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The inclusion of protein in the regular human diet is important for the prevention of several chronic diseases. In the search for novel alternative protein sources, plant-based proteins are widely explored from a sustainable and ecological point of view. Duckweed (Lemna minor), also known as water lentil, is an aquatic plant with potential applications for human consumption due to its protein content and carbohydrate contents. Among all the conventional and novel protein extraction methods, the utilization of ultrasound has attracted the attention of scientists because of its effects on improving protein extraction and its functionalities. In this work, a Box-Behnken experimental design was proposed to optimize the alkaline extraction of protein from duckweed. In addition, an exploration of the effects of ultrasound on the morphological, structural, and functional properties of the extracted protein was also addressed. The optimal extraction parameters were a pH of 11.5 and an ultrasound amplitude and processing time of 60% and 20 min, respectively. These process conditions doubled the protein content extracted in comparison to the value from the initial duckweed sample. Furthermore, the application of ultrasound during the extraction of protein generated changes in the FTIR spectra, color, and structure of the duckweed protein, which resulted in improvements in its solubility, emulsifying properties, and foaming capacity.

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Traumatic subdural hemorrhage (TSH) is an injury between the meningeal membranes, caused by traumas, especially traffic accidents. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality rate (MR) due to TSH in the period 2018-2022 in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study on MR due to TSH in the period 2018-2022 in Chile, according to gender, age group, regional distribution, place of death, and month of death. Anonymous and public databases were used. No ethics committee approval was required. RESULTS: The average MR due to TSH in Chile from 2018 to 2022 was 0.45/100,000 inhabitants, with a peak in 2018 (0.75) and a minimum in 2021 (0.31). Men had higher rates. Mortality increased with age, especially in those over 80 years. The Metropolitan Region accounted for 35.2% of TSH-related deaths. Hospitals and clinics were the main places of death (67.1%), with more deaths in March, July, and August. DISCUSSION: The MR due to TSH progressively decreased due to medical improvements. Men have higher rates, possibly due to risk factors or biological differences. The reduction in MR in hospitals is linked to changes in the severity and categorization of the place of death. The connection with traffic accidents is significant, especially between March and August, due to the return to academic activities and weather conditions. Additionally, TSH-related deaths are concentrated in densely populated regions with more traffic accidents.

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The aim of the study was to assess the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers in four Latin American countries in 2020.An online survey was carried out with 1721 participants from Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico in 2020. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling method was used to recruit voluntary participants. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed with the SPRINT-E scale, Perceived Discrimination was assessed with a Spanish version of the scale developed by Molero, and anxiety toward death was assessed with the Spanish version of the Templer scale. All instruments were assessed for internal consistency.The overall frequency of post-traumatic stress symptoms was 23.9%. The frequency by countries was 26.4% in Argentina, 29.8% in Chile, 19.9 in Colombia, and 23.8% in Mexico. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with individual subtle discrimination, anxiety toward the death of the elderly, lack of Personal Protective Equipment, and exposition to the death.The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a mental health burden on health workers in the countries included in the study, not only due to the implications of the disease in the face of exposure to death, but also due to institutional conditions and in which they carry out their work.

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Fundamento: considerando la importancia de los trastornos de la oclusión desde el punto de vista de la salud del aparato estomatognático, es necesario definir con claridad los aspectos que conduzcan al logro de una oclusión dentaria funcional y estable. Objetivo: determinar la presencia de maloclusiones en la población objeto de estudio para establecer prioridades de tratamiento de los pacientes afectados.Métodos: investigación descriptiva, correlacional realizada en niños de cinco a once años de la escuela Antonio Maceo Grajales, del Área II del municipio de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido entre junio del 2010 – julio 2011. El universo estuvo constituido por 702 educandos del que se seleccionó una muestra probabilística estratificada de 210 escolares. Se les realizó examen clínico en dicha institución, se revisó la oclusión y se recogieron los datos en encuestas confeccionadas al efecto; a partir de estos se estableció un orden de prioridad para el tratamiento de las maloclusiones. Se determinó la percepción que tienen los niños encuestados acerca de sus anomalías empleando un patrón comparativo.Resultados: la frecuencia de maloclusión fue de 53,8 % con un predominio del sexo masculino. Las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales más frecuentes fueron: resalte aumentado, cierre bilabial anormal y el sobrepase aumentado. Al aplicar el índice Shaw se determinó que solo 53 pacientes pueden ser atendidos en el nivel primario.Conclusiones: la aplicación del índice Shaw brindó información útil para establecer la prioridad de tratamiento y comparar la percepción que tienen los niños sobre su maloclusión con las necesidades reales de tratamiento.

