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Development of the respiratory system can be affected by the use of drugs during pregnancy, as the prenatal phase is highly sensitive to pharmacological interventions, resulting in long-term consequences. The deleterious effects of external cannabinoids during gestation may be related to negative interference in central nervous system formation, cardiorespiratory system function, and behavioral disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of external cannabinoids on cardiorespiratory network development, chemosensitivity, and its future consequences in adulthood is still unclear. We evaluated the effects of prenatal exposure to a synthetic cannabinoid (WIN 55,212-2, 0.5 mg·kg-1·day-1) on the cardiorespiratory control and panic-like behavior of male and female rats in adulthood. Exogenous cannabinoid exposure during pregnancy resulted in a sex-dependent difference in breathing control. Specifically, males showed increased chemosensitivity to CO2 and O2, whereas females exhibited decreased sensitivity. Altered cardiovascular control was evident, with prenatally treated males and females being more susceptible to hypertension and tachycardia under adverse environmental conditions. Moreover, WIN-treated males exhibited higher fragmentation of sleep episodes, whereas females displayed anxiolytic and panicolytic behavioral responses to CO2. However, no changes were observed in the mechanical component of the respiratory system, and there were no neuroanatomical alterations, such as changes in the expression of CB1 receptors in the brainstem or in the quantification of catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. These findings highlight that external interference in cannabinoid signaling during fetal development causes sex-specific, long-lasting effects for the cardiorespiratory system and behavioral responses in adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The surge in recreational cannabis use and cannabinoid-based medication prescription among pregnant women has been notable in recent years, fueled by the misconception that natural products are inherently safe. Significant gaps persist regarding the potential risks of maternal consumption of cannabinoids and the long-term effects on the cardiorespiratory system of their offspring, which may be determined by sex. Accordingly, this research aims to diminish this lack of information and raise a note of caution.

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BACKGROUND: Autonomy in participation of young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) is not well understood due to the lack of appropriate instruments, especially for the Brazilian population. The Rotterdam Transition Profile (RTP) categorizes autonomy in Participation (education, employment, finances, housing, leisure, intimate relationships, sexuality, transportation) and Health Services (care demands, services and aids, and rehabilitation services) domains. OBJECTIVES: To cross-culturally adapt the RTP for use in Brazil, and to describe the levels of autonomy in participation and associated factors of Brazilian youth with CP. METHODS: RTP was translated and content validity was investigated through an expert panel (n = 4 researchers and n = 4 clinicians); 30 adolescents and young adults with CP provided data for construct validity and internal consistency analysis. To analyze influencing factors, 56 youth with CP, mean age 25 years (SD = 6.9 years), with good cognitive level remotely responded to the RTP, sociodemographic information, and functional classifications (gross motor, manual ability). RESULTS: Following translation, content and construct validity were established, with changes made to improve the clarity of items. Cronbach's alpha (0.82) was considered good and test-reliability was fair to good for most items. High levels of autonomy were found in the areas of Leisure and Rehabilitation, with the lowest proportion of participants with autonomy in Housing, Intimate Relationships, and Finances. Autonomy in participation was associated with age, gross motor and manual ability classifications, and with context-related factors. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the RTP was considered valid and reliable. Findings will support transition planning for young people with CP.

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The Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS) is a measure used to evaluate the state of society and whether it is disintegrated and deregulated. Although widely used, the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and measurement invariance according to sex have not been studied in the Chilean university population. To explore these properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 383 students from public (45.7%) and private (54.3%) universities, with a mean age of 21.5 years (SD = 3.3). A CFA and ESEM were performed, which confirmed the two-factor correlated structure, achieving better goodness-of-fit indices by eliminating five items (RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95). This also provided evidence of reliability and measurement invariance according to sex. This study provides evidence of the psychometric quality of the PAS scale, thus allowing its use in the Chilean university context.

