RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat and whether the PNPLA3 rs738409 risk allele, a strong genetic risk factor for hepatic fat, modifies associations. STUDY DESIGN: Data were from 358 participants in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among CHildren (EPOCH) study, a longitudinal cohort in Colorado. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in childhood (approximately 10 years of age) and adolescence (approximately 16 years of age) and converted to nutrient densities. Hepatic fat was assessed in adolescence by magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression was used to test associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat. RESULTS: Increases in fiber, vegetable protein, and polyunsaturated fat intake from childhood to adolescence were associated with lower