Background: it is necessary to clearly define the aspects that lead to a functional and stable dental occlusion, given the impact of occlusion disorders on the stomatognathic system. Objectives: to determine the presence of malocclusion in the study population in order to prioritize treatment of affected patients. Methods: a correlational descriptive study was conducted in children aged five to eleven years from the Antonio Maceo Grajales School in the Area II of the municipality of Cienfuegos during June 2010 - July 2011. The universe consisted of 702 students, from which a stratified probability sample of 210 children was selected. The clinical examination was performed in this institution, the occlusion was checked and data were collected in surveys designed for this purpose, resulting in the establishment of a priority order for treating malocclusions. The respondents’ perceptions about their disorders were determined using a comparative pattern. Results: the frequency of malocclusion was 53.8 %; males predominated. The most frequent dentomaxillofacial abnormalities were: increased overjet, abnormal bilabial closure and increased overbite. By applying Shaw’s index, it was found that only 53 patients could be treated in primary care. Conclusions: the application of Shaw’s index provided useful information to prioritize treatment and to compare children’s perceptions about their malocclusion with real need for treatment.

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Fundamento: considerando la importancia de los trastornos de la oclusión desde el punto de vista de la salud del aparato estomatognático, es necesario definir con claridad los aspectos que conduzcan al logro de una oclusión dentaria funcional y estable.Objetivo: determinar la presencia de maloclusiones en la población objeto de estudio para establecer prioridades de tratamiento de los pacientes afectados.Métodos: investigación descriptiva, correlacional realizada en niños de cinco a once años de la escuela Antonio Maceo Grajales, del Área II del municipio de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido entre junio del 2010 julio 2011. El universo estuvo constituido por 702 educandos del que se seleccionó una muestra probabilística estratificada de 210 escolares. Se les realizó examen clínico en dicha institución, se revisó la oclusión y se recogieron los datos en encuestas confeccionadas al efecto; a partir de estos se estableció un orden de prioridad para el tratamiento de las maloclusiones. Se determinó la percepción que tienen los niños encuestados acerca de sus anomalías empleando un patrón comparativo.Resultados: la frecuencia de maloclusión fue de 53,8 por ciento con un predominio del sexo masculino. Las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales más frecuentes fueron: resalte aumentado, cierre bilabial anormal y el sobrepase aumentado. Al aplicar el índice Shaw se determinó que solo 53 pacientes pueden ser atendidos en el nivel primario.Conclusiones: la aplicación del índice Shaw brindó información útil para establecer la prioridad de tratamiento y comparar la percepción que tienen los niños sobre su maloclusión con las necesidades reales de tratamiento(AU)

Background: it is necessary to clearly define the aspects that lead to a functional and stable dental occlusion, given the impact of occlusion disorders on the stomatognathic system.Objectives: to determine the presence of malocclusion in the study population in order to prioritize treatment of affected patients. Methods: a correlational descriptive study was conducted in children aged five to eleven years from the Antonio Maceo Grajales School in the Area II of the municipality of Cienfuegos during June 2010 - July 2011. The universe consisted of 702 students, from which a stratified probability sample of 210 children was selected. The clinical examination was performed in this institution, the occlusion was checked and data were collected in surveys designed for this purpose, resulting in the establishment of a priority order for treating malocclusions. The respondents' perceptions about their disorders were determined using a comparative pattern.Results: the frequency of malocclusion was 53.8 percent; males predominated. The most frequent dentomaxillofacial abnormalities were: increased overjet, abnormal bilabial closure and increased overbite. By applying Shaws index, it was found that only 53 patients could be treated in primary care.Conclusions: the application of Shaws index provided useful information to prioritize treatment and to compare childrens perceptions about their malocclusion with real need for treatment(AU)