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BACKGROUND: Disease-related variants in PHEX cause XLH by an increase of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) circulating levels, resulting in hypophosphatemia and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D deficiency. XLH manifests in early life with rickets and persists in adulthood with osseous and extraosseous manifestations. Conventional therapy (oral phosphate and calcitriol) improves some symptoms, but evidence show that it is not completely effective, and it can lead to nephrocalcinosis (NC) and hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Burosumab (anti-FGF23 antibody) has shown to be effective and safety in the clinical trials. METHODS: The current real-world collaborative study evaluated genetic, clinical and laboratory data of XLH Brazilian adult patients treated with burosumab. RESULTS: Nineteen unrelated patients were studied. Patients reported pain, limb deformities and claudication, before burosumab initiation. 78% of them were previously treated with conventional therapy. The severity of the disease was moderate to severe (15 patients with score >5). At the baseline, 3 patients presented NC (16.7%) and 12 HPT (63%). After 16 ± 8.4 months under burosumab, we observed a significant: increase in stature (p = 0.02), in serum phosphate from 1.90 ± 0.43 to 2.67 ± 0.52 mg/dL (p = 0.02); in TmP/GFR from 1.30 ± 0.46 to 2.27 ± 0.64 mg/dL (p = 0.0001), in 1,25 (OH)2 D from 50.5 ± 23.3 to 71.1 ± 19.1 pg/mL (p = 0.03), and a decrease in iPTH from 86.8 ± 37.4 pg/mL to 66.5 ± 31.1 (p = 0.002). Nineteen variants were found (10 novel). HPT tended to develop in patients with truncated PHEX variants (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the efficacy and safety of burosumab on XLH adult patients observed in clinical trials. Additionally, we observed a decrease in iPTH levels in patients with moderate to severe HPT at the baseline.

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BACKGROUND: Optimizing cognitive development through early adulthood has implications for population health. This study aims to understand how socioeconomic position (SEP) across development relates to executive functioning. We evaluate three frameworks in life-course epidemiology - the sensitive period, accumulation, and social mobility hypotheses. METHODS: Participants were young adults from Santiago, Chile who were studied from 6 months to 21 years. Family SEP was measured at ages 1 y, 10 y, and 16 y with the modified Graffar Index. Executive functioning was assessed at ages 16 y and 21 y by the Trail Making Test Part B (Trails B). Analyses estimating 16 y and 21 y executive function involved 581 and 469 participants, respectively. Trails B scores were modeled as a function of SEP at 1 y, 10 y, and 16 y, as the total accumulation of disadvantage, and as change in SEP between 1 y and 10 y and between 10 y and 16 y. RESULTS: Participants were low- to middle-income in infancy and, on average, experienced upwards mobility across childhood. Half of participants (58%) improved Trails B scores from 16 y and 21 y. Most (68%) experienced upward social mobility between infancy and 16 y. When examined independently, worse SEP measured at 10 y and 16 y related to worse (longer time to complete) Trails B scores at Age 21 but did not relate to the other outcomes. After mutual adjustment as a test of the sensitivity hypothesis, no SEP measure was independently related to any outcome. Testing the accumulation hypothesis, cumulative low SEP was associated with worse cognitive performance at 21 y (ß = 3.6, p = 0.04). Results for the social mobility hypothesis showed no relation to cognitive scores or to change in cognitive scores. Comparing all hypotheses, SEP at 16 y explained the most variability in executive functioning at 21 y, providing support for the sensitive period hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that experiencing cumulatively low socioeconomic position from infancy to adolescence can have a negative impact on cognitive functioning in young adulthood. Findings also provide evidence in support of adolescence as a key developmental period during which SEP can most strongly impact cognitive functioning.

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Previous studies have highlighted the role of lifestyle on HDL-C concentrations in adults. To our knowledge, the health and nutritional status of emerging adults have been understudied. The present study aimed to explore the most important lifestyle factors, including micronutrient intake adequacy and the percentage of energy from food processing, according to HDL-C concentrations in emerging adults. In this context, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 261 Mexican emerging adults who were apparently healthy. Lifestyle factors were collected through a structured survey and the prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirement cut-point method. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was assessed using the NOVA system. HDL-C was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS. The results revealed that lifestyle factors do not differ according to HDL-C status. The participants showed a poor nutritional diet that was energy-dense and micronutrient-inadequate. Nearly half of their energy came from processed and ultra-processed foods. Most participants did not meet the recommendations for key nutrients (ϖ3 fatty acids and phytosterols) that promote a healthy lipid status. In conclusion, regardless of their HDL-C levels, emerging adults exhibited lifestyle-related risk factors. The persistence of these findings over time could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in the future. It is crucial to increase understanding and to develop effective nutritional interventions during this critical phase of life.

