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Infectious diseases are one of the most concerning threats to maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) due to the potential impact on free-ranging populations. The species is currently classified as vulnerable according to the national list of threatened species and occurs mainly in open habitats, such as the Cerrado, a tropical savannah, which comprises its main distribution area in Brazil. In the northeastern region, it occurs in the Cerrado of Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão, and Tocantins states. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of infectious agents in Chrysocyon brachyurus through an epidemiological assessment of free-ranging individuals in western Bahia, specifically in the Barreiras microregion, a Cerrado area intensely fragmented and anthropized by agricultural activity. Eleven specimens were evaluated for serological titration, antigen research, and genetic material research for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), adenovirus-canine-type 1 (CAdV-1), canine coronavirus (CCoV), Leptospira interrogans and Toxoplasma gondii from 2020 to 2022. In addition to maned wolves, domestic dogs were also evaluated and tested. All maned wolves (100%) evaluated by the dot-ELISA technique exhibited immunoglobulin M (IgM) and seven (64%) exhibited immunoglobulin G (IgG) against CDV and CPV, while 100% exhibited IgG against CDV when using the immunochromatographic technique. Regarding CAdV-1, 90% were seropositive for IgG, while 64% exhibited IgG against T. gondii. Nine dogs from the region were also sampled, and all (100%) exhibited IgM and IgG against CDV and CPV. For IgG against T. gondii and against CAdV-1, 90% of the animals were seropositive. Molecular evaluation yielded negative results for all maned wolves and dogs assessed for CAdV-1, CDV, and T. gondii, as well as the CCoV antigen. These data indicate the occurrence of viral agents and Toxoplasma gondii in maned wolves and dogs, suggesting circulation in both populations.
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Canidae , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , Parvovirus Canino , Toxoplasma , Lobos , Animais , Cães , Brasil/epidemiologia , Imunoglobulina G , Toxoplasma/genética , Imunoglobulina MRESUMO
The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest South American canid. In Brazil, as in other countries, it is considered an endangered species. Habitat loss, landscape changes, hunting, and roadkill are the main threats to this species. In addition, invasive diseases of domestic animals are considered to be an emerging threat to the maned wolf, where parasitic diseases are relevant. Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. This disease is currently almost globally distributed, with a remarkable host diversity. In Brazil, reports of sarcoptic mange in wildlife include several species, both wild and captive. However, the impact of this disease on wildlife is unknown. At the time of writing, there is only one published report of sarcoptic mange in maned wolves. This study sheds light on the occurrence of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging maned wolves in their natural range. A total of 52 cases (suspected and confirmed) of sarcoptic mange were identified through social media review, camera trapping, chemical immobilization and sample collection. These cases were distributed in southeastern Brazil, in the states of São Paulo (n = 34), Minas Gerais (n = 17), and Rio de Janeiro (n = 1), demonstrating a rapid and widespread spread of this disease, although it still only occurs in part of the species' range. We expect that these results will help to subsidize future actions relevant to the control of this emerging disease.
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INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis patients have complications that increase fear of falling (FOF). This study evaluated the association between FOF and a retrospective history of falls in hemodialysis patients and investigated the ability of the Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) to discriminate fallers from nonfallers. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with 183 patients to investigate the history of falls in the last 12 months and to evaluate FOF by the FES-I. RESULTS: The univariate linear regression model showed that the FES-I score was significantly associated with a history of falls (p = 0.01). After adjustment for potential confounders, this association remained significant (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.001). The FES-I score showed an area under the curve of 0.660 with a cutoff point of 25 (sensitivity-61.8%; specificity-62.2%). CONCLUSION: FOF was associated with a history of falls in the 12-month period in hemodialysis patients, and FOF assessed by the FES-I was able to discriminate fallers from nonfallers.
