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The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the EZH2 protein and describe the clinical and microscopic characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA). The study included 16 ACC cases and 12 PA. All ACC and PA cases were positive for EZH2 and the ACC samples showed significantly higher EZH2 expression. The clinical and microscopic covariates were described in relation to EZH2 staining in ACC samples. The highest mean values of EZH2 were observed in cases with local metastasis, recurrence, perineural invasion, and predominantly cribriform growth pattern without solid areas. EZH2 is a potential marker of malignancy.

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A periodontite e o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) são doenças relacionadas e prevalentes. A busca por terapias coadjuvantes ao tratamento periodontal em indivíduos diabéticos almeja melhores resultados. A própolis verde (PV) tem sido discutida como uma possibiidade por suas propriedades antibacterianas, anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, que justificam sua aplicação em várias patologias odontológicas. Este estudo apresenta duas propostas de investigação: 1) Ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) avaliando a terapia coadjuvante com PV na terapia periodontal não cirúrgica (TPNC) de pacientes com DM2; 2) Revisão bibliométrica (RB) mapeando os 100 artigos mais citados sobre o uso de própolis na odontologia. O ECR incluiu 22 indivíduos com DM2 e periodontite estágios II e III, randomizados em dois grupos: controle e teste. Dados sociodemográficos e periodontais foram coletados. Avaliou-se proteína c-reativa (PCR), hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e glicemia em jejum. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à TPNC. O grupo teste recebeu suplementação com PV durante 60 dias após a TPNC e o grupo controle recebeu placebo. Os grupos foram avaliados após 60 e 90 dias. A amostra se mostrou equilibrada para os parâmetros sociodemográficos, laboratoriais e para sangramento à sondagem (SS) e nível de inserção clínico (NIC). Os grupos mostraram melhora significativa no SS (p < 0,05), profundidade de sondagem (PS) (p<0,01) e NIC (p<0,05) após a TPNC. Não houve diferenças significativas para os mesmos parâmetros entre os grupos. Os parâmetros laboratoriais não mostraram alteração significativa intragrupo nem intergrupos. Para esta amostra, o tratamento coadjuvante com PV comparado ao placebo não mostrou diferenças significativas. A RB analisou o uso e aplicação de própolis nas diferentes áreas de especialidades odontológicas. A busca foi realizada no Web Of Science (WoS) e um crossmatch do número de citações (NC) foi realizado no Scopus e no Google Scholar. Os artigos encontrados foram avaliados quanto aos autores, instituições, região, idade, desenho de estudo, periódico, palavras-chave e altmetria. O NC no WoS mostrou uma forte correlação positiva com o NC no Google Scholar (0,890; p<0,001) e no Scopus (0,963;p<0,001). Os artigos foram publicados entre 1990 e 2021. O artigo mais recente teve a maior densidade de citações. Foram identificadas 10 áreas de interesse da odontologia e a área com o maior número de publicações (NP) foi a periodontia, enquanto a área com maior NC foi a cariologia. O Brasil foi o país mais produtivo, e a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) liderou o ranking em NC, empatando com a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) em NP. Cinquenta e cinco periódicos foram identificados e apenas 10 tiveram NP>3. O Escore de Atenção Altmétrico (EAA) foi igual a zero em 62 artigos. Não houve correlação entre o NC dos artigos e o EAA (p=0,446). O interesse pela aplicação de própolis na odontologia é bem difundido pelo mundo e aumenta gradativamente.

Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are related and prevalent diseases. The search for coadjuvant therapies aims for better results. Green propolis (GP) has been discussed as a possibility due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that justify its application in various pathologies in dentistry. This study presents two investigation proposals: 1) Randomized clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the adjuvant therapy with GP in the non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) in individuals with T2DM; 2) Bibliometric review (BR) mapping the dental literature concerning the 100 most cited papers about the use of propolis in dentistry. The RCT included 22 individuals with T2DM and periodontitis stages II and III, randomized in two groups: test and control. Sociodemographical and periodontal data were collected. C-reactive protein (CRP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose were measured. All the subjects underwent NSPT. Individuals in the test group received supplementation with green propolis during 60 days after NSPT and the control group received placebo. Both groups were evaluated after 60 and 90 days. The sample was balanced for the paramethers sociodemographic, laboratorial and for bleeding on probing (BoP) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Both groups showed a significant improvement in BoP (p<0.05), probing pocket depth (p<0.01) (PPD) and CAL level (p<0.05) after the NSPT. There were no significant differences for the same parameters between the groups. The laboratorial parameters did not show statistically significant difference intragroup or intergroup. For this sample, the use of the adjuvant treatment with GP compared to placebo did not show significant differences. The BR analyzed the use and application of propolis in the different specialties within dentistry. The search was performed in Web of Science and a crossmatch of the number of citations (NC) was performed in Scopus and Google Scholar. The papers were evaluated for author, institutions, region, age, study design, journal, keywords and altmetrics. The NC in the Web of Science showed a strong positive correlation with the NC in the Google Scholar (0.890;p<0.001) and Scopus (0.963;p<0.001). The papers were published between 1990 and 2021. The most recent paper had the greatest density of citations. Ten specialties were identified among the included papers. The specialty with the greatest number of papers (NP) was periodontology, and the subject with the greatest NC was cariology. Brazil was the most producing country and the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) led the ranking in NC, reaching a tie with Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) in NP. Fifty-five journals were identified and only 10 had NP>3. Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) was zero in 62 papers. There was no correlation between NC and AAS (p=0.446). The interest about propolis in dentistry is widespread around the world, and increases gradually.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the EZH2 protein and describe the clinical and microscopic characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA). The study included 16 ACC cases and 12 PA. All ACC and PA cases were positive for EZH2 and the ACC samples showed significantly higher EZH2 expression. The clinical and microscopic covariates were described in relation to EZH2 staining in ACC samples. The highest mean values of EZH2 were observed in cases with local metastasis, recurrence, perineural invasion, and predominantly cribriform growth pattern without solid areas. EZH2 is a potential marker of malignancy.

