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One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

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One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba.

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Progress in the understanding of many tumors has enabled the development of new therapies, such as those targeted at specific molecules involved in cell growth (targeted therapies) or intended to modulate the immune system (immunotherapy). However, along with the clinical benefit provided by these new treatments, new adverse effects have also appeared. Dermatological toxicities such as papulopustular eruptions, xerosis, and pruritus are common with EGFR inhibitors. Other adverse effects have also been described with PDGFR, BCR-ABL, and MAPK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antiangiogenic drugs, and inhibitors at immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1. Onset of these adverse effects often causes dose reductions and/or delays in administering the prescribed therapy, which can affect patient survival and quality of life. It is, therefore, important to prevent the occurrence of these adverse effects, or to treat unavoidable ones as soon as possible. This requires cooperation between medical oncologists and dermatologists. This article reviews the various dermatological toxicities associated with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, along with their diagnosis and therapeutic management.

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New drugs against advanced melanoma have emerged during last decade. Target therapy and immunotherapy have changed the management of patients with metastatic disease. Along with its generalized use, drug toxicities have appeared and the skin is the target organ of a significant part of them. This revision summarizes the most common side effects and consensus management to improve the compliance of therapies and patients' quality of life. Among the BRAF inhibitors, main cutaneous side effects are photosensitivity, plantar hyperkeratosis, and the appearance of verrucal keratosis or squamous cell carcinoma. Special attention must be paid to the development of new primary melanomas or changes on nevi during BRAF inhibitor therapy. The most common cutaneous side effects of immunotherapy are rash, pruritus, and vitiligo. It remains controversial the possible role of these toxicities as markers of response to therapy.

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El cuidado humanitario es un acto del ser, susceptible de evolucionar y conformar una unidad de cuidado a la salud con calidad para todos y requiere también de cuidado para no perder su valor de sentido positivo. Conciliar teoría y práctica no es simple, sino complejo. En este artículo se propone atender la relación Agente de Salud­Paciente por ser universal y congruente con el cambio. El enfoque epistemológico puntualiza lo positivo, lo acumulado en la historia no puede desaparecer del presente. La respuesta es integración, hacer coincidir las ciencias formales, con las sociales, humanas y la tecnología. El apoyo cultural es vital, la educación es sólo parte y convoca a construir el nuevo paradigma; al invocarlo se superan las acciones ineficaces. El acto preventivo es a todos los niveles, sea del hospital, la escuela, la comunidad el hogar y la comunidad entera. La Enfermería del futuro, con su desarrollo teórico, contribuye al cambio, del cuidado reduccionista al integral y humanitario. Se propone reforzar la atención al desempeño del Agente de Salud y orientarlo con la disposición Humanitaria. El tema profundiza en el conocimiento del cuidado y le concierne a todo profesional de la salud.

The humanitarian care is an act, the being who may evolve and transformed into a quality unit for everybody's health care. Requires attention, good care, and not to lose the sense of positive value. Must reconcile theory and practice which is not so simple, it is rather complex. We propose to address the Relationship of Health Agent - Patient to a universal approach consistent with the changing nature. The epistemological approach points out the positive sense. The history accumulated knowledge cannot fail at the present time. The answer is integration, to combine formal sciences with social and human, as well as technology. The cultural support is vital for education and is part of it, calls for the build the new paradigm. To invoke it is sufficient to avoid ineffectiveness. The preventive act is at all levels, whether in hospital, school, community, home and the entire community. The future nursing, with the care models, should contribute to shift from the reductionist care to the humanitarian care. Let us reinforce the Health Agent performance and guide it towards a Humanitarian Care. The issue analyzes the care knowledge and is of every health server concern.

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Muestras de pasto Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum typhoides de 120 días de corte se someten durante siete semanas a fermentación selectiva en estado sólido (FES) con cepas de Ganoderma ssp y Lentinus ssp. Se realiza la caracterización de la delignificación por Infrarrojo con Transformada de Fourier (IR-TF) midiendo las áreas de las principales bandas características. Mediante esta técnica se establece que las muestras tratadas con Ganoderma spp se obtiene una pérdida del 70 por ciento de los compuestos aromáticos con relación a los alifáticos. En las semanas cero y séptima se establecieron valores de lignina en detergente ácido (LDA) 55.9 por ciento y 10.7 por ciento, respectivamente. En este mismo periodo los contenidos de materia seca y celulosa variaron del 73.3 por ciento al 92.9 por ciento y del 3.1 por ciento al 51.7 por ciento respectivamente. Estos resultados confirman una degradación selectiva de la lignina en las muestras tratadas con Ganoderma spp y medios suplementados con manganeso. Las pruebas de degradabilidad in situ, utilizando la técnica de la bolsa de nailon y de digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca basada en técnicas enzimáticas y gravimétricas, no mostraron mejoramiento de la digestibilidad del pasto como consecuencia de la fermentación con las dos cepas de hongos basidiomicetos, corroborando lo indicado por otros autores que afirman que los hongos puede ser tóxicos para la microflora del rumen y, por lo tanto, pueden la digestibilidad de la materia seca