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Medo , Falência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diálise RenalRESUMO
The remarkable radiation of South American (SA) canids produced 10 extant species distributed across diverse habitats, including disparate forms such as the short-legged, hypercarnivorous bush dog and the long-legged, largely frugivorous maned wolf. Despite considerable research spanning nearly two centuries, many aspects of their evolutionary history remain unknown. Here, we analyzed 31 whole genomes encompassing all extant SA canid species to assess phylogenetic relationships, interspecific hybridization, historical demography, current genetic diversity, and the molecular bases of adaptations in the bush dog and maned wolf. We found that SA canids originated from a single ancestor that colonized South America 3.9 to 3.5 Mya, followed by diversification east of the Andes and then a single colonization event and radiation of Lycalopex species west of the Andes. We detected extensive historical gene flow between recently diverged lineages and observed distinct patterns of genomic diversity and demographic history in SA canids, likely induced by past climatic cycles compounded by human-induced population declines. Genome-wide scans of selection showed that disparate limb proportions in the bush dog and maned wolf may derive from mutations in genes regulating chondrocyte proliferation and enlargement. Further, frugivory in the maned wolf may have been enabled by variants in genes associated with energy intake from short-chain fatty acids. In contrast, unique genetic variants detected in the bush dog may underlie interdigital webbing and dental adaptations for hypercarnivory. Our analyses shed light on the evolution of a unique carnivoran radiation and how it was shaped by South American topography and climate change.
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Adaptação Fisiológica , Canidae , Filogenia , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Animais , Canidae/classificação , Canidae/genética , Demografia , Variação Genética , Genômica , América do SulRESUMO
PURPOSE: Non-adherence (NA) to medication is a major contributor to treatment failure in hypertensive patients. Factors of the ecological model, at family/healthcare professional, service, and system levels, are rarely evaluated as correlates of NA in hypertensive patients. METHODS: This crossectional study assessed the prevalence of and associated factors of NA to antihypertensive medication among 485 hypertensive patients upon receiving secondary healthcare. The Morisky Green Levine Scale (MGLS) measured the implementation phase of adherence, and the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA) instrument, health literacy. Multivariate analysis to NA included variables according to the levels of the ecological model. RESULTS: Most patients were female (56.3%), white (53.2%), mean age of 62.0 ± 12.6 years, illiterate (61.6%), with low health literacy (70.9%), and low income (65.4%). Uncontrolled BP was frequent (75.2%); 57.1% of patients were nonadherent. In multivariate analysis based on the ecological model, adjusted for micro, meso- and macro-level correlates, NA was associated only with variables of patient-level: low health literacy (OR 1.62, CI 1.07-2.44, p = 0.020), income ≥ two reference wages (OR 0.46, CI 0.22-0.93, p = 0.031), lack of homeownership (OR 1.99, CI 1.13-3.51, p = 0.017), sedentarism (OR 1.78, CI 1.12-2.83, p = 0.014), and complexity of treatment (number of medications taken ≥ two times/day) (OR 1.56, CI 1.01-2.41, p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: In this group of severely hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risk, only patient-related characteristics were associated with NA. Our findings highlight the need for effective actions to optimize clinical outcomes in similar healthcare programs.
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Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atenção Secundária à SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nonadherence (NAd) to antihypertensive medication is associated with lack of blood pressure control and worsened long-term outcomes. Increased access to a programme for high-risk cardiovascular patients has the potential to reduce NAd and improve clinical outcomes. We evaluated implementation NAd prevalence and risk factors among severely hypertensive patients after 12-month-long access to secondary healthcare centres. METHODS: The Morisky Green Levine Scale (MGLS) was used to analyse antihypertensive medication NAd in a prospective cohort of 485 patients. Logistic regression models evaluated the influence of ecological model factors on NAd. RESULTS: The majority of patients were female, had low health literacy, a low family income and a mean age of 61.8 ± 12.5 years. Prevalence of NAd fell from 57.1% at programme entry to 28.3% (P < .001) at the end of the study. After access to a secondary healthcare centre, we observed better blood pressure control, an increase in the number of pills/day and a higher number of antihypertensive medications. Predictive variables of NAd were age (OR 1.027; CI 1.003-1.051; P = .023), low health literacy (OR 1.987; CI 1.009-3.913; P = .047), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.010; CI 1.003-1.021; P = .049), dosages ≥ 2 times/day (OR 1.941; CI 1.091-3.451; P = .024) and patient satisfaction with the healthcare team (OR 0.711; IC 0.516-0.980; P = .037). CONCLUSIONS: Greater access to health services is associated with a reduction in NAd to antihypertensive medication and better blood pressure control. NAd was correlated with modifiable variables such as treatment complexity and, for the first time, team satisfaction, suggesting that implementation of similar programmes may limit NAd in similar patient groups.