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BACKGROUND: Maltreatment in childhood may leave people vulnerable to further experiences of violence and more severe effects of stress later in life. Longitudinal studies of risk for violent victimisation after maltreatment are lacking in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to quantify the risk for violent victimization in the family and community in young adulthood following experiences of childhood maltreatment (experiences of physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect) up to age 15 years in an urban Brazilian population. METHODS: 3246 participants in a prospective, population-based birth cohort study in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were assessed at birth, 15 and 22 years. Sociodemographic factors were reported by mothers at birth and adolescents at age 15 years. Maltreatment and violent victimisation were self-reported in confidential questionnaires at 15 and 22, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses estimated the association between having experienced any maltreatment and later experiences of family and community violence in young adulthood (no adult violence, violence only in the family context, only in the community, or both violence in the family and community), adjusting for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: 39% of females and 27% of males reported any maltreatment up to age 15 years. At 22 years, rates of past year violence in the family or community were 17.6% for females and 20.2% for males. Maltreatment was strongly associated with community violence (Females: OR = 2.96, CI = 1.83-4.80; Males: OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.01-4.00) and its co-occurrence with family violence (Females: OR = 2.33, 95%CI = 1.34-4.04; Males: OR = 3.20, 95%CI = 1.82-5.65) in young adulthood, after adjustment for background sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION: Childhood maltreatment is an important risk factor for later violent victimisation in both the family and community context. The effects of repeated trauma through the life-course needs research and clinical attention.

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Introduction: Emerging adulthood is a period of transition between adolescence and adulthood, during which individuals explore different roles and possibilities. This period is often characterized by high levels of stress and uncertainty, which can increase the risk of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, character strengths and depression, as well as to verify the differences in the levels of these elements among different groups of depressive symptomatology. Methods: Participants were 1,060 individuals (741 females, 305 males) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.3, SD = 3.72). Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal- Wallis with pairwise post-hoc analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: There were significant positive correlations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths, and negative correlations between these variables and depression. There were also significant differences in the means of the evaluated constructs among the symptomm groups. Discussion: The findings suggest that emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths are all associated with depression in emerging adults and have important implications for the provision of interventions in health and education for emerging adults. The study provides a deeper understanding of the factors influencing depression during emerging adulthood and emphasize the importance of promoting positive psychology elements and developing personalized interventions for emerging adults. This also suggest that public policies related to mental health and education should take into account the unique needs of emerging adults.

