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Abstract Objective: Olfaction influences nutrition, safety, and the cognitive development of children. Presently there are few olfactory tests for children, and normative reference values are generally lacking. In this study, we validate the Pediatric Smell WheelTM (PSW) to evaluate olfactory function in Brazilian children. Methods: We modified and validated the PSW, a test developed in the United States, for administration in Brazil, and established normative data for Brazilian children. The validation process consisted of five phases. First, we identified odorants familiar to Brazilian children. Second, we established the test-retest reliability of the Brazilian PSW test that employed these odorants. Third, we compared the test scores of healthy children to those microsmic from adenoid hypertrophy. Fourth, we examined the test's ability to detect improvement in olfactory function before and after adenoidectomy. Finally, we determined a normative 10th percentile cut point for defining microsmia in a sample of 169 healthy Brazilian children between 5 and 12 years of age. Results: Eleven odors were identified for inclusion in the test. The test-retest reliability was modest (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), although likely attenuated based on the inclusion of only data from children with normal function. The test clearly differentiated the olfactory function of children with adenoid hypertrophy from that of healthy children and demonstrated the return of function after adenoidectomy. An overall score <7 was found useful in defining hyposmia, although additional age-related cut-points were also defined. Conclusion: A Brazilian version of the PSW was developed and validated and found to be efficacious in detecting smell dysfunction in children ranging in age from 5 to 12 years. Level of evidence: 1b (Diagnosis).

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Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions are prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and occur at all strata of CD4 counts and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). ENT conditions are underreported in PLWH. Also, little is known about the adenotonsillar microbiota and its relation to resident adaptive and innate immune cells. To bridge this gap, we characterized immune cell populations and the bacterial microbiota of two anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils) and the oral cavity. Adenoids and tonsils were obtained from PLWH (n = 23) and HIV-seronegative individuals (SN, n = 16) after nasal surgery and tonsillectomy and processed for flow cytometry. Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinses were collected prior to surgery for 16S sequencing. Wilcoxon rank sum test, principal coordinate analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) were used to assess differences between PLWH and SN. Spearman's correlations were performed to explore interactions between the bacteriome and mucosal immune cells. Of the 39 individuals included, 30 (77%) were men; the median age was 32 years. All PLWH were on ART, with a median CD4 of 723 cells. ENT conditions were classified as inflammatory or obstructive, with no differences observed between PLWH and SN. PLWH had higher frequencies of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increased T helper (Th)1 and decreased Th2 cells; no differences were observed for B cells and innate immune cells. Alpha diversity was comparable between PLWH and SN at all 3 anatomical sites (adenoids, tonsils, and oral cavity). The impact of HIV infection on the bacterial community structure at each site, as determined by Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, was minor and not significant. Two discriminant genera were identified in adenoids using LEfSe: Staphylococcus for PLWH and Corynebacterium for SN. No discriminant genera were identified in the oropharynx and oral cavity. Niche-specific differences in microbial diversity and communities were observed. PLWH shared less of a core microbiota than SN. In the oropharynx, correlation analysis revealed that Th17 cells were inversely correlated with bacterial richness and diversity, Filifactor, Actinomyces and Treponema; and positively correlated with Streptococcus. Our study contributes toward understanding the role of the adenotonsillar microbiota in the pathophysiology of ENT conditions.

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OBJECTIVE: Olfaction influences nutrition, safety, and the cognitive development of children. Presently there are few olfactory tests for children, and normative reference values are generally lacking. In this study, we validate the Pediatric Smell WheelTM (PSW) to evaluate olfactory function in Brazilian children. METHODS: We modified and validated the PSW, a test developed in the United States, for administration in Brazil, and established normative data for Brazilian children. The validation process consisted of five phases. First, we identified odorants familiar to Brazilian children. Second, we established the test-retest reliability of the Brazilian PSW test that employed these odorants. Third, we compared the test scores of healthy children to those microsmic from adenoid hypertrophy. Fourth, we examined the test's ability to detect improvement in olfactory function before and after adenoidectomy. Finally, we determined a normative 10th percentile cut point for defining microsmia in a sample of 169 healthy Brazilian children between 5 and 12 years of age. RESULTS: Eleven odors were identified for inclusion in the test. The test-retest reliability was modest (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), although likely attenuated based on the inclusion of only data from children with normal function. The test clearly differentiated the olfactory function of children with adenoid hypertrophy from that of healthy children and demonstrated the return of function after adenoidectomy. An overall score <7 was found useful in defining hyposmia, although additional age-related cut-points were also defined. CONCLUSION: A Brazilian version of the PSW was developed and validated and found to be efficacious in detecting smell dysfunction in children ranging in age from 5 to 12 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1b (Diagnosis).

