RESUMO
Bee pollen is a hive product, resulting from floral pollen agglutination by worker bees and it is characterized by its excellent bioactive and nutritional composition. Currently, research is focused on bee pollen applications on food industry, because this product has been considered an excellent source of compounds for human nutrition. It is also important in some industries, where color and particle size are important characteristics for production. Due to the granular nature of bee pollen, conventional colorimetry does not allow describing color correctly; thus, digital image analysis is a better alternative. This technique could also allow classifying bee pollen according to its appearance beyond the color. Consequently, the aim of this work was to develop a novel methodology for image data processing to classify bee pollen as ingredient in food industry. Seven color groups in samples were established regarding harvest month and particle size. It was possible to calculate the percentage of each color group in all samples. This methodology also allowed selecting each fraction for different applications in food industry using colorimetry, granulometry and the relationship between both of them.
Assuntos
Colorimetria/métodos , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Ingredientes de Alimentos/análise , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Pólen/química , Animais , Abelhas , Brassica , Colômbia , Cor , Eucalyptus , Flores , Alimento Funcional , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
We report the phylogeographic pattern of the Patagonian and Subantarctic plant Hypochaeris incana endemic to southeastern South America. We applied amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis to 28 and 32 populations, respectively, throughout its distributional range and assessed ploidy levels using flow cytometry. While cpDNA data suggest repeated or simultaneous parallel colonization of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego by several haplotypes and/or hybridization, AFLPs reveal three clusters corresponding to geographic regions. The central and northern Patagonian clusters (approximately 38-51 degrees S), which are closer to the outgroup, contain mainly tetraploid, isolated and highly differentiated populations with low genetic diversity. To the contrary, the southern Patagonian and Fuegian cluster (approximately 51-55 degrees S) contains mainly diploid populations with high genetic diversity and connected by high levels of gene flow. The data suggest that H. incana originated at the diploid level in central or northern Patagonia, from where it migrated south. All three areas, northern, central and southern, have similar levels of rare and private AFLP bands, suggesting that all three served as refugia for H. incana during glacial times. In southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, the species seems to have expanded its populational system in postglacial times, when the climate became warmer and more humid. In central and northern Patagonia, the populations seem to have become restricted to favourable sites with increasing temperature and decreasing moisture and there was a parallel replacement of diploids by tetraploids in local populations.