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For the teaching profession, prosociality is a relevant skill. From this perspective, the present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Adult Prosocialness Behavior Scale (APBS) in a professional setting of primary school Chilean teachers (n = 1404; mean age = 41.4; SD = 10.8; 77.4% women). ESEM and CFA were applied to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, factorial reliability, and invariance. The results supported a bifactor ESEM model in which prosociality was represented by a general latent factor and four specific factors (helping, sharing, caring, and empathy). A predominance of the unidimensional component of the APBS was observed (general factor, ECV = 0.938; ωh = 0.945), with adequate reliability (α = 0.932; ω of the factor general = 0.968) and invariance of the measurement in terms of gender. Its adequacy was confirmed by a good level of fit (RMSEA = 0.042 90%CI [0.036-0.049]; SRMR = 0.012; CFI = 0.995; TLI = 0.988). It is concluded that the APBS is a suitable instrument to measure prosociality in the professional setting studied. Its general and specific dimensions are relevant to the prosocial behaviors currently required of teachers. Future studies could contribute evidence of the transcultural validation of the APBS in other educational contexts in order to undertake comparative studies.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Evidence on the association between nut consumption and depression is mainly based on cross-sectional studies. This study aims to analyse whether nut consumption is prospectively associated with the risk of depression in adults. METHODS: This study was conducted using the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank resource. Data from middle-aged and older UK adults who participated in this cohort between 2007-2012 (baseline) and 2013-2020 (follow-up) were analysed. Baseline information on nut consumption was obtained with the Oxford WebQ 24-h questionnaire. Depression, defined as a self-reported physician diagnosis of depression or antidepressant use, was assessed at baseline and follow-up. Hazard regression models estimating the predictive ability of nut consumption for the risk of developing depression were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health confounders. RESULTS: A total of 13,504 participants (mean age 57.5 ± 7.2 years, 50.7% female) free of depression at baseline were included in the analyses. After a mean follow-up of 5.3 ± 2.4 years, 1122 (8.3%) incident cases of depression were identified. Compared with no nut consumption, the daily consumption of >0 to 1 serving of 30 g of nuts was associated with a lower risk of depression (hazard ratio, HR = 0.83; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.71-0.97) regardless of all potential confounders considered. In stratified analyses, a decreased risk of depression was more clearly observed in UK adults with adequate weight control, a healthy lifestyle, and better health status than in their counterparts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low-to-moderate nut consumption (>0 to 1 serving of 30 g/day) was associated with a 17% lower risk of depression during a 5.3-year follow-up compared with no nut consumption in a large sample of middle-aged and older UK adults. This protective association is enhanced in the absence of other known risk factors for depression.

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Resumen En el ámbito de la discapacidad intelectual, el desarrollo de una vida independiente se ha configurado como un derecho humano y civil que permite a estas personas articular planes de vida deseados. Esta investigación analiza, mediante un estudio de caso, los significados que un grupo asesor compuesto por ocho personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual tiene sobre el concepto de vida independiente en el contexto chileno. Para la recopilación de los datos se diseñó una entrevista grupal semiestructurada acompañada de moodboards que facilitaron la verbalización de las respuestas. Sobre los relatos obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados muestran cómo el desempeño de una actividad laboral remunerada o el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas sólidas se conforman como elementos imprescindibles para la independencia personal. La dificultad para ser económicamente independientes o la falta de accesibilidad en el entorno laboral se identifican también como principales barreras para la concreción de este derecho. Igualmente, se destaca el rol que desempeñan la pareja y las amistades como figuras de apoyo constante a la independencia y al empoderamiento personal. Estos resultados sugieren algunas orientaciones para la planificación de intervenciones sobre este constructo, las cuales deben procurar la adquisición de habilidades que fortalezcan la capacidad de autocuidado de este colectivo, promover el incremento de oportunidades para la realización de elecciones significativas en el ámbito laboral, personal y comunitario, y adaptarse a los espacios en los que se desenvuelven las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la edad adulta.

Abstract In the field of intellectual disability, the development of an independent life has been configured as a human and civil right that allows these people to articulate desired life plans. Despite the advances, at the international level, research on aspects related to independent living in people with intellectual disabilities continues to be very scarce. Generally, the approaches to the study of this construct are based on broader investigations dedicated to evaluating the levels of quality of life or self-determination of this population in residential services or sheltered housing. Precisely, this study analyzes, through a case study, the meanings that an advisory group made up of eight adults with intellectual disabilities has on the concept of independent living in the Chilean context in order, on the one hand, to identify relevant elements for the definition of the construct from the perceptions and experiences of this population; and on the other, to propose guidelines at various levels that allow progress in the realization of this right. To collect the data, a semi-structured group interview was designed whose questions were grouped around four themes: previous conceptions of the participants about the construct of independent life, satisfaction with life and possibilities of the context for the development of personal independence, role of family, friendship and partner in independent life, and opportunities of the work context for the achievement of personal independence. During the interview, another strategy was incorporated in which visual language gained more relevance. Specifically, a set of ten moodboards were used that allowed participants to delve into the different topics addressed. The results of the code validation process were calculated using Krippendorff's alpha statistics (.954) and Cohen's kappa (.953), which showed a high level of inter-judge agreement. As a result of this process, categories (N = 6) and subcategories (N = 17) were established. The results show how various needs, barriers and facilitators for the development of independent life are identified from the interviews of the interviewees. Among the main needs is the performance of a paid work activity or the establishment of solid affective relationships. With regard to the barriers that hinder personal independence, the most notorious are related to the difficulty of being financially independent or to the lack of accessibility in the work environment. Regarding the elements that facilitate the development of an independent life, the role of the couple stands out as a constant figure of support for independence and personal empowerment. These results suggest some guidelines for planning interventions on this construct. Among others, they should seek the acquisition of skills that strengthen the self-care capacity of this group; should promote increased opportunities for making meaningful choices in the workplace, personal and community; and they must adapt to the spaces in which people with intellectual disabilities operate in adulthood. On the other hand, it is assumed that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable. However, this study has some strengths. Among others, it contributes to enriching the bulk of research on independent living, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. It also complements the results of other research regarding the elements that can condition the development of skills for personal independence. This allows for the design of interventions that provide opportunities for independent living based on the felt needs of these people. In addition, it raises future lines of research related, for example, to the importance of the informed choice of the residential environment or to the study of the possibilities of the digital world as an incident phenomenon in the acquisition of skills for personal independence.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