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Upper respiratory obstruction is a common sequela in children with Zika-related microcephaly (ZRM). As a cross-sectional analysis nested in a cohort study, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children with ZRM and symptoms of respiratory obstruction. The data were collected in the first three years of life from children with ZRM who were followed in two reference centers for otorhinolaryngological care of patients with congenital Zika syndrome. Out of 92 children with confirmed ZRM, 57 were evaluated by nasopharyngoscopy after presenting with upper respiratory obstruction symptoms. In this study, 31 of the 57 (54%) children with ZRM who were evaluated had obstructive AH. Thirteen children with obstructive AH were submitted to surgery, which resulted in the complete resolution of symptoms for 11, partial resolution in 1, and no improvement in 1. No evidence of direct involvement by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the adenoid tissues was demonstrated by histology or immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest that there is a high prevalence and early presentation of AH in children with ZRM, with consequent upper airway obstruction causing upper airway obstructive disorder, secretory otitis media, and dysphagia.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the microbiota of pediatric patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who are undergoing adenoidectomy to treat their disease with that of healthy control patients. METHODS: Patients undergoing adenoidectomy-only for obstructive sleep apnea (n = 50) and CRS (n = 37) were recruited. Preoperative 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) or Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) were collected. Each patient had samples collected from their nasopharynx (adenoid bed) and nasal cavity (sinus) at the onset of surgery. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing was subsequently performed to obtain per sample taxonomic abundances. Statistical analyses included permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), alpha (within sample) diversity measures, and changes in taxonomic abundance. RESULTS: Moraxella was the most abundant organism. Nasopharyngeal swabs demonstrated higher alpha diversity compared to the nasal cavity. The diversity was not different based on CRS vs obstructive history. There was an increase in diversity with increasing age, and eczema contributed to a greater difference in diversity between the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. Diversity was not affected by adenoid size; however, use of nasal steroids, inhaled steroids, and antihistamines influenced diversity in both the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. Nasopharyngeal samples were higher in relative abundance for Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Campylobacter compared to the nasal cavity. CONCLUSION: The nasopharynx and nasal cavity differed in both microbiota composition and diversity. In contrast, no significant difference in composition or diversity were found in CRS vs control patients. Ecological changes in the nasopharyngeal and sinus site may contribute to the etiology for adenoid hypertrophy in both healthy controls and CRS patients.

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We investigated palatine tonsil and adenoid specimens excised from otorhinolaryngological patients in a leprosy-endemic region of Brazil. Fite-Faraco staining identified Mycobacterium spp. in 9 of 397 specimen blocks. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium leprae, indicating that these organs can house M. leprae in persons inhabiting a leprosy-endemic region.

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Objective: Adenoid hypertrophy is a disease whose most serious effect is the obstruction of the nasopharyngeal airway, leading to severe dentoskeletal deformities. The aim of this study was to determine the volume of the nasopharynx in patients with different grades of adenoid hypertrophy. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted. One hundred and twenty-five cone beam computed tomographies of 8 to 12-year-old pediatric patients, obtained from the 2014-2017 database of the School of Dentistry of Universidad de San Martin de Porres, were selected. Romexis 3.6.0 software (PlanMeca®, Finland) was used. In order to make a diagnosis and determine the grade of hypertrophy (Grade 1= healthy, Grade 2= mild, Grade 3= moderate and Grade 4= severe) quantitative and qualitative methods were used; grades 2, 3 and 4 were considered pathological. The same software was used to determine the volume of the nasopharynx. Results: Grade 1 hypertrophy was 44%, mild 36,8%, moderate 13,6% and severe 5,6%, accounting for a pathological adenoid hypertrophy prevalence of 56%. The mean volume of the nasopharynx was 4.985, 3.375, 2.154 and 0.944cm3 for grades 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of pathological adenoid hypertrophy (56%). The volume of the nasopharynx decreases according to the severity of the adenoid hypertrophy.