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Anti-Hipertensivos , Hipertensão , Idoso , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Encaminhamento e ConsultaRESUMO
Although previous studies have shown the benefits of exercise training in hemodialysis patients, little is known about the effects of long-term of exercise program on these patients. We investigated the effects and the safety of long-term aerobic training and the effects of detraining on functional capacity and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Ten patients were allocated to two groups: training and detraining. The training group completed at least 30 months of aerobic training, and the detraining group completed at least 20 months and then discontinued the training for at least 10 months. The outcomes were analyzed at baseline, after 3 months of aerobic training and at the 30-month follow-up. The training and detraining groups performed 37 (5.5) and 24 (3.0) months of aerobic training, respectively. The detraining group discontinued the training for 11.0 (2.0) months. After 3 months of aerobic training, six-minute walking test distance increased significantly in both groups (training group = 569 (287.8) vs 635.5 (277.0) m, p = 0.04; detraining group = 454.5 (72.3) vs 515.0 (91.8) m, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the six-minute walking test distance in the training group (576.5 (182.5), p > 0.05) and a significant decrease (436.2 (89.6) m, p = 0.04) in the detraining group at the follow-up compared to the third month of aerobic training. No significant difference was observed in quality of life during the study. No complications were found during the protocol of the exercise. These results suggest that long-term aerobic training is safe and can maintain functional capacity in hemodialysis patients. In contrast, detraining can result in loss of functional capacity in these patients.
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Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Qualidade de Vida , Diálise Renal , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Purpose: We evaluated the effects of supervised intradialytic resistance training on physical activity in daily life (PADL), muscle strength, physical capacity and quality of life (QoL) in hemodialysis patients.Methods: Twenty-four hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to either a 12-weeks moderate-intensity resistance training or a control period. An accelerometer evaluated PADL for seven consecutive days, measuring the time spent in different activities and positions of daily routine and the number of steps taken. Muscle strength, physical capacity and QoL were evaluated.Results: After 12 weeks of training, we did not find significant difference (post-pre values) in walking time (-1.2 ± 18.3 vs. -9.2 ± 13.1 min/day); standing time (-10.2 ± 28.6 vs. 3.2 ± 20.1 min/day); sitting time (20.8 ± 58.9 vs. -30.0 ± 53.0 min/day); lying down time (-9.3 ± 57.9 vs. 34.6 ± 54.0 min/day); number of steps taken [-147 (1834) vs. -454 (2066)] and muscle strength in training and control group, respectively. There was a significant increase in the six-minute walking test distance (48.8 ± 35.9 vs. 6.9 ± 45.9 m, p < 0.05) and some domains of QoL in the training compared to the control group.Conclusions: PADL was not modified after 12 weeks of intradialytic resistance training in hemodialysis patients. However, the exercise program was able to increase the physical capacity and some domains of QoL.Implications for rehabilitationPhysical activity in daily life was not modified after 12 weeks of intradialytic resistance training in hemodialysis patients.The exercise program was able to increase the physical capacity, efficacy of dialysis and some domains of quality of life in hemodialysis patients.The protocol used in this study was safe since no complications were observed during and after resistance training.These results should be interpreted with caution because we applied a moderate resistance training in both lower limbs and in the contralateral arteriovenous fistula upper limb, using perceived exertion by Borg scale to exercise prescription. Moreover, the safety protocol evaluation was not conducted.