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Health inequities exist in groups of greater psychosocial vulnerability such as emerging adults and migrants. The study aimed to generate evidence of the validity of the mental and physical health symptomatology scale in two samples of vulnerable groups: emerging university adults, who report high levels of mental health problems, and migrants, who report high levels of physical and mental health problems. Using non-probability sampling, in the first study, evidence of construct validity of the scale was reported in 652 emerging adults and, in the second, evidence of validity was provided from associations with the depression, stress and anxiety scale (DASS-21) among 283 migrants. The results indicate that in Study 1 the two-factor model had adequate indicators of fit and adequate reliability; only the mental health factor presented evidence of convergent validity. In Study 2, the mental health factor showed positive and large associations with the DASS-21, which decreased when the physical health symptoms factor was considered. These analyses provide evidence of validity for the scale, which is an easy-to-use instrument that allows for the assessment of health from an integral perspective.

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BACKGROUND: In health professionals, negative stereotypes toward older adulthood have been associated with the difficulty in recognizing pathological processes and the refusal to care for older patients because of assuming that communication with them will be uncomfortable and frustrating. For these reasons, research on stereotypes in these groups has acquired growing importance. The usual strategy to identify and evaluate agist stereotypes is to use scales and questionnaires. Although multiple scales are currently used, in Latin America, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Negative Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood (Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]), developed in Spain, is widely used but without evidence of construct validity in our context. In addition, although in the original version, a factorial structure of 3 factors was found, in later studies, a unifactorial structure was obtained. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to study the construct validity of the CENVE in a sample of Colombian health personnel to clarify its factorial structure and concurrent validity. Likewise, the measurement invariance according to gender and age was studied. METHODS: A nonprobabilistic sample of 877 Colombian health professionals and intern health students was obtained. The data were collected online using the LimeSurvey tool. To study the factor structure of the CENVE, 2 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were carried out, one to test a single factor and the other to test the 3-related-factor structure. The factor measurement reliability was evaluated with the composite reliability index (CRI) and the average variance extracted (AVE). The measurement invariance was studied according to gender (men and women) and age (emerging adults, 18-29 years old, and adults, 30 years old or older). Using a structural equation model, the relationship between age and the latent CENVE total score was studied to obtain evidence of concurrent validity, since studies indicate that the younger the age, the greater the number of stereotypes. RESULTS: The 1-factor structure was confirmed. The reliability results indicated that both indices show adequate values. Likewise, the existence of a strong invariance in measurement by gender and age group was verified. After contrasting the means of the groups, the results showed that men show more negative stereotypes toward old age than women. Likewise, emerging adults also showed more stereotypes than adults. We also verified that age is inversely related to the latent score of the questionnaire, such that the younger the age, the greater the stereotype. These results are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. CONCLUSIONS: The CENVE shows good construct and concurrent validity, as well as good reliability, and it can be used to assess stereotypes toward older adulthood in Colombian health professionals and health sciences college students. This will allow us to better understand the effect of stereotypes on agism.