Objetivo: La hipertrofia adenoidea es una patología cuya repercusión más severa es la obstrucción de la vía aérea nasofaríngea, con graves consecuencias de malformaciones dento-esqueléticas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el volumen de la vía aérea nasofaríngea en pacientes con diferentes grados de hipertrofia adenoidea. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, se seleccionaron 125 tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico de pacientes pediátricos de 8 a 12 años de edad obtenidas en la base de datos del 2014 al 2017 de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de San Martín de Porres. Se utilizó el software Romexis 3.6.0 (PlanMeca®, Finlandia); para realizar el diagnóstico y determinar el grado de hipertrofia (Grado 1= sano, Grado 2=leve, Grado 3=moderado y Grado 4= severo) se utilizaron dos métodos, uno de evaluación cualitativa y otra cuantitativa; los grados 2, 3 y 4 fueron considerados como patológicos; para determinar el volumen de la vía aérea nasofaríngea se utilizaron las herramientas del mismo software. Resultados: La hipertrofia grado 1 estuvo constituida por el 44%, leve en el 36.8%, moderado en el 13.6% y severo en el 5.6%; constituyendo finalmente una prevalencia de hipertrofia adenoidea patológica del 56%. Las medias de los volúmenes de la vía aérea nasofaríngea fueron de 4.985, 3.375, 2.154 y 0.944 cm3 para los grados 1, 2, 3 y 4 respectivamente. Conclusión: Existe una alta prevalencia de hipertrofia adenoidea patológica (56%), el volumen de la vía aérea nasofaríngea tiende a disminuir conforme a la severidad de la hipertrofia adenoidea.

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BACKGROUND: In this study, we employed a novel children's olfactory test in order to more accurately assess the relationship between nasopharyngeal obstruction and odor identification ability. We quantified the impact of adenoidectomy on olfactory function, established whether the influences of the operation were related to the preoperative amount of nasopharyngeal obstruction, and determined whether sex influenced the olfactory measures. METHODS: Fifty-three boys and 23 girls were administered a standardized children's olfactory test, the Pediatric Smell Wheel™, before and 45 days after adenoidectomy. They ranged in age from 5 to 12 years and exhibited varying degrees of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and histories of recurrent adenotonsillitis. Radiographs of the nasopharynx were used to grade the degree of nasopharyngeal obstruction. RESULTS: Significant postoperative improvement in smell function occurred more frequently in children with >50% preoperative obstruction of the nasopharynx. In this group, average function improved 50.8% after surgery (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.1% to 64%). Improvement on 9 of the 11 odors was present, with significant differences occurring for the odors of bubble gum, baby powder, mint, and cinnamon. No sex differences were evident. CONCLUSION: Olfactory dysfunction occurs primarily in children whose nasopharyngeal obstruction is >50%. Removal of the hypertrophied adenoids returned smell function back to normal in these cases. This study suggests that smell loss may be of value in decisions regarding whether or not to perform adenoidectomy in children with nasopharyngeal obstruction.

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Introducción: la adenoidectomía y la tonsilectomía (amigdalectomía) son intervenciones quirúrgicas muy frecuentes en Otorrinolaringología. Sin embargo, muchas veces se las realiza sin un criterio valorable y de forma indiscriminada. Aunque en principio las indicaciones generales para estas intervenciones son los procedimientos infecciosos u obstructivos, en la actualidad también se contempla su utilidad en otros cuadros poco comunes como la sospecha de malignidad amigdalina, halitosis de origen amigdalino, nefropatía por IgA y Síndrome PANDAS (Síndrome de Desorden Neurosiquiátrico Pediátrico Autoinmune asociado con Estreptococo). A partir de septiembre de 2009, el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín amplió la cobertura de atención a la población pediátrica, aumentando el número de estas cirugías en nuestro Servicio. El objetivo de este estudio fue, revisar las indicaciones y complicaciones de estos procedimientos basados en la experiencia de nuestro servicio en la población pediátrica y adulta y cotejarlas con los consensos internacionales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo utilizando los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes intervenidos en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín en el período de mayo 2010 a diciembre 2012. Se analizaron datos demográficos, indicaciones para la realización de cirugía y complicaciones presentadas. Resultados: se intervinieron un total de 120 pacientes en este período. No hubo diferencia en el sexo de los pacientes. El promedio de edad en Tonsilectomía en adulto fue 26 años y en niños, 5 años; en la Adenoidectomía el promedio de edad fue 4.5 años y en los casos de adenoidectomía + tonsilectomía combinada, la edad promedio fue 5 años de edad. Se realizó tonsilectomía en el 45% de los pacientes, adenoidectomía en 30% y adenoidectomía + tonsilectomía combinada en 25% de los casos. La principal indicación para realización de tonsilectomía fue la amigdalitis recurrente (57% casos), mientras que para la adenoidectomía fue la hipertrofia adenoidea obstructiva (60% casos). La tasa total de complicaciones en tonsilectomía fue del 11% (6 / 54); correspondiendo a 4 casos de sangrado precoz (7%), y 2 casos de epistaxis posterior, secundarios a intubación nasotraqueal. En adenoidectomía, la tasa total de complicaciones fue del 5% (2/36), 1 caso por epistaxis severa, y 1 caso por desgarro de mucosa de nasofaringe que fue controlado durante cirugía. No hubo complicaciones en los casos de adenoidectomía + tonsilectomía combinada. No se presentaron decesos en ningún grupo. Conclusiones: la adenoidectomía y la tonsilectomía son procedimientos quirúrgicos eficaces y con baja tasa de complicaciones si se los emplea de acuerdo a los criterios establecidos en consensos internacionales. Nuestra experiencia quirúrgica está acorde a ello.