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INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the main neurological diagnosis in Chilean children. Its profile and evolution in adults has not been appropriately studied, despise its personal and social impact. AIM: To describe the characteristics of adults with ADHD evaluated in a memory unit, verifying the existence of differences depending on gender. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A demographic and symptomatic evaluation protocol was applied to all patients diagnosed with ADHD who consulted at the Memory Unit of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, during the year 2004. RESULTS: Eighty six patients were included. Average age was 37, being 53% male. Most patients were diagnosed for the first time in adulthood, corresponding to an ADHD of combined type. The main patients' complaints were forgetfulness and distraction. A stressing factor capable of worsening the symptoms was identified in 59% of patients. Depression was the principal comorbidity, with a significantly higher incidence in women. CONCLUSIONS: The limitations of ADHD diagnostic criteria available for adult patients are discussed. Differences depending on gender were analyzed, describing a predominantly disruptive profile in men and depressive profile in women. There is a clear under-diagnosis of female children with ADHD, with a potential negative impact on their neuropsychological development. The differential diagnosis with mild cognitive impairment, in patients complaining of recent memory decline is discussed.

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La producción de la enzima ligninoperoxidasa -LiP- y de metabolitos de interés como la vainilla, son estudiados adicionando los polímeros aserrín de pino (AP) y polivinilalcohol (PVOH) a cultivos sumergidos del Phanerochaete chrysosporium, usando bioreactores con agitación orbital y con agitación neumática. Los medios que contienen AP y alcohol veratrílico, en agitadores orbitales, presentan una correlación directa entre la producción de LiP y de vainilla, independiente de si tienen PVOH. En los medios con PVOH se obtiene mayor cantidad de LiP que en los que no lo contienen. En los experimentos con agitación neumática se observa ácido vainillínico, lo que implica que la aireación causa oxidación de la vainilla haciendo inapropiado éste tipo de bioreactor

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Con el fin de optimizar las condiciones para obtener la enzima ligninoperoxidasa -LiP-, se evalúa por medio de la fermentación en fase sólida (FES), la utilización de capacho sólo y de la mezcla capacho y tusa de maíz, como soporte y como sustrato para el crecimiento del Phanerocahete chrysosporium. Se estudian tres sistemas de inoculación del microorganismo y se determina en ellos el cambio del porcentaje de humedad (bajo las mismas condiciones de humedad relativa) y la actividad de la LiP durante el tiempo de fermentación. Los resultados muestran que el Phanerochaete chysosporium encuentra en éstos sustratos (capacho y tusa de maíz) una fuente de carbono y nitrógeno que requiere para su metabolismo, ya que éstos no fueron suministrados de ninguna otra manera. De los sistemas estudiados, con el que se se obtuvo mayor actividad de la LiP en el menor tiempo, es en el que se añaden las esporas en un medio líquido basal con una humedad inicial del 70 por cietno, indicando que el metabolismo primario del hongo cesa rápidamente en éstas condiciones. Este sistema favorece por lo tanto el metabolismo secundario y una mayor producción

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El objetivo de éste trabajo es diseñar un bioreactor adecuado para escalar la producción de la enzima lignina peroxídasa (LiP) en cultivos sumergidos del hongo Phanerocahete chrysosporium. Se estudiaron tres bioreactores con diferentes características. El primer biorreactor es de tipo tanque con agitación orbital y neumática; los otros dos son tipo columna de burbujeo de una sola etapa que difieren en su material de elaboración (vidrio polipropileno). La producción de la LiP se logró en los tres fermentadores, pero el sistema que mostró la mayor rata de producción de LiP, es el biorreactor de vidrio tipo columna

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Levels of atmospheric carboxylic acids in gas and particulate matter were measured at three sites in Mexico City within the month of March 2000. An annular denuder system was used for sampling and the analytical method was HPLC with UV detection. Formic and acetic acids were present in the PM2.5 fraction and in the gas phase. Total concentration of formic acid was between 0 and 7 ppbV and total concentration of acetic acid was between 1 and 17 ppbV. On average 53% of the formic acid and 67% of the acetic acid were present in particulate matter.

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