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Objective: Halitosis is the offensive odor emanated by the oral and nasal cavities and perceived by the individual and/or by other people. Halitosis is a symptom that directly impacts on the social aspects of an individual's life and may be a sign for a systemic disorder in some cases. Material and Methods: A search was conducted on the literature in order to gather the main aspects about halitosis and make a review about the main features necessary to the clinical practice when a professional deals with a patient with halitosis. Results: The information was summarized and discussed with a focus on what clinicians should be aware of when dealing with a patient with halitosis. Conclusion: Halitosis is a prevalent symptom that affects approximately 25% of the individuals. Its classification takes into consideration the origin of the compounds producing the malodor. The diagnosis must take into consideration the various etiological possibilities before defining the treatment. The treatment must be focused on the cause and since there is a wide range of possible causes, halitosis needs a multidisciplinary approach (AU)

Objetivo: Halitose é um cheiro ofensivo expelido pela cavidade bucal e pela cavidade nasal e percebido pelo indivíduo e/ou pelas outras pessoas. A halitose é um sintoma que impacta diretamente aspectos sociais da vida de um indivíduo e pode ser um sinal de alguma desordem sistêmica em alguns casos. Material e Métodos: Uma busca foi feita na literatura para reunir os principais aspectos da halitose e conduzir uma revisão sobre as principais características necessárias à prática clínica quando um profissional lida com um paciente com a queixa de halitose. Resultados: A informação disponível foi sumarizada e discutida com foco naquilo que um clínico deve estar atento quando lida com um paciente com a queixa de halitose presente. Conclusão: A halitose é um sintoma prevalente que afeta aproximadamente 25% dos indivíduos. Sua classificação leva em consideração a origem dos compostos que produzem o mau hálito. O diagnóstico deve levar em conta as várias etiologias possíveis antes de definir um tratamento. O tratamento deve ser focado na causa e, como há uma ampla variedade de possíveis causas, a halitose é um sintoma que precisa de uma abordagem multidisciplina (AU)

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Scientific evidence about genetic and molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among smokers and non-smokers is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of tobacco on the DNA of individuals with OSCC based on protein mutations. Electronic searches were conducted on PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify observational studies published up to January/2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the critical appraisal of studies. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated. Twenty-three studies assessing 4,060 individuals (2,967 smokers vs. 1,093 non-smokers) were included in this review. Fifteen groups of proteins/genes were investigated. Analysis of the quality of articles revealed low risk of bias in most studies. The certainty of the evidence was very low. The meta-analysis confirmed no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers with respect to damage to GSTM1 (OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.30-1.18), GSTT1 (OR: 1.18; 95%CI:0.49-2.83), hydrolase proteins (Ku70 and Ku80) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.18-3.05), and transferase proteins (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.47-1.18). Most of the studies included showed that smokers are more likely to exhibit genetic instability. However, the meta-analysis revealed that smokers do not necessarily have more genetic alterations in the DNA than non-smokers.

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Abstract Scientific evidence about genetic and molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among smokers and non-smokers is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of tobacco on the DNA of individuals with OSCC based on protein mutations. Electronic searches were conducted on PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify observational studies published up to January/2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the critical appraisal of studies. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated. Twenty-three studies assessing 4,060 individuals (2,967 smokers vs. 1,093 non-smokers) were included in this review. Fifteen groups of proteins/genes were investigated. Analysis of the quality of articles revealed low risk of bias in most studies. The certainty of the evidence was very low. The meta-analysis confirmed no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers with respect to damage to GSTM1 (OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.30-1.18), GSTT1 (OR: 1.18; 95%CI:0.49-2.83), hydrolase proteins (Ku70 and Ku80) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.18-3.05), and transferase proteins (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.47-1.18). Most of the studies included showed that smokers are more likely to exhibit genetic instability. However, the meta-analysis revealed that smokers do not necessarily have more genetic alterations in the DNA than non-smokers.