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Qualidade de Vida , Treinamento Resistido , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Força Muscular , Diálise RenalAssuntos
Cardiomegalia/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Glucuronidase/uso terapêutico , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Uremia/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Cardiomegalia/complicações , Eletrocardiografia , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/sangue , Fibrose , Rim/fisiopatologia , Proteínas Klotho , Masculino , Minerais/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Ratos Wistar , Canais de Cátion TRPC/metabolismo , Tíbia/patologia , Uremia/complicações , Uremia/diagnóstico por imagem , Uremia/fisiopatologia , Remodelação VentricularRESUMO
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the endocrine FGF family that acts as a metabolic regulator of both glucose and lipid metabolism. Similar to fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), serum FGF21 levels rise progressively with the loss of renal function, reaching 20 times normal values in end-stage renal disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), higher serum FGF21 levels correlate with poorer metabolic profile, higher inflammatory markers, more comorbidities, and higher mortality. The high serum FGF21 levels are above and beyond what can be explained by the loss of FGF21 renal clearance, suggesting increased production and/or impaired non-renal clearance. In diabetic nephropathy, serum FGF21 levels correlate with the severity of albuminuria and faster loss of glomerular filtrate rate and can potentially be a biomarker of poor prognostic. The observational and associative human data contrast sharply with in vitro and in vivo preclinical experimental data, which is more in line with a protective role of FGF21 in chronic nephropathies. We here review the physiology of FGF21, and the literature regarding its behavior in CKD with particular focus on diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we speculate on the role of FGF21 in CKD.
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Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos 23 , HumanosRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. In dialysis patients, sudden cardiac death accounts for 40% of all deaths. In these patients, sudden cardiac death is usually secondary to an underlying cardiomyopathy, which is clinically identified by the high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and the resultant mechanical and electrical dysfunction. CKD-related cardiomyopathy has a multifactorial pathophysiology. Recent evidence has highlighted the central pathophysiological role of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) with hyperphosphatemia and high fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in these patients. Further, since CKD is known to be an αKlotho deficiency state, experimental studies have demonstrated that the deleterious effects of FGF23 can be minimized by reestablishing adequate soluble Klotho levels. Herein, we present a review that addresses not only the development of the understanding of CKD-related cardiomyopathy pathophysiology, but also explores the recent data that identify the triad of hyperphosphatemia, high FGF23 levels and αKlotho deficiency as playing a central role on it. Taken together, the data suggest that the uremic cardiomyopathy can be considered a new piece in the CKD-DMO puzzle.
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Introdução: obesidade, um dos principais componentes da síndrome metabólica frequentemente associa-se à compulsão alimentar periódica. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença da compulsão alimentar periódica em mulheres com síndrome metabólica e a possível associação com parâmetros sociodemográficos, clínicos e comportamentais. Material e métodos: estudo transversal com 124 indivíduos com síndrome metabólica, divididos de acordo com presença ou ausência da compulsão alimentar periódica, classificados pela Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP). Quantificamos peso, altura, circunferência da cintura e pressão arterial. Avaliamos parâmetros comportamentais: nível de atividade física, consumo de álcool, imagem corporal, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida (SF-36). A avaliação laboratorial incluiu glicose, insulina, hormônio tiroestimulante, perfil lipídico e função renal. Os grupos foram comparados pelos testes Qui Quadrado e t de Student. Resultados:a média de idade das participantes foi 41±10,9 anos e a totalidade da amostra apresentava obesidade abdominal, com média da circunferência da cintura de 110±11,0 cm, 70% eram hipertensas, com média de pressão arterial sistólica de 133±13,0 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica de 89±11,0 mmHg. Além disso, 95% eram sedentárias, 7% eram fumantes, 12% faziam uso nocivo do álcool, 98% declararam insatisfação com a imagem corporal e 62% apresentavam depressão. Observou-se presença de compulsão alimentar periódica em 57% das mulheres avaliadas. Os pacientes com compulsão alimentar periódica eram mais jovens (20 a 39 anos) (53,5% vs. 30,2%; p=0,010) e tinham pior qualidade de vida (93,6± 19,6 vs. 104,3± 19,8; p=0,039). Quanto aos parâmetros laboratoriais, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão: a presença de compulsão alimentar periódica foi achado frequente em mulheres mais jovens com síndrome metabólica, associada com pior qualidade de vida. Estes achados alertam para a importância do rastreio da compulsão alimentar periódica em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica para contribuir para manejo clínico mais adequado desta população.