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Fundamento: La evaluación del aprendizaje implica el control y la valoración de los conocimientos, habilidades y hábitos, así como de los modos de actuación que los estudiantes van adquiriendo en el desarrollo del proceso docente-educativo. Objetivo: Evaluar las habilidades adquiridas por los estudiantes en la estancia de Ortodoncia del cuarto año de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva correlacional, cuantitativa y cualitativa de la estancia de Ortodoncia de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos comprendida desde septiembre de 2008 a febrero de 2009. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 17 estudiantes de 4to año que cursaron su estancia en diferentes escenarios docentes. Fueron encuestados 5 profesores que impartieron los contenidos y el comité horizontal de 4to año. Resultados: Se observaron resultados satisfactorios en la adquisición de habilidades en la estancia de Ortodoncia, pero se identificaron dificultades en el dominio de los temas Crecimiento y desarrollo cráneofacial y Discrepancia hueso-diente. Los estudiantes manifestaron satisfacción con respecto al proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje y se evidenció la necesidad de brindar atención a las diferencias individuales para lograr un desarrollo más homogéneo del grupo. Conclusiones: Las dificultades identificadas en el sistema de conocimientos y habilidades adquiridas, declarados en el programa, justifican la elaboración de estrategias que permitan elevar el rendimiento académico, teniendo en cuenta que la Ortodoncia forma parte del sistema de conocimientos de las asignaturas propias de la profesión(AU)

Background: learning assessment involves the monitoring and evaluation of students knowledge, skills and habits as well as the action procedures they acquire along the educational process. Objective: to evaluate the skills acquired by fourth year Stomatology students in the orthodontics residence. Methods: descriptive, correlational, quantitative and qualitative investigation on the orthodontics residence in the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos from September 2008 to February 2009. The universe consisted of 17 students who were enrolled in 4th year stay in different teaching scenarios. Five of their teachers and the 4th year general committee of educators were surveyed. Results: satisfactory results were observed as for skills acquisition in the orthodontics stay, but difficulties were identified in topics like Craniofacial growth and development and Bone-tooth discrepancy. Students expressed satisfaction with the learning process. The need of paying special attention to individual differences to achieve a more homogeneous group was evident. Conclusions: the difficulties found in the knowledge system and acquired skills, as stated in the program, justify the development of strategies to raise academic efficiency, considering that orthodontics is part of the knowledge system and the subjects needed to form these professionals(AU)

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Fundamento: El bruxismo, hábito perjudicial muy frecuente en niños, se asocia a menudo con conflictos emocionales, ansiedad, estrés o frustración, que bien pueden darse en el entorno familiar Objetivo: Caracterizar el funcionamiento de familias con niños de 5 a 11 años que padecen de ruxismo. Métodos: Estudio con diseño analítico de caso y control, desarrollado de marzo a junio del 2007, que incluyó niños de 5 a 11 años de 3 escuelas primarias urbanas del Área II del municipio de Cienfuegos. Se seleccionó la totalidad deniños con bruxismo como casos y los controles por pareamiento de 2 a 1. Mediante la prueba FF–SIL se percibió el funcionamiento familiar. Resultados: Elbruxismo en la muestra de estudio no dependió del sexo, se evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre losgrupos de caso y control respecto al comportamiento de los componentes del funcionamiento familiar, en los queresultaron la afectividad y la cohesión las de mayor resultado y en menor grado la armonía. En las familiasestudiadas predominaron las funcionales y las moderadamente funcionales. La mayor cantidad de niños con bruxismo proceden de familias en las cualesno existe un funcionamiento familiar adecuado, además las familias disfuncionales y severamente disfuncionales son mayores en el grupo de niños con bruxismo. Conclusiones: En la muestra estudiada el bruxismo estuvo relacionado, en gran medida, con elfuncionamiento familiar inadecuado(AU)