Introduction: adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are very common surgeries in Otolaryngology. However, often they are done without a valuable criterion and indiscriminately. Although in principle the general indications for these interventions are infectious or obstructive procedures, currently its utility is also required by other rare cases as suspected tonsillar malignancy, halitosis of tonsillar origin, IgA nephropathy syndrome and PANDAS (Syndrome Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder associated with Streptococcus). From september 2009, Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital expanded coverage for care in the pediatric population, increasing the number of these surgeries in our Service. The aim of this study was to review the indications and complications of these procedures based on the experience of our service in the pediatric and adult population and to align with international consensus. Materials and methods: a descriptive and retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of patients treated in the Department of Otolaryngology, Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital in the period from may 2010 to december 2012. Demographic data, indications for surgery and complications were analyzed. Results: a total of 120 patients were operated during this period. There was no difference in sex of patients. The average age in adult Tonsillectomy was 26, and in children, 5 years; the mean age in Adenoidectomy was 4.5 years and in cases of combined tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, the average age was 5 years old. Tonsillectomy was performed in 45% of patients, 30% adenoidectomy, and combined tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in 25% of cases. The main indication for performing tonsillectomy was recurrent tonsillitis (57% cases), while for adenoidectomy was obstructive adenoid hypertrophy (60% cases). The overall complication rate in tonsillectomy was 11% (6/54); corresponding to 4 cases of early bleeding (7%), and 2 cases of posterior epistaxis by nasotracheal intubation. In adenoidectomy, the overall complication rate was 5% (2/36), 1 case of severe epistaxis, and 1 case by tearing of the nasopharyngeal mucosa that was controlled during surgery. There were no complications in cases of adenoidectomy + combined tonsillectomy. No deaths occurred in either group. Conclusions: adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are effective surgical procedures and have low rate of complications if they are used according to the criteria established by international consensus. Our surgical experience is accordingly.

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INTRODUCTION: There is an ongoing debate about the existence and effects of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adenotonsillar tissue. OBJECTIVE: A clinical study was conducted to assess the existence of Hp in the adenoid and/or adenotonsillar tissues, which were surgically excised due to chronic adenotonsillitis. METHODS: Phosphoglucosamine mutase gene for the detection of Hp and cytotoxin-associated gene as virulence gene were examined in 84 adenotonsillar tissues obtained from 64 patients and patients' serum by using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Hp IgG was detected in 57 (89%) patients' serum. A total of seven tissue samples from 64 patients (10.9%) were found positive for Hp DNA, of which five were adenoids and two were tonsil tissues. All polymerase chain reaction positive samples were also positive for the cytotoxin-associated gene, which is a virulence determinant for the organism. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that children are exposed to Hp at an early age of their life in this province. Hp may have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic adenotonsillitis, especially in endemic areas. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Há um debate atual sobre os efeitos da Helicobacter pylori (HpHp) no tecido adenotonsilar. OBJETIVO: Conduzimos um estudo clinico para avaliar a existência de Hp nos tecidos adenoideano e/ou adenotonsilar, os quais foram removidos cirurgicamente em decorrência de adenotonsilite crônica. MÉTODO: No total, 84 amostras de tecido obtidos de 64 pacientes foram analisadas para o gen fosfoglucosamina mutase para a detecção de Hp. Os casos positivos foram a seguir examinados para o gen associado à citotoxina, relacionado à virulência, usando-se o método de Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR). RESULTADOS: A IgG de Hp foi detectado em 57 (89%) soros de pacientes. Sete amostras de tecido de sessenta e quatro pacientes (10.9%) resultou positivo para o DNA de Hp, das quais cinco eram adenóides e duas eram tecido tonsilar. No PCR todas as amostras foram também positivas para o gen associado à citotoxina, o qual é um determinante de virulência. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo sugere que as crianças são expostas ao Hp nos primeiros anos de vida nessa província e que o Hp pode ter um papel na patogênese da adenotonsilite crônica, principalmente em áreas endêmicas. .