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Tobacco smoking involves a high risk of human malignancies, including oral cancer, because it contains multiple carcinogens that cause genetic instability. Thus, a worse prognosis would be expected for cancer patients who are smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the DNA damage response through the expression of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), H2A histone family member X (H2AX), and P53 among smokers and non-smokers with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Associations between immunoexpression of proteins and clinicopathological data and histopathological grading were also analyzed. A total of 35 individuals (18 non-smokers and 17 smokers) with OSCC of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth were included. Immunohistochemistry for H2AX was conducted for the identification of double-strand breaks, CHK2, and P53 to evaluate the expression of this protein in cell cycle regulation. The sample consisted of 22 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 63.9±11.8 years. OSCC of non-smokers were well-differentiated tumors in 50% of the cases, and those of smokers were equally distributed into moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors (35.3% each). Overall, 31 (88.6%) cases were CHK2-positive, 27 (77.1%) were H2AX-positive, and 23 (65.7%) were P53-positive, with no difference between smokers and non-smokers (p > 0.05). No association was found between proteins and clinicopathologic data (p > 0.05). Similarities in CHK2, H2AX, and P53 immunohistochemical staining patterns were observed between smokers and non-smokers, and immunoexpression was not associated with clinicopathological parameters. However, the findings indicated consistent expression of these proteins in OSCC.

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Abstract: Tobacco smoking involves a high risk of human malignancies, including oral cancer, because it contains multiple carcinogens that cause genetic instability. Thus, a worse prognosis would be expected for cancer patients who are smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the DNA damage response through the expression of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), H2A histone family member X (H2AX), and P53 among smokers and non-smokers with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Associations between immunoexpression of proteins and clinicopathological data and histopathological grading were also analyzed. A total of 35 individuals (18 non-smokers and 17 smokers) with OSCC of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth were included. Immunohistochemistry for H2AX was conducted for the identification of double-strand breaks, CHK2, and P53 to evaluate the expression of this protein in cell cycle regulation. The sample consisted of 22 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 63.9±11.8 years. OSCC of non-smokers were well-differentiated tumors in 50% of the cases, and those of smokers were equally distributed into moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors (35.3% each). Overall, 31 (88.6%) cases were CHK2-positive, 27 (77.1%) were H2AX-positive, and 23 (65.7%) were P53-positive, with no difference between smokers and non-smokers (p > 0.05). No association was found between proteins and clinicopathologic data (p > 0.05). Similarities in CHK2, H2AX, and P53 immunohistochemical staining patterns were observed between smokers and non-smokers, and immunoexpression was not associated with clinicopathological parameters. However, the findings indicated consistent expression of these proteins in OSCC.

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The present study aimed to characterize the chemical elements and cytotoxicity of Carnoy's solution (CS) by comparing two different trademarked products (one Brazilian [NCS] and another imported [ICS]) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cultures. For performing ICP-MS, the solutions were diluted according to calibration curves, and the chemical elements were analyzed with a spectrometer. HaCaT cells were exposed to CS concentrations ranging from 0.10% to 20% for 3 or 5 min. Cell viability was evaluated immediately (T0), 24 h (T1), and 7 days (T2) after exposure to CS using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Data were analyzed using a t-test for ICP-MS and analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for MTT assay, both considering statistical significance at p<0.05. ICP-MS results revealed that ICS presented significantly lower concentrations of 12 chemical elements than NCS. The results of MTT assay revealed that at T0, ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS regardless of the time of exposure (p < 0.05). At T1, the only difference between the groups was at a concentration of 0.10% after 5 min of exposure. At T2, at a concentration of 0.5%, ICS resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability compared to NCS (p < 0.05). Thus, the results showed that ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS. Collectively, our findings suggest that the individual compositions of different CS formulations should be investigated.

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Abstract: The present study aimed to characterize the chemical elements and cytotoxicity of Carnoy's solution (CS) by comparing two different trademarked products (one Brazilian [NCS] and another imported [ICS]) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cultures. For performing ICP-MS, the solutions were diluted according to calibration curves, and the chemical elements were analyzed with a spectrometer. HaCaT cells were exposed to CS concentrations ranging from 0.10% to 20% for 3 or 5 min. Cell viability was evaluated immediately (T0), 24 h (T1), and 7 days (T2) after exposure to CS using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Data were analyzed using a t-test for ICP-MS and analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for MTT assay, both considering statistical significance at p<0.05. ICP-MS results revealed that ICS presented significantly lower concentrations of 12 chemical elements than NCS. The results of MTT assay revealed that at T0, ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS regardless of the time of exposure (p < 0.05). At T1, the only difference between the groups was at a concentration of 0.10% after 5 min of exposure. At T2, at a concentration of 0.5%, ICS resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability compared to NCS (p < 0.05). Thus, the results showed that ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS. Collectively, our findings suggest that the individual compositions of different CS formulations should be investigated.