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Early nicotine exposure compromises offspring's phenotype at long-term in both sexes. We hypothesize that offspring exposed to nicotine during breastfeeding show deregulated central and peripheral endocannabinoid system (ECS), compromising several aspects of their metabolism. Lactating rats received nicotine (NIC, 6 mg/Kg/day) or saline from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 16 through implanted osmotic minipumps. Offspring were analyzed at PND180. We evaluated protein expression of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamide-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and/or CB2) in lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), adrenal and thyroid. NIC offspring from both sexes did not show differences in hypothalamic ECS markers. Peripheral ECS markers showed no alterations in NIC males. In contrast, NIC females had lower liver DAGL and CB1, higher VAT DAGL, higher adrenal NAPE-PLD and higher thyroid FAAH. Endocannabinoids biosynthesis was affected by nicotine exposure during breastfeeding only in females; alterations in peripheral tissues suggest lower action in liver and higher action in VAT, adrenal and thyroid. Effects of nicotine exposure during lactation on ECS markers are sex- and tissue-dependent. This characterization helps understanding the phenotype of the adult offspring in this model and may contribute to the development of new pharmacological targets for the treatment of several metabolic diseases that originate during development.

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BACKGROUND: Recently, there has been an increase in the development of transition services for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Studies have emphasized the importance of addressing parents' needs during their children's adolescence. AIMS: This study aimed to understand how parents experience the adolescence and transition to adulthood of their adolescents with CP and to identify relevant components for the development of a service for families. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A qualitative study was conducted with 18 families of adolescents with CP. Caregivers were purposely recruited from a transition programme called Adolescence in Focus Program. Individual interviews were conducted using a semistructured script. Then, the caregivers were invited to participate in focus groups. The interviews and focus groups were recorded and transcribed for content analysis. RESULTS: Three categories emerged: 'The onset of adolescence', 'What will our future be?' and 'Support and services: paths to follow'. The adolescents' behavioural changes seemed to be intensified by their restricted social participation. Parents reported the desire for their adolescents to become independent in daily activities. Regarding their own future, they aimed to re-establish the occupational roles that were interrupted. CONCLUSION: Information from this study guided the design of a programme for families regarding content, format and outcomes.

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Relying on a life course perspective, we explored the association between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP), adulthood employment trajectories, and their interactions, with different domains of functional limitations among older people in Chile. We used data from a face-to-face, comprehensive and representative life history survey of older people (N = 802), and weighted bivariate, multivariate, and longitudinal quantitative methods. As a way to address potential problems of reverse causality, we adjust multivariate analyses by lifetime health indicators. Our results show that low childhood SEP and non-standard adulthood employment trajectories characterized by part-time work negatively affect later life functional limitations. The increased risk among people with low childhood SEP is higher if they follow a "part-time employment trajectory" in adulthood. In the conclusion, we emphasize that analyzing life course determinants of functional limitations serves to inform and help design strategies to reduce dependency in later life and promote healthy aging.

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Introduction: The use of computational systems has ventured into different healthcare areas, such as rehabilitation and stimulation of cognitive processes. To this date, it is possible to identify some reviews collecting studies on the efficacy and effects of those programs in groups such as older adults, children, and teenagers; there is a lack of academic literature giving an account of young and middle-aged adults. Objective: To identify empirical studies that measured the feasibility and effect of computer-based stimulation and rehabilitation programs for cognitive functions in young and middle-aged adults. Materials and methods: The PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) extension was used as a base for a scoping review, as suggested by Cochrane Collaboration. Five databases -Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, PubMed, and Taylor & Francis- were used to trace information. The data registry and synthesis of the results was carried out independently by two reviewers. Results: 896 registries were found between 2015 and 2022, of which 91 met the eligibility principles, which evaluated the effects of programs based on computational systems on executive functions on young and middle-aged adults. Conclusion: Most of the interventions based on computational systems showed to be feasible and had moderate to significant effects on executive functions in young and middle-aged adults.