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INTRODUCTION: There is an ongoing debate about the existence and effects of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adenotonsillar tissue. OBJECTIVE: A clinical study was conducted to assess the existence of Hp in the adenoid and/or adenotonsillar tissues, which were surgically excised due to chronic adenotonsillitis. METHODS: Phosphoglucosamine mutase gene for the detection of Hp and cytotoxin-associated gene as virulence gene were examined in 84 adenotonsillar tissues obtained from 64 patients and patients' serum by using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Hp IgG was detected in 57 (89%) patients' serum. A total of seven tissue samples from 64 patients (10.9%) were found positive for Hp DNA, of which five were adenoids and two were tonsil tissues. All polymerase chain reaction positive samples were also positive for the cytotoxin-associated gene, which is a virulence determinant for the organism. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that children are exposed to Hp at an early age of their life in this province. Hp may have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic adenotonsillitis, especially in endemic areas.

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OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that mouth-breathing (MB) children by distinct obstructive tissues present a similar cephalometric pattern. METHODS: The sample included 226 prepubescent children (113 MB and 113 nasal breathing (NB) controls). An ENT clinical examination, including flexible nasal endoscopy, orthodontic clinical and cephalometric examinations, was performed on the MB population. MB children were grouped into three categories, according to the obstructive tissues: 1) adenoid group (AG), 2) tonsillar group (TG), and 3) adenotonsillar group (ATG). The NB controls were matched by gender, age, sagittal dental relationship and skeletal maturation status. Lateral cephalometric radiography provided the cephalometric pattern comparisons between the MB and NB groups. RESULTS: MB cephalometric measurements were significantly different from those of NB children, exception in the SNB° (P=0.056). All comparisons between the three groups of MB children with the NB children showed a significant difference. Finally, even among the three groups of MB children, a significant difference was observed in the measurements of the SNB° (P<0.036), NSGn° (P<0.028) and PFH/TAFH ratio (posterior facial height/total anterior facial height) (P<0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The cephalometric pattern of MB and NB children was not similar. Cephalometric measurements of the MB group differed according to the etiology of upper airway obstruction. Children with isolated hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils presented with a mandible that was positioned more forward and upward compared to children obstructed only by the enlarged adenoid.

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OBJECTIVE: To verify the reliability of adenoid hypertrophy diagnosis by cephalometric radiography. METHOD: Thirty male subjects, aged between 12 and 15 years, either mouth-breathers, or not, were selected. Diagnostic tests for adenoid hypertrophy were performed by radiological cephalometry based on lateral cephalometric radiographs and nasal endoscopy (gold standard). The CefX Cephalometric software program, version 2000 was used and the rhinoscopy was performed with a flexible endoscope. Blockage of 47% and 75% of the nasopharynx were taken as the cutoff points for cephalometric radiography and endoscopy, respectively. RESULTS: The correlation between the two examinations was considered moderately positive (0.5). Tests of validity and reliability reported a sensitivity of 100%; specificity 65.5%; positive predictive value of 9.1%; negative predictive value 100%, and exactness of 66.60%. CONCLUSION: Lateral cephalometric radiography was considered practical and comfortable for the patient; relatively efficient for detecting adenoid hypertrophy and obtaining the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction. .

OBJETIVO: Verificar a confiabilidade do diagnóstico da hipertrofia das adenóides por meio da cefalometria. MÉTODOS: Trinta indivíduos do gênero masculino, com idades entre 12 e 15 anos, respiradores bucais ou não, foram selecionados e neles realizados exames de diagnóstico de hipertrofia da adenóide por cefalometria radiológica, a partir da telerradiografia em norma lateral e exames rinoscópicos, a partir da nasofibroscopia (padrão ouro). A cefalometria utilizada foi a computadorizada e para isto se utilizou o programa CefX versão 2000 e a rinoscopia foi realizada com um nasofibroscópio flexível. Foi tomado como ponto de corte 47% e 75% de bloqueio da nasofaringe para a telerradiografia e nasofibroscopia, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: A correlação encontrada entre os dois exames foi considerada moderadamente positiva (0,5) e os testes de validade e confiabilidade registraram uma sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 65,5%, valor preditivo positivo de 9,1%, valor preditivo negativo de 100% e exatidão de 66,60%. CONCLUSÃO: A telerradiografia lateral foi considerada um meio prático, confortável para o paciente e relativamente eficiente na detecção da hiperplasia da adenóide e na obtenção do diagnóstico de obstrução nasofaringeana. .