Introduction: obesit y, one of the main components of metabolic syndrome, is frequently associated with binge eating. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of binge eating in women with metabolic syndrome and its possible association with sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral parameters. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study with 124 individuals with metabolic syndrome, divided according to the presence or absence of binge eating, based on the criteria of the Binge Eating Scale (BES). We quantified weight, height, waist circumference, and office blood pressure. We evaluated behavioral parameters: level of physical activity, alcohol consumption, body image, depressive symptoms, and quality of life (SF-36). Laboratory evaluation included glucose, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, lipid profile, and renal function. The groups were compared by Chi-square and student t tests. Results: the mean age of the participants was 41±10.9 years and the entire cohort presented abdominal obesity, with an average waist circumference of 110±11.0 cm, while 70% of the individuals were hypertensive, with an overall mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 133±13.0 mmHg and 89±11.0 mmHg, respectively. In addition, 95% were sedentary, 7% were smokers, 12% abused alcohol, 98% declared dissatisfaction with body image, and 62% had depression. We observed the occurrence of binge eating in 57% of the women evaluated. The patients with binge eating were younger (20 to 39 years) (53,5% vs. 30,2%; p=0.010) and had worse quality of life (93,6± 19,6 vs. 104,3± 19,8; p=0.039). Regarding laboratory parameters, there were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: the occurrence of binge eating was a frequent finding in younger women with metabolic syndrome associated with worse quality of life. These findings alert to the importance of binge eating tracking in individuals with metabolic syndrome to contribute for a more appropriated clinical management of this population.
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Síndrome Metabólica , Obesidade , Ingestão de Alimentos , Transtorno da Compulsão AlimentarRESUMO
Background: Diabetes management involves multiple aspects that go beyond drug therapy as a way of providing high quality care. The objective of this study was to describe quality of care indicators for individuals with diabetes in southeast Brazil and to explore associations among these indicators. Methods: In this cross-sectional, observational study, health care providers filled out a questionnaire addressing health care structure and processes at 14 primary health care units (PHCUs). Clinical and laboratory data of diabetic patients attending the PHCUs and from patients referred to a secondary health care (SHC) center were collected. Results: There was a shortage of professionals in 53.8% of the PHCUs besides a high proportion of problems regarding referrals to SHC. At the PHCU, glycated hemoglobin results were available only in half of the medical records. A low rate of adequate glycemic control was also observed. An association between structure and process indicators and the outcomes analyzed was not found. Conclusion: Major deficiencies were found in the structure and processes of the PHCUs, in addition to unsatisfactory diabetes care outcomes. However, no association between structure, process, and outcomes was found.
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Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the gain and latency of arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in patients with resistant hypertension compared to patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects. METHODS: Eighteen patients with resistant hypertension (56 ± 10 years, mean of four antihypertensive drugs), 17 patients with essential hypertension (56 ± 11 years, mean of two antihypertensive drugs), and 17 untreated normotensive controls (50 ± 15 years) were evaluated by spectral analysis of the spontaneous fluctuations of arterial pressure (beat-to-beat) and heart rate (ECG). This analysis estimated vasomotor and cardiac autonomic modulations, respectively. The transfer function analysis quantified the gain and latency of the response of output signal (RR interval) per unit of spontaneous change of input signal (systolic arterial pressure). RESULTS: The gain was similarly lower in patients with resistant hypertension and patients with essential hypertension in relation to normotensive subjects (4.67 ± 2.96 vs. 6.60 ± 3.30 vs. 12.56 ± 8.81 ms/mmHg; P < 0.01, respectively). However, the latency of arterial baroreflex control of heart rate was significantly higher only in patients with resistant hypertension when compared to patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects (-4.01 ± 3.19 vs. -2.91 ± 2.10 vs. -1.82 ± 1.09 s; P = 0.04, respectively). In addition, the index of vasomotor sympathetic modulation was significantly increased only in patients with resistant hypertension when compared to patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects (4.04 ± 2.86 vs. 2.65 ± 1.88 vs. 2.06 ± 1.70 mmHg2; P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with resistant hypertension have reduced gain and increased latency of arterial baroreflex control of heart rate. These patients also have increased vasomotor sympathetic modulation.
