RESUMO
Consumer surveys were conducted in the Western, Central, and Eastern regions of Venezuela to determine buying expectations, motivations, needs, perceptions, and preferences of beef consumers, and their acceptance of domestic (and foreign) beef, as affected by different intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Data (n = 693) were gathered by face-to-face interviews on the way out of fresh markets, butcher stores, supermarkets, and, in some cases, at home by using a 45-question structured questionnaire. Responses were subjected to factorial analysis of correspondence (FA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. From the FA, the first two factors explain 74% of the common variance. Factor 1 comprises intrinsic attributes such as color, smell, tenderness, flavor, juiciness, and freshness; while Factor 2 contains extrinsic attributes, mostly related to the origin. The FA profiling data showed that it is possible to concentrate on the traits that consumers usually use as a criterion to perceive beef quality, and to purchase beef. Using cluster analysis, four groups of consumers were mainly distinguished by region, intrinsic attributes, and credence attributes related to production system, aging, traceability, and hygiene. Results from this study will be helpful in designing strategies for recovering and enhancing the future, domestic beef demand.
RESUMO
To evaluate the Salmonella prevalence and its antimicrobial susceptibility in dual-purpose cattle farms, fecal (n = 3964; from cows and calves) and environmental samples (n = 334; personnel, feed, and water sources) were collected over a 1-year period at six farms in the eastern region of Zulia State, Venezuela. Salmonella detection was carried out using standard microbiological culture methods. From 453 isolated Salmonella, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using a panel of 10 antibiotics by the disk diffusion test method. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella at the farm was 10.4% (n = 410/3964), being positive for Salmonella in at least in one sample. Salmonella was found in 11% (222/2009) of cows and 9.7% (188/1937) of calves. The prevalence of environmental samples was 10.78% (36/334), where water sources and milkers' hands showed higher occurrence (p < 0.01). Among the Salmonella isolates recovered, 10.2% displayed resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillins, sulfonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Overall, multidrug resistance was 9.1%, and the most common combination was cephalothin-gentamicin-tetracycline, followed by gentamicin-norfloxacin-tetracycline. Over the course of this study, it was found that 100% of the evaluated farms had cattle shedding Salmonella and that the surrounding farm environments were contaminated, which contributed to the cycling of the pathogen at the farms and further contamination of the milk. However, only a low percentage of isolates exhibited significant antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Fazendas , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Leite , Prevalência , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Data from 292 hot fat trimmed carcasses derived from Costa Rican cattle were used to predict yield of fabricated boneless, closely-trimmed, high-valued cuts (BVS, by weight and percentage); yield of total saleable product (TSP, by weight and percentage); and percentage yields of bone and trim fat. Backfat thickness was not significantly associated with weight of BVS or TSP. Carcass weight explained 93.7% and 95.9% of the total variation in weight of BVS and TSP, respectively. Equations for predicting percentage yields of BVS and TSP showed little predictive efficacy. Conversely, the greater precision of the equations selected to predict the quantity (kg) of BVS or TSP, offers a practical alternative of using them in hot fat trimmed carcasses.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Desenvolvimento Ósseo , Produtos da Carne/análise , Indústria de Embalagem de Carne/métodos , Carne/análise , Modelos Biológicos , Desenvolvimento Muscular , Matadouros , Algoritmos , Animais , Peso Corporal , Bovinos , Costa Rica , Feminino , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Masculino , Distribuição Normal , Refrigeração , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Male (n=66) water buffalo (Buffalo) and Brahman-influenced cattle (Brahman) were born, raised, weaned, fattened on grazing savannah and harvested at two different ages (19 and 24months) to compare lipid composition of the longissimus thoracis muscle. Half of the animals were castrated at seven months of age (MOA) to examine the castration effects. At 24 MOA Brahman steers showed the highest content of total lipids (P<0.05). No significant variation was detected in cholesterol content for either the main or interaction effects in the age groups. Some individual fatty acids varied with the species (P<0.05), however, interspecific similarities were found in fatty acid ratios. For health-related indices, only atherogenic index (AI) showed lower values in favor of Buffalo meat (P<0.05) at both harvesting ages. Although, meat derived from both bovid groups was leaner and showed lower cholesterol level, AI indicates that Buffalo meat might be beneficial from a human health standpoint.