Background: Bruxism, a common negative habit in children, is often linked with emotional conflicts, anxiety, stress, or frustration, which could be originated in the familiar environment. Objective: To characterize the familiar environment of children between 5 and 11 yearssuffering from bruxism. Methods: Analytical control case design, developed from March to June, 2007,including children between 5 and 11 years from three urban elementary schools included in Health Area II ofCienfuegos municipality. All the children with bruxism were selected as cases and the controls were selected through pairing 2 to 1. The test FF-SIL was used to assess familiar functioning. Results: Bruxism was not associated with gender. There were significant differences between both groups regarding familiar functioning, in which affectivity and cohesion had higherresults and harmony was less significant. Most of the studied families were functional or half-functional. Mostof children with bruxism come from families with inadequate functioning; besides, dysfunctional and severely dysfunctional families and more frequent in the group of children with bruxism. Conclusion: In the studied sample, bruxism was associated, to a large extent, with inadequate familiar functioning(AU)

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Fundamento: El profesor de estomatología para cumplir con su encargo social debe poseer lascompetencias docentes básicas necesarias para que los estudiantes participen y construyan su propioaprendizaje de acuerdo a las tendencias actuales de la Educación Médica. Objetivo: Identificar las deficienciasexistentes en las competencias docentes de los profesores. Método: Investigación de desarrollo cuanticualitativa de la carrera de Estomatología, que comprende desde el año 2006 a diciembre 2007. Eluniverso estuvo constituido por 25 profesores que impartían las asignaturas propias de la profesión, seanalizaron variables como: años de graduados, experiencia, categorías docentes, preparación pedagógica y competencias docentes. Se aplicaronvarios instrumentos a estudiantes, profesores y directivos del proceso y se constituyó un equipo de peritos que funcionó como un grupo nominal. A partir de la información obtenida se diseñó un sistema de acciones capacitantes. La información de los datos se procesó empleando el paquete de programas SPSS versión 15.0 para Windows. Resultados: Se demostróque existían dificultades en el desarrollo de las competencias de los profesores, que influye negativamente en la calidad de la docencia, principalmente en el logro de la comprensión de losobjetivos por los estudiantes, en los métodos de enseñanza que conlleva a una pobre investigación pedagógica. Conclusiones: Las dificultades que sepresentan en el desarrollo de las competencias docentes inciden en la calidad de los profesionales en formación. Esta investigación se revela como una alternativa viable ante el reto de modelar la figura del profesional deEstomatología que requiere el Sistema Nacional de Salud(AU)

Background: Stomatology professors should master the appropriate educational competences to make thestudents learn and build their own learning according to contemporary pedagogical trends in Medical Education.Objective: To identify the existing deficiencies in professionals´ educational competences. Method:Quantitative-qualitative development research in Stomatology career from 2006 to December 2007. This research included 25 professors and the studiedvariables were: graduation year, experience, educational categorization, pedagogical training and educationalcompetences. Different instruments were applied to professors, students, and directors and a team of experts was formed to work as a nominal group. From the collected data an enabling system of actions was designed. Date was processed using SPSS softwareversion 15.0 for Windows. Results: Deficiencies in the development of educational competences were found,negatively influencing educational quality, mainly in the understanding of teaching objectives, and in teachingmethods leading to an inappropriate pedagogical investigation. Conclusions: Deficiencies in the development of educational competences have animpact on the quality of the future professional. This study is a viable alternative to improve Stomatologyprofessionals in our National Health System(AU)

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