RESUMO
Upper respiratory viral infections can decrease the sense of smell either by inflammatory restriction of nasal airflow that carries the odorant molecules or through interference in olfactory sensory neuron function. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), worldwide reports of severe smell loss (anosmia/hyposmia) revealed a different type of olfactory dysfunction associated with respiratory virus infection. Since self-reported perception of smell is subjective and SARS-CoV-2 exposure is variable in the general population, we aimed to study a population that would be more homogeneously exposed to the virus. Here, we investigated the prevalence of olfactory loss in frontline health professionals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Brazil, one of the major epicenters of the disease. We also analyzed the rate of olfactory function recovery and the particular characteristics of olfactory deficit in this population. A widely disclosed cross-sectional online survey directed to health care workers was developed by a group of researchers to collect data concerning demographic information, general symptoms, otolaryngological symptoms, comorbidities, and COVID-19 test results. Of the 1,376 health professionals who completed the questionnaire, 795 (57.8%) were working directly with COVID-19 patients, either in intensive care units, emergency rooms, wards, outpatient clinics, or other areas. Five-hundred forty-one (39.3%) participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and 509 (37%) were not tested. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19-positive subjects was 83.9% (454 of 541) compared to 12.9% (42 of 326) of those who tested negative and to 14.9% (76 of 509) of those not tested. Olfactory dysfunction incidence was higher in those working in wards, emergency rooms, and intensive care units compared to professionals in outpatient clinics. In general, remission from olfactory symptoms was frequent by the time of responses. Taste disturbances were present in 74.1% of infected participants and were significantly associated with hyposmia. In conclusion, olfactory dysfunction is highly correlated with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in health care professionals, and remission rates up to 2 weeks are high.
RESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Although sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign lesions, they are locally aggressive and have a potential malignant transformation ranging from 5% to 15%, with a high recurrence rate. Objective: The aim of this article is to describe the rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma who underwent surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with sinonasal papilloma who had undergone surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, between August 1998 and August 2017. A patient chart review was conducted to assess data of patients' demographics, tumors characteristics, follow-up appointments, recurrence and malignancy. Inverted papillomas were analyzed and classified under the Krouse staging system. Results: A total of 69 surgeries were performed in patients with diagnosis of sinonasal papilloma. Inverted papilloma was the most prevalent subtype (49 cases ‒ 80.33%), followed by exophytic papilloma (6 cases ‒ 9.84%) and by oncocytic papilloma (6 cases - 9.84%). The recurrence rate was 34.09% for inverted papilloma (15/44) and the mean time of recurrence was 24.6 months. Malignant transformation occurred in 6 patients (13.64%). Three of these patients presented carcinoma in the first surgery and three patients developed carcinoma during the follow-up. Conclusion: The high recurrence rate and malignancy potential allow us to consider inverted papillomas as aggressive tumors. In a tertiary hospital in São Paulo the recurrence rate the mean time to recurrence is 24.6 months. The recurrence after 10 years implies was 34.09% and the need for long-term follow up. It is possible that the high recurrence rate and the high malignant transformation rate we found are due to the large number of tumors discovered at an advanced stage (most of them staged T3 and T4), secondary to poor access to health system, in developing countries.
Resumo Introdução: Embora os papilomas invertidos nasossinusais sejam lesões benignas, eles são localmente agressivos e apresentam uma potencial transformação maligna que varia de 5% a 15%, com alta taxa de recorrência. Objetivo: Descrever a taxa de recorrência e transformação maligna em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido submetidos à cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo. Método: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes diagnosticados com papiloma nasossinusal submetidos a cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo, entre agosto de 1998 e agosto de 2017. Uma revisão de prontuários dos pacientes foi realizada para avaliar dados demográficos, características dos tumores, consultas de seguimento, recorrência e malignidade. Os papilomas invertidos foram analisados e classificados de acordo com o sistema de estadiamento de Krouse. Resultados: Foram realizadas 69 cirurgias em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma nasossinusal. O papiloma invertido foi o subtipo mais prevalente (49 casos - 80,33%), seguido pelo papiloma exofítico (6 casos - 9,84%) e pelo papiloma oncocítico (6 casos - 9,84%). A taxa de recidiva foi de 34,09% para o papiloma invertido (15/44) e o tempo médio de recorrência foi de 24,6 meses. Transformação maligna ocorreu em seis pacientes (13,64%); três desses pacientes apresentaram carcinoma na primeira cirurgia e três pacientes desenvolveram carcinoma durante o seguimento. Conclusão: A alta taxa de recorrência e o potencial de malignidade nos permitem considerar os papilomas invertidos como tumores agressivos. Em um hospital terciário de São Paulo, a taxa de recorrência foi de 34,09% e o tempo médio de recorrência de 24,6 meses. A recorrência após 10 anos implica na necessidade de acompanhamento a longo prazo. É possível que a alta taxa de recorrência e a alta taxa de transformação maligna que encontramos sejam devidas à grande extensão dos tumores (a maioria deles nos estágios T3 e T4), decorrente do acesso precário ao sistema de saúde nos países em desenvolvimento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/cirurgia , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Nasais , Papiloma Invertido/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign lesions, they are locally aggressive and have a potential malignant transformation ranging from 5% to 15%, with a high recurrence rate. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe the rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma who underwent surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with sinonasal papilloma who had undergone surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, between August 1998 and August 2017. A patient chart review was conducted to assess data of patients' demographics, tumors characteristics, follow-up appointments, recurrence and malignancy. Inverted papillomas were analyzed and classified under the Krouse staging system. RESULTS: A total of 69 surgeries were performed in patients with diagnosis of sinonasal papilloma. Inverted papilloma was the most prevalent subtype (49 cases â 80.33%), followed by exophytic papilloma (6 cases â 9.84%) and by oncocytic papilloma (6 cases - 9.84%). The recurrence rate was 34.09% for inverted papilloma (15/44) and the mean time of recurrence was 24.6 months. Malignant transformation occurred in 6 patients (13.64%). Three of these patients presented carcinoma in the first surgery and three patients developed carcinoma during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The high recurrence rate and malignancy potential allow us to consider inverted papillomas as aggressive tumors. In a tertiary hospital in São Paulo the recurrence rate the mean time to recurrence is 24.6 months. The recurrence after 10 years implies was 34.09% and the need for long-term follow up. It is possible that the high recurrence rate and the high malignant transformation rate we found are due to the large number of tumors discovered at an advanced stage (most of them staged T3 and T4), secondary to poor access to health system, in developing countries.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Nasais , Papiloma Invertido , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Papiloma Invertido/cirurgia , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a significant social problem that may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe alcohol consumption during pregnancy and to study its association with low birth weight, newborns small for gestational age and preterm birth. DESIGN AND SETTING: Nested cohort study, in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: 1,370 women and their newborns were evaluated. A standardized questionnaire on health and lifestyle habits was applied to the mothers. Anthropometry was performed on the newborns. Alcohol consumption was defined as low, moderate or high, as defined by the World Health Organization. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: 23% of the women consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Consumption mainly occurred in the first trimester (14.8%) and decreased as the pregnancy progressed. The median alcohol intake was 3.89 g (interquartile range, IQR = 8 g) per day. In the unadjusted analysis, alcohol consumption increased the risk of low birth weight almost twofold (odds ratio, OR 1.91; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.25-2.92). The risk was lower in the adjusted analysis (OR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.03-2.54). Alcohol consumption did not show associations with small for gestational age or preterm birth. There was greater risk of low birth weight and newborns small for gestational age and preterm birth among mothers who were both smokers and drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The alcohol consumption rate during pregnancy was 23% and was independently associated with low birth weight, but there was no risk of newborns small for gestational age or preterm birth.
RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O consumo de álcool durante a gravidez é um problema social significativo que pode estar associado a resultados perinatais adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o consumo de álcool na gestação e avaliar sua associação com recém-nascido de baixo peso, pequeno para idade gestacional e pré-termo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte aninhado, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliadas 1.370 mulheres e seus recém-nascidos. Foi aplicado às mães um questionário padronizado sobre saúde e hábitos de vida. Antropometria foi realizada nos recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS:Consumo de álcool foi definido como baixo, moderado e elevado segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde. Foi utilizada análise de regressão logística ajustada. RESULTADOS: 23% das gestantes consumiram álcool durante a gravidez. A maior parte do consumo ocorreu no primeiro trimestre (14,8%) e diminuiu conforme progredia a gravidez. A mediana de ingestão de álcool foi de 3,89 g (interval interquartil, IIQ = 8 g) por dia. Na análise não ajustada, o consumo de álcool aumentou em quase duas vezes (odds ratio , OR 1,91, intervalo de confiança, IC 95%; 1,25-2,92) o risco de baixo peso, que se reduziu após ajuste (OR 1,62; IC 95%; 1,03-2,54). Não houve associação entre consumo de álcool e pequeno para idade gestacional ou pré-termo. Observou-se maior risco de baixo peso, neonato pequeno para idade gestacional e pré-termo em gestantes simultaneamente fumadoras e bebedoras. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de álcool na gestação foi de 23% e esteve associado independentemente com o baixo peso ao nascer, mas não houve risco para neonato pequeno para idade gestacional e pré-termo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso/fisiologia , Resultado da Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/etiologia , Comportamento Materno/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional/fisiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Idade GestacionalRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a significant social problem that may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe alcohol consumption during pregnancy and to study its association with low birth weight, newborns small for gestational age and preterm birth. DESIGN AND SETTING: Nested cohort study, in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: 1,370 women and their newborns were evaluated. A standardized questionnaire on health and lifestyle habits was applied to the mothers. Anthropometry was performed on the newborns. Alcohol consumption was defined as low, moderate or high, as defined by the World Health Organization. Adjusted logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: 23% of the women consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Consumption mainly occurred in the first trimester (14.8%) and decreased as the pregnancy progressed. The median alcohol intake was 3.89 g (interquartile range, IQR = 8 g) per day. In the unadjusted analysis, alcohol consumption increased the risk of low birth weight almost twofold (odds ratio, OR 1.91; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.25-2.92). The risk was lower in the adjusted analysis (OR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.03-2.54). Alcohol consumption did not show associations with small for gestational age or preterm birth. There was greater risk of low birth weight and newborns small for gestational age and preterm birth among mothers who were both smokers and drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The alcohol consumption rate during pregnancy was 23% and was independently associated with low birth weight, but there was no risk of newborns small for gestational age or preterm birth.