Assuntos
Búfalos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Colesterol na Dieta/análise , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Herbivoria , Carne/análise , Músculo Esquelético/química , Matadouros , Animais , Músculos do Dorso/química , Músculos do Dorso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculos do Dorso/metabolismo , Búfalos/metabolismo , Bovinos/metabolismo , Colesterol/análise , Colesterol/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Especificidade da Espécie , VenezuelaRESUMO
The objective of the study was to characterize virulence genes and subtype Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157:H( 2 ) isolates obtained from a vertically integrated feedlot slaughter plant in Mexico. A total of 1,695 samples were collected from feedlots, holding pens, colon contents, hides, and carcasses. E. coli O157:H7 detection and confirmation was carried out using conventional microbiology techniques, immunomagnetic separation, latex agglutination, and the BAX system. A total of 97 E. coli O157 strains were recovered and screened for key virulence and metabolic genes using multiplex and conventional PCR. Eighty-eight (91.72%) of the strains carried stx2, eae, and ehxA genes. Ten isolates (8.25%) were atypical sorbitol-fermenting strains, and nine were negative for the flicH7 gene and lacked eae, stx1, stx2, and ehxA. One sorbitol-positive strain carried stx2, eae, tir, toxB, and iha genes but was negative for stx1 and ehxA. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis yielded 49 different PFGE subtypes, showing a high genetic diversity; however, the majority of the typical isolates were closely related (80 to 90% cutoff). Atypical O157 isolates were not closely related within them or to typical E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Identical PFGE subtypes were found in samples obtained from colon contents, feedlots, holding pens, and carcasses. Isolation of a sorbitolfermenting E. coli O157 positive for a number of virulence genes is a novel finding in Mexico. These data showed that genetically similar strains of E. coli O157:H7 can be found at various stages of beef production and highlights the importance of preventing cross-contamination at the pre- and postharvest stages of processing.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli O157/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bovinos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Escherichia coli O157/classificação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Separação Imunomagnética , México , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
This study determined Salmonella prevalence at different stages during the slaughtering in three beef slaughter plants (A, B and C) located in the western region of Venezuela (Zulia and Lara states). Each facility was visited three times at monthly intervals, from the months October through December of 2006. Samples were collected from hides (n=80), fecal grabs (n=80) and carcasses (n=80) at the phases of pre-evisceration, after-evisceration and pre-cooler at three sampling sites on the animals (rump, flank and brisket). Salmonella prevalence was higher on hides (36.3%) than on feces (13.8%) (P<0.05). Differences among slaughter plants for overall Salmonella prevalence were observed (P=0.001; A: 3.5%, B: 11.1%, C: 4.4%). From the isolated strains, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica ser. Saintpaul, Salmonella ser. Javiana and Salmonella ser. Weltevreden were identified. Cattle feces and hides might be considered as important sources of Salmonella for carcass contamination at different slaughter stages. The presence of potentially pathogenic Salmonella serotypes at the slaughtering stages is an evidence of the circulation of this pathogen in the food environment; its presence could increase consumers' risks of infection if proper food handling and preparation techniques are not followed. These data should serve as a baseline for future comparisons in Salmonella prevalence on beef carcasses to be used by the government and industry in order to establish preventive measures and to better address the risks of Salmonella contamination.
Assuntos
Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella/fisiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Manipulação de Alimentos/normas , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem , VenezuelaRESUMO
En las explotaciones porcinas de Venezuela, no es común comercializar canales provenientes de machos enteros a pesar de las ventajas que ofrece su producción, esto es debido a la preocupación de que un porcentaje indeterminado de canales presenten el defecto sensorial denominado olor sexual. Por ello se planificó un estudio con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la condición sexual (machos enteros y castrados) y distintos pesos al sacrificio (83,8 ± 6,3; 95 ±5 ,0 y 106±6,0) sobre las características de la canal y calidad de la carne de cerdo. Para ello, se utilizaron 84 cerdos (42 machos castrados y 42 machos enteros), provenientes del cruzamiento de hembras F1 (Yorkshire × Landrace) y machos Dalland Tempo (B80) de la línea comercial Topigs. Los resultados muestran que los cerdos machos enteros presentaron menor espesor de grasa subcutánea que los cerdos castrados (P < 0,01). El área del ojo del lomo de los machos enteros superó en un 12,86 por ciento a los castrados (P < 0,01). Los cerdos machos enteros presentaron menor pérdida por goteo a las 24h y mayores pérdidas por cocción y resistencia al corte (P<0,01). El análisis sensorial reveló que los consumidores no fueron capaces de detectar el olor sexual (olor a orina) principal desventaja en el uso de éstas carnes en los rangos de pesos evaluados en el presente estudio. El uso de machos enteros es una alternativa viable para los productores por presentar mejores características de la canal que los machos castrados, esto sin detrimento de la calidad en sus carnes.