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Introduction: The presence of respiratory viruses in lymphoid tissues of the nasopharynx and oropharynx and its impact on recurrent infections and hypertrophy of these tissues are not yet fully understood. Objective: To identify and determine the prevalence of major respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions and adenoid tissue pre- and postoperatively of children undergoing adenoidectomy. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in 36 patients under 12 years of age with upper airway lymphoid hypertrophy who were undergoing adenoidectomy, in which various respiratory viruses were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction in adenoid tissue and nasopharyngeal secretions collected preoperatively and 30 days postoperatively. Results: At least 1 viral agent was isolated in any of the samples collected in 58.3% of children and 25.9% of total samples. Respiratory viruses were identified in 33.8% of preoperative nasopharyngeal specimens and in 19.8% of postoperative secretion. Of the 21 patients with positive results for any respiratory virus, 6 (28.6%) had more than 1 virus. Considering all 36 respiratory viruses found, the main agent isolated was rhinovirus (27.8%), followed by bocavirus (22.2%). Conclusion: The virus found more frequently in all samples was rhinovirus. After removal of adenoid tissue, there was a decrease in the prevalence of the virus contained in nasopharyngeal secretion 30 days after surgery...

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Fundamento: La adenoiditis crónica, causante de la mayor cantidad de cirugías mayores electivas en niños, es una enfermedad frecuente en Cuba. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la adenoiditis crónica en niños. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con muestreo no probabilístico a 98 niños con adenoiditis crónica atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Centro Habana, entre septiembre de 2009 y julio de 2011. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, síntomas, signos y principales manifestaciones clínicas, principales antecedentes patológicos personales, antecedentes familiares, y principales factores de riesgos ambientales y sociales. Se realizó una encuesta para identificar factores de riesgo. Se efectuaron procesamientos estadísticos tales como: media, frecuencia relativa y tablas de frecuencia. Resultados: la mayor morbilidad se observó en los niños de 1 y 9 años de edad. Las principales características de la enfermedad, fueron la obstrucción nasal, mala oclusión dental, respiración oral e infección respiratoria. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la asistencia al círculo infantil y la exposición al humo del cigarro. Los antecedentes personales y familiares más observados fueron el asma y la alergia respiratoria. Conclusión: la adenoiditis crónica en los pacientes pediátricos, es de origen multifactorial, y tiende a disminuir en la población infantil mayor de nueve años.

Background: chronic adenoiditis, which causes the greater number of elective major surgeries in children, is a common disease in Cuba. Objectives to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of chronic adenoiditis in children. Methods: a descriptive study with non-probability sampling was conducted in 98 children with chronic adenoiditis treated at the University Pediatric Hospital of Central Havana, between September 2009 and July 2011. The variables analyzed were age, sex, symptoms, signs and main clinical manifestations, personal medical history, family history, and major environmental and social risk factors. A survey was conducted to identify risk factors. Statistical analysis such as: the mean, relative frequency and frequency tables were performed. Results: highest morbidity was observed in children aged 1 to 9 years. The main features of the disease were nasal obstruction, dental malocclusion, mouth breathing and respiratory infection. The most common risk factors were attendance to day-care centers and exposure to cigarette smoke. Personal and family history of asthma and respiratory allergies was the most frequently found. Conclusion: chronic adenoiditis in pediatric patients is multifactorial in origin, and tends to decrease in the child population older than nine years.

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Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate current radiographic parameters designed to investigate adenoid hypertrophy and nasopharyngeal obstruction, and to present an alternative radiographic assessment method. Materials and Methods In order to do so, children (4 to14 years old) who presented with nasal obstruction or oral breathing complaints were submitted to cavum radiographic examination. One hundred and twenty records were evaluated according to quantitative radiographic parameters, and data were correlated with a gold-standard videonasopharyngoscopic study, in relation to the percentage of choanal obstruction. Subsequently, a regression analysis was performed in order to create an original model so the percentage of the choanal obstruction could be predicted. Results The quantitative parameters demonstrated moderate, if not weak correlation with the real percentage of choanal obstruction. The regression model (110.119*A/N) demonstrated a satisfactory ability to “predict” the actual percentage of choanal obstruction. Conclusion Since current adenoid quantitative radiographic parameters present limitations, the model presented by the present study might be considered as an alternative assessment method in cases where videonasopharyngoscopic evaluation is unavailable. .

Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros radiográficos atuais destinados à verificação da adenoide e obstrução nasofaríngea e apresentar um método de avaliação alternativo. Materiais e Métodos Crianças (4 a 14 anos) que apresentavam queixas de obstrução nasal e/ou respiração oral foram submetidas ao exame radiográfico de cavum faríngeo. Cento e vinte registros foram avaliados por parâmetros radiográficos quantitativos, e estes dados foram correlacionados ao exame de videonasofaringoscopia, aqui considerado como padrão ouro, em relação à porcentagem de obstrução coanal. Posteriormente, uma análise de regressão foi realizada com os mesmos parâmetros quantitativos, de modo que um modelo original fosse criado com o objetivo de predição do percentual de obstrução coanal. Resultados Os parâmetros quantitativos atuais demonstraram correlações moderadas, quando não fracas, ao percentual de obstrução. O modelo de regressão desenvolvido (110.119*A/N) demonstrou capacidade satisfatória de “prever” o real percentual de obstrução adenóidea. Conclusão Uma vez que os parâmetros radiográficos atuais apresentam limitações, o modelo original aqui apresentado deve ser considerado como um método de avaliação adenóidea alternativo, a ser utilizado quando a videonasofaringoscopia estiver indisponível. .

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Introduction The presence of respiratory viruses in lymphoid tissues of the nasopharynx and oropharynx and its impact on recurrent infections and hypertrophy of these tissues are not yet fully understood. Objective To identify and determine the prevalence of major respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions and adenoid tissue pre- and postoperatively of children undergoing adenoidectomy. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in 36 patients under 12 years of age with upper airway lymphoid hypertrophy who were undergoing adenoidectomy, in which various respiratory viruses were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction in adenoid tissue and nasopharyngeal secretions collected preoperatively and 30 days postoperatively. Results At least 1 viral agent was isolated in any of the samples collected in 58.3% of children and 25.9% of total samples. Respiratory viruses were identified in 33.8% of preoperative nasopharyngeal specimens and in 19.8% of postoperative secretion. Of the 21 patients with positive results for any respiratory virus, 6 (28.6%) had more than 1 virus. Considering all 36 respiratory viruses found, the main agent isolated was rhinovirus (27.8%), followed by bocavirus (22.2%). Conclusion The virus found more frequently in all samples was rhinovirus. After removal of adenoid tissue, there was a decrease in the prevalence of the virus contained in nasopharyngeal secretion 30 days after surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate current radiographic parameters designed to investigate adenoid hypertrophy and nasopharyngeal obstruction, and to present an alternative radiographic assessment method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to do so, children (4 to14 years old) who presented with nasal obstruction or oral breathing complaints were submitted to cavum radiographic examination. One hundred and twenty records were evaluated according to quantitative radiographic parameters, and data were correlated with a gold-standard videonasopharyngoscopic study, in relation to the percentage of choanal obstruction. Subsequently, a regression analysis was performed in order to create an original model so the percentage of the choanal obstruction could be predicted. RESULTS: The quantitative parameters demonstrated moderate, if not weak correlation with the real percentage of choanal obstruction. The regression model (110.119*A/N) demonstrated a satisfactory ability to "predict" the actual percentage of choanal obstruction. CONCLUSION: Since current adenoid quantitative radiographic parameters present limitations, the model presented by the present study might be considered as an alternative assessment method in cases where videonasopharyngoscopic evaluation is unavailable.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros radiográficos atuais destinados à verificação da adenoide e obstrução nasofaríngea e apresentar um método de avaliação alternativo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Crianças (4 a 14 anos) que apresentavam queixas de obstrução nasal e/ou respiração oral foram submetidas ao exame radiográfico de cavum faríngeo. Cento e vinte registros foram avaliados por parâmetros radiográficos quantitativos, e estes dados foram correlacionados ao exame de videonasofaringoscopia, aqui considerado como padrão ouro, em relação à porcentagem de obstrução coanal. Posteriormente, uma análise de regressão foi realizada com os mesmos parâmetros quantitativos, de modo que um modelo original fosse criado com o objetivo de predição do percentual de obstrução coanal. RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros quantitativos atuais demonstraram correlações moderadas, quando não fracas, ao percentual de obstrução. O modelo de regressão desenvolvido (110.119*A/N) demonstrou capacidade satisfatória de "prever" o real percentual de obstrução adenóidea. CONCLUSÃO: Uma vez que os parâmetros radiográficos atuais apresentam limitações, o modelo original aqui apresentado deve ser considerado como um método de avaliação adenóidea alternativo, a ser utilizado quando a videonasofaringoscopia estiver indisponível.