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Barorreflexo , Vasoespasmo Coronário/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiopatologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Eletrocardiografia , Hipertensão Essencial/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Essencial/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Coração/inervação , Coração/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Accurately estimating home range and understanding movement behavior can provide important information on ecological processes. Advances in data collection and analysis have improved our ability to estimate home range and movement parameters, both of which have the potential to impact species conservation. Fitting continuous-time movement model to data and incorporating the autocorrelated kernel density estimator (AKDE), we investigated range residency of forty-four jaguars fit with GPS collars across five biomes in Brazil and Argentina. We assessed home range and movement parameters of range resident animals and compared AKDE estimates with kernel density estimates (KDE). We accounted for differential space use and movement among individuals, sex, region, and habitat quality. Thirty-three (80%) of collared jaguars were range resident. Home range estimates using AKDE were 1.02 to 4.80 times larger than KDE estimates that did not consider autocorrelation. Males exhibited larger home ranges, more directional movement paths, and a trend towards larger distances traveled per day. Jaguars with the largest home ranges occupied the Atlantic Forest, a biome with high levels of deforestation and high human population density. Our results fill a gap in the knowledge of the species' ecology with an aim towards better conservation of this endangered/critically endangered carnivore-the top predator in the Neotropics.
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Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Comportamento de Retorno ao Território Vital , Movimento , Panthera/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório , Comportamento Espacial , Clima Tropical , AnimaisRESUMO
The jaguar is the top predator of the Atlantic Forest (AF), which is a highly threatened biodiversity hotspot that occurs in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. By combining data sets from 14 research groups across the region, we determine the population status of the jaguar and propose a spatial prioritization for conservation actions. About 85% of the jaguar's habitat in the AF has been lost and only 7% remains in good condition. Jaguars persist in around 2.8% of the region, and live in very low densities in most of the areas. The population of jaguars in the AF is probably lower than 300 individuals scattered in small sub-populations. We identified seven Jaguar Conservation Units (JCUs) and seven potential JCUs, and only three of these areas may have ≥50 individuals. A connectivity analysis shows that most of the JCUs are isolated. Habitat loss and fragmentation were the major causes for jaguar decline, but human induced mortality is the main threat for the remaining population. We classified areas according to their contribution to jaguar conservation and we recommend management actions for each of them. The methodology in this study could be used for conservation planning of other carnivore species.
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Biodiversidade , Florestas , Panthera/fisiologia , Animais , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
Different factors can contribute to a sedentary lifestyle among hemodialysis (HD) patients, including the period they spend on dialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of physical activities in daily life in this population by using an accurate triaxial accelerometer and to correlate these characteristics with physiological variables. Nineteen HD patients were evaluated using the DynaPort accelerometer and compared to nineteen control individuals, regarding the time spent in different activities and positions of daily life and the number of steps taken. HD patients were more sedentary than control individuals, spending less time walking or standing and spending more time lying down. The sedentary behavior was more pronounced on dialysis days. According to the number of steps taken per day, 47.4% of hemodialysis patients were classified as sedentary against 10.5% in control group. Hemoglobin level, lower extremity muscle strength, and physical functioning of SF-36 questionnaire correlated significantly with the walking time and active time. Looking accurately at the patterns of activity in daily life, HDs patients are more sedentary, especially on dialysis days. These patients should be motivated to enhance the physical activity.
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Metabolismo Energético , Diálise Renal , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Postura/fisiologia , Comportamento SedentárioAssuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Imunidade Adaptativa/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Lipoxinas/administração & dosagemAssuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Contagem de Linfócitos/métodos , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Intervalos de Confiança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypervolemia is one of the principal causes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the reduction of volemia on blood pressure as well as on echocardiographic parameters in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: Twelve patients with no clinical evidence of hypervolemia were submitted to an increase in the rate of the dialysis with the purpose of reducing body weight by 5%. The volemia was evaluated by electrical bioimpedance and by ultrasound of the inferior cava vena (ICV). Blood pressure was measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography both at baseline and 5 weeks after the intervention period. RESULTS: After the increase in the ultrafiltration, body weight, extracellular water and the inspiratory diameter of the ICV decreased significantly in parallel with a non-significant increase in the collapsing ICV index. Despite the reduction of anti-hypertensive drugs, systolic blood pressure during the sleep period decreased from 138.4 ± 18.6 to 126.7 ± 18.0 mmHg, the nocturnal blood pressure drop increased and the final systolic left ventricular diameter decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: Reduction of the volemia of patients on peritoneal dialysis, with no signs of hypervolemia, was associated with a better blood pressure control and with a decrease of the final systolic left ventricular diameter.