In Venezuela, the pig production systems is not common to market carcasses coming from pigs in spite of its multiple advantages. This is due to the concerns arisen by the detection of sensory defect called boar taint in an undetermined percentage of carcasses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sexual condition (noncastrated or boars and castrated males) and different weights at slaughter (83.8 ± 6.3, 95 ± 5.0 and 106 ± 6) on carcass characteristics and meat quality. In order to persue this objective 84 crossbred pigs [DallandTempo (B80) X F1 Yorkshire × Landrace], including 42 boars and 42 castrated males were used. Non-castrated male pigs had lower backfat than castrated ones (P <0.01). The loin eye area of boars was 12.86 percent greater of that of castrated males (P <0.01). Boars had a lower drip loss at 24h and a higher cooking loss and shear force than castrated males (P<0.01). The sensorial analysis showed that consumers were not capable of detecting the boar taint defect, which is a main disadvantage of the use of boar meat in the weight range evaluated in the present study. The use of boars is a good alternative for pig producers due to better carcass characteristics compared to castrated males, without detriment of its meat quality.
Assuntos
Animais , Comércio/métodos , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Suínos , Pesos e Medidas , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
Las muestras de músculo longissimus dorsi fueron obtenidas de 23 novillos Criollo Limonero (CL), que a los 36 meses de edad se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en cada uno de los siguientes tratamientos de suplementación, durante un período de 158 días: T1= Pastoreo (Echinochloa polystachia) no suplementado; T2= Pastoreo más 1.0Kg./animal/día de concentrado al 11 por ciento Proteína Cruda (PC) y T3= Pastoreo más 1 h/día ramoneando Leucaena leucocephala. A las 48 horas postmortem, le fue retirado un bistec del músculo longissimus dorsi para determinar el efecto de la suplementación sobre la composición proximal y mineral (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, y P), y contenido de colesterol. El análisis de varianza por el método de mínimos cuadrados no indicó efectos significativos (P>0,05) de los tratamientos de suplementación sobre las variables estudiadas. Los bajos niveles de lípidos totales y contenido de colesterol de las muestras para todos los tratamientos, incluyendo la suplementación con concentrado, evidenciaron una alta magrez, lo que indica que las carnes de los novillos Criollo Limonero pudieran ser comercializadas como carnes ligeras o bajas en grasas.
Longissimus dorsi samples were obtained from 23 Criollo Limonero (CL) steers, that were subjected to supplementation treatments (at 36 months of age), during 158 d of fattening on pasture, as follows: T1= a non-suplemented (control) group, grazing on Echinochloa polystachia grass; T2= grazing plus 1 Kg/d/head of a concentrate to 11% Crude Protein (CP), and T3= grazing plus 1h/d of pruning an arboreal legume (Leucaena leucocephala). After postmortem, muscles samples were removed from their carcasses to study the effects of supplementation on the proximal (content of protein, moisture, total lipids and ash) and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and P), cholesterol content. Analysis of variance was conducted by the least squares method. The variance analysis did not reveal significant effect (P>0.05) of the supplementation treatments on the proximal composition, cholesterol and mineral content in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Meat derived from Criollo Limonero steers showed low levels of total lipids and cholesterol, which indicated that meat derived from these animals could be marketed as light meat or low in fat.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Colesterol , Carne , Minerais , Ração Animal , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar patrones de resistencia y multirresistencia de cepas de Salmonella spp. Aisladas de una planta procesadora de aves, hacia las quinolonas y fluoroquinolonas (ácido nalidíxico=Na, ciprofloxacina=Cf y enrofloxacina= Ex), así como a otros antimicrobianos: tetraciclinas (T), oxitetraciclina (O), neomicina (N), nitrofurantoina (Nf), trimetoprim (Tr) y cloranfenicol (C). Un total de 146 aislamientos de Salmonella spp. fueron obtenidos de diferentes fuentes: 34 cepas provenientes de mezclas de vísceras blancas (colón, ciegos) y vísceras rojas (hígado y bazo); 87 cepas aisladas de las canales en los procesos de desplume, eviscerado, enfriamiento y empacado; 8 cepas obtenidas de subproductos comestibles (patas, cuellos, hígados y mollejas) y 19 cepas de muestras de ambientes (agua, hielo y superficies de equipos). Se utilizaron técnicas microbiológicas convencionales, pruebas bioquímicas, serológicas y pruebas de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos por difusión en agar. Los resultados revelaron una alta resistencia para Na (73,3 por ciento; 107/146), Nf (60,2 por ciento; 88/146), T (56,2 por ciento; 82/146), O (54,8 por ciento; 80/146), Tr (54,1 por ciento; 79/146) y una menor resistencia a Ex (6.2 por ciento; 9/146), Cf (2,7por ciento; 4/146), N (2,0 por ciento; 3/146) y C (2,5por ciento; 4/146). Se encontró un porcentaje elevado de multirresistencia (65,0 por ciento; 95/146) y dentro de ellos, los más notorios fueron: NaNfTTr (42,1 por ciento), NaNfTr (26,3 por ciento) y NaNfT (10,5 por ciento). No se observó relación significativa (P>0,05) entre los patrones de resistencia y multirresistencia encontrados con el origen de las diferentes cepas de Salmonella. Estos resultados evidencian el surgimiento de cepas de Salmonellas resistentes a las quinolonas y la necesidad de programas de vigilancia de resistencia antimicrobiana.
The aim of this study was to determine the resistance and multi-resistance patterns of strains of Salmonella spp. isolated in a poultry processing plant in Zulia State, to quinolones and fluoroquinolones (Nalidixic acid=Na, ciprofloxacin=Cf, and enrofloxacin=Ex), as well as other antimicrobial drugs: tetracycline (T), oxitetracycline (O), neomycin (N), nitrofurantoine (Nf), trimetropim (Tr) and chloranfenicol (C). A total of 146 Salmonella isolates were obtained from different sources: 34 strains from pools of Intestines (duodenal and colon) and internal organs (liver and spleen); 87 strains of carcass samples collected in four different phases: carcasses after defeathering, evisceration, chilling, and final packed products; 8 strains from edible by-products (neck, liver, gizzard and legs) and 19 strains from environmental samples (water, ice, and equipment surfaces). The detection analyses were performed using conventional microbiological techniques, biochemical tests, serological and agar diffusion methods for antimicrobial susceptibility. The results showed a high resistance to Na (73.3%; 107/146), Nf (60.2%; 88/147), T (56.2%; 82/146), O (54.8%; 80/146), Tr (54.1%; 79/146) and low resistance to Ex (6.2%; 9/146), Cf (2.7%; 4/146), N (2.0%; 3/146) and C (2.7%; 4/146). There was observed a high percentage of multi-resistant strains (65.0%; 95/146) and within of them, the most common patterns were: NaNfTTr (42.1%), NaNfTr (26.3%) and NaNfT (10.5%). No significant relationship was observed (P>0.05) between resistance and multi-resistance patterns with the source of the Salmonella strains. These results are evidence of the emergence of resistant Salmonella strains to fluoroquinolones and the necessity of programs for antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
Assuntos
Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos , Galinhas/microbiologia , Quinolonas , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Vísceras , Reações Bioquímicas/métodos , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
Se estudiaron efectos de dos tipos de suplementación a pastoreo sobre caracaterísticas al sacrificio, rasgos en canal y rendimiento carnicero de 23 novillos de la raza Criollo Limonero. A los 36 meses de edad, éstos se distribuyeron aleatoriamente a tres grupos durante 158 d: T1= Pastoreo (Echinochloa polystachia) no suplementado, como testigo; T2= Pastoreo más 1,0 Kg/animal/día de concentrado al 11% PC y T3= Pastoreo más 1 h/día ramoneando Leucaena leucocephala. Análisis de varianza covarianza por el método de mínimos cuadrados indicaron que ningún tratamiento de suplementación (T2, T3), afectó (P>0,05) el rendimiento en canal, los rasgos de la canal y variables de rendimiento en cortes. Solo se observó una menor proporción de víceras blancas frente al testigo del grupo suplementado con Leucaena (7.98% vs 7,07%). Se sugiere estudiar otras alternativas de manejo y de alimentación con alta energía que permitan mejorar la calidad de la canal y el rendimiento cárnico de novillos de esta raza Bos taurus lechera tropical.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Indústria da Carne , Suplementos Nutricionais , Venezuela , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
Se sacrificaron 14 toros F1 Senepol x Cebú (descendientes de 3 sementales senepol en 14 vacas predominantes Nellore) producidos a sabana. Sus canales se electro-estimularon, y bistés retirados del músculo longissimus sirvieron para determinar los efectos del período de maduración en bolsas al vacío (2, 7 y 14 días) sobre las características de culinaria, fuerza de corte Warner Bratzler (FCWB) y atributos de palatabilidad calificados por cortadores. Se detectó efecto de semental (P=0,001) sobre los valores FCWB. teniendo por testigos bistés madurados por dos días (2d), los madurados por mas tiempo (7 y 14) tardaron mas en cocerse (P<0,05), tuvieron valores FCWB mas bajos (P<0,05), y fueron calificados por los catadores como mas tiernos (P<0,01), con menor cantidad de tejido conectivo (P<0,01) y de sabor mas intenso (P<0,01). En el grupo de bistés testigo, el 42,9 por ciento clasificaron como Tiernos (WBS<3,88 kg), 21,4 por ciento Intermedios (WBS<3,88 a 4,98 Kg) y 35,7 por ciento Duros (WBS>4.98). Para el día 14, el 71,4 por ciento de los bistés resultaron Tiernos, 21,4 por ciento Intermedios y 7,1 por ciento Duros. La maduración de bistés de toros de este tipo racial y producidos a sabana de la manera descrita, redujo la proporción de lomos duros, de 35,7 por ciento (2d, testigos) a 21,4 por ciento (7d) y 7,1 por ciento (14d)