Introducción: El uso de los sistemas computacionales ha incursionado de forma notable en diferentes áreas de la salud, como la rehabilitación y estimulación de los procesos cognitivos. Si bien a la fecha se pueden identificar algunas revisiones que recopilan estudios sobre la eficacia y efectos de estos programas en grupos como adultos mayores, niños y adolescentes, existe poca literatura orientada a la adultez joven y la adultez media. Objetivo: Identificar estudios empíricos que midieron la viabilidad y el efecto de los programas de estimulación y rehabilitación de las funciones ejecutivas basados en computadora en la población adulta joven y media. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó revisión de alcance basado en la extensión PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extensión for Scoping Reviews) sugerido por Cochrane Collaboration. Para el rastreo de información se seleccionaron cinco bases de datos: Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, PubMed y Taylor & Francis. El proceso de registro de datos y la síntesis de los resultados fue realizada por dos revisores de forma independiente. Resultados: Se encontraron 896 registros desde el 2015 al 2022, de los cuales 91 cumplieron los principios de elegibilidad, en los que se evaluaron los efectos de programas basados en sistemas computacionales sobre las funciones ejecutivas en adultos jóvenes y adultos medios. Conclusión: La mayoría de las intervenciones basadas en sistemas computacionales mostraron ser viables y tener efectos favorables de moderados a significativos sobre las funciones ejecutivas de adultos jóvenes y medios.

RESUMO

Abstract Supplementation with folic acid (FA) during gestation has been recommended by medical society all over the world, but some studies have shown that intake of high folic acid diet may unleash damages to the descendants. Objectives: Describing the effects of maternal supplementation with FA during gestation on offspring's kidney at late life stages. Data Source: It is a systematic review by which were consulted the following databases: Medline, through Pubmed, Lilacs, and SciELO. The research was performed using the keywords "Folic acid", "Gestation" and "Kidney". Study Selection: Eight studies were regarded for this systematic review. Data Collection: Only studies that evaluated folic acid consumption during gestation and its effects exclusively on descendants' kidney at several phases of life were regarded. Results: Gestational FA intake did not change the renal volume, glomerular filtration rate and the expression of some essential genes in the kidney of puppies whose dams were supplemented with FA. Maternal consumption of double FA plus selenium diet was effective in preserving antioxidant enzymes activity in the kidney of descendants from mothers exposed to alcohol. FA supplementation decreased some gross anomalies in the puppies caused by teratogenic drug despite of had not been effective in preventing some renal architectural damages. Conclusion: FA supplementation did not cause renal toxicity; it exerted an antioxidant protective effect and mitigated some renal disorders caused by severe aggressions.

Resumo A suplementação com ácido fólico (AF) durante a gestação tem sido recomendada pela sociedade médica em todo o mundo, mas alguns estudos têm mostrado que a ingestão de altas quantidades de ácido fólico na dieta pode desencadear danos aos descendentes. Objetivos: Descrever os efeitos da suplementação materna com AF durante a gestação no rim da prole em fases tardias da vida. Fonte de Dados: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada através da consulta das seguintes bases de dados: Medline, através da Plataforma Pubmed, Lilacs e Scielo. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando-se as palavras-chave "Ácido Fólico", "Gestação" e "Rim". Seleção dos Estudos: Oito estudos foram considerados para esta revisão sistemática. Coleta de Dados: Foram incluídos estudos que abordaram o consumo de ácido fólico durante a gestação e seus efeitos exclusivamente no rim dos descendentes em diferentes fases da vida. Resultados: O consumo gestacional de AF não alterou o volume renal, a taxa de filtração glomerular e a expressão de alguns genes essenciais no rim dos filhotes de mães suplementadas com AF. A associação de AF e selênio na dieta materna foi eficaz na preservação da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes no rim da prole de mães expostas ao álcool. O consumo de AF diminuiu algumas anomalias importantes nos filhotes causadas por drogas teratogênicas, apesar de não ter sido eficiente na prevenção de alguns danos a arquitetura renal. Conclusão: A suplementação com AF não causou toxicicdade renal, exerceu efeito protetor antioxidante e mitigou algumas desordens renais causadas por agressões severas.

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