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Los pólipos linfangiomatosos son malformaciones congénitas de tipo hamartomatosas caracterizados histológicamente por una proliferación linfática vascular con distintos grados de componente fibroso, adiposo y linfático, cubiertos por un epitelio escamoso. Dado a que se conocen por distintos nombres en la literatura, sólo se han descrito alrededor de 30 casos de pólipos linfagiomatosos como tal. De etiopatogenia desconocida, se presentan como una masa polipoidea o papilomatosa en las amígdalas palatinas, con sintomatología variable. Su diagnóstico definitivo es histológico tras una resección completa. No se han reportado casos de malignización ni recurrencia. En el presente trabajo se reporta el caso de un paciente de 5 años con historia de crecimiento amigdalino bilateral de dos años de evolución. La biopsia definitiva demuestra una poliposis linfangiomatosa de amígdalas palatinas y adenoides.

Lymphangiomatous polyps are hamartomatous congenital malformations. They are histologically characterized by a vascular lymphatic proliferation associated with fibrous, adipose and lymphatic components covered by squamous epithelium. There are only 30 cases described in the literature by the name of lymphangiomatous polyp, since it has multiple denominations. Even though their etiopathogenesis is unknown, their clinical presentation is described as a polypoid mass in the palatine tonsils, which may have multiple manifestations. The diagnosis is made histologically after complete resection. There have not been reports of malignant transformation nor recurrence. We present a case of a five year old patient with history of bilateral palatine tonsil growth. Final biopsy described lymphangiomatous polyps of adenoids and palatine tonsils.

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O respirador bucal utiliza a cavidade oral como principal via durante a respiração. Dentre as principais causas, destacam-se: as hipertrofias adenoamigdalianas e as doenças inflamatórias como a rinite alérgica. OBJETIVO: Verificar a presença de atopia, os principais alérgenos envolvidos e verificar a coexistência de atopia com o grau de hipertrofia das tonsilas faríngeas e palatinas, em pacientes respiradores bucais. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte histórico com corte transversal com revisão de 308 prontuários de pacientes acompanhados em um centro do respirador bucal de um hospital terciário, no período de 2008 a 2010. Foram coletados dados sobre a história clínica de respirador bucal e realizados exames clínico otorrinolaringológico, nasofibroscópico e teste cutâneo de leitura imediata aos aeroalérgenos. RESULTADOS: Dos 308 pacientes, 36% apresentaram positividade no teste alérgico, sendo que dos atópicos 95% foram positivos para ácaros. Do total de pacientes, 46% apresentaram hipertrofia adenoideana. Destes, 37% são atópicos e 47% apresentaram hipertrofia amigdaliana e, destes, 33% são atópicos. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma correlação direta entre atopia e o grau de aumento das tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas foi observada nos pacientes respiradores bucais avaliados. .

Mouth breathers use the oral cavity as their principal breathing route. The main causes include: adenotonsillar hypertrophy and inflammatory diseases such as allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: To look for atopy, the main allergens involved and to check for atopy as a comorbidity with the degree of hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids in mouth breathers. METHOD: A historical cohort study with cross-sectional review of 308 medical charts of patients treated at a mouth breather care center of a tertiary hospital in the period of 2008-2010. We collected data on the mouth breather's clinical history and we ran otolaryngological exams, flexible nasal endoscopy and skin prick test to aeroallergens. RESULTS: Of 308 patients, 36% were positive on allergy testing, with 95 % of atopic patients being positive for mites. Among all patients, 46% had adenoid hypertrophy; of these, 37% were atopic and 47% had tonsillar hypertrophy, and among these, 33% were atopic. CONCLUSION: We found no direct correlation between atopy and the degree of tonsils and adenoid hypertrophy observed among the mouth-breathing patients assessed. si. .

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