among chains and types of circulars. As a result, a discussion on the regulation of food promotion in food retail is required.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the websites of Brazilian fertility clinics included in the 11th Report of the National Embryo Production System (SisEmbrio, 2017) for compliance with the 2004 American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the Brazilian Medical Council (Conselho Federal de Medicina, CFM) guidelines for advertising. METHODS: We performed an online evaluation of the websites of clinics listed in the 11th SisEmbrio report based on criteria from the 2004 ASRM guidelines (publication of success rates, live birth rates (LBR), method of LBR calculation, success rates by age range and diagnosis, experimental/investigational nature of procedures and the practice of comparison marketing) and CFM guidelines (clinic director name and register visible on the website; no prices displayed, no photos of patients nor success stories with patient identification). RESULTS: A total of 161 SiSEmbrio-registered clinics were evaluated: 153 (95.0%) had functional websites, and only seven were public clinics. Social media presence was as follows: 87 (54.03%) were on WhatsApp; 128 (79.5%) were on Facebook; and 122 (75.8%) were on Instagram. Seventy-five (46.6%) were on other social media platforms (YouTube, LinkedIn, and Twitter). Regarding CFM recommendations, 49 (30.4%) showed information of a registered director, 85 (52.8%) showed patient photos on their websites and/or social media accounts. Fifty-four clinics published success rates (33.5%) and 19 (11.8%) used their own data, whereas seven (4.3%) showed pregnancy rates by age. None reported LBR or advertised prices. CONCLUSIONS: The information published online by Brazilian fertility clinics is heterogeneous in nature. A significant portion of the websites does not follow some of the ASRM and CFM guidelines for advertising.

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BACKGROUND: Straw cigarettes are hand-rolled tobacco in a corn straw, common in Brazil and believed to be less harmful by consumers. Traditionally consumed in rural areas and by men, a recent increase in use among young people in urban areas was observed. This study assessed marketing appeals of straw cigarette packaging in Brazil. METHODS: Following a systematic protocol, unique straw cigarette packs were purchased in 2013, 2016 and 2019 from three cities: Manaus, Salvador and São Paulo. Packs were double-coded for the absence/presence of marketing appeals (ie, luxury/quality, masculinity, classic/timeless, flavours and less harm). RESULTS: The number of unique straw cigarette packs purchased as part of the overall sample increased in the most recent collection: 2.3% (n=3), 1.3% (n=2) and 15.5% (n=27) in 2013, 2016 and 2019, respectively. Across the years, all packs presented luxury/quality elements (eg, images of crests); 93.8% (n=30) included the word 'artisanal'. Masculine appeal (eg, images of men) was present on 56.3% (n=18) of packs. Almost half had classic/timeless elements, including the words 'tradition'/'original'. In 2019, 59.3% (n=16) of the packs were flavoured compared with none in previous years. Over a quarter of all packs presented a less harm appeal (eg, 'smooth'). CONCLUSION: We identified an increase in availability of unique straw cigarette packs, strong branding and use of misleading descriptors on the packs. The adoption of plain packaging and the implementation of Brazil's additive ban could help to reduce the appeal of straw cigarettes and curb the current increase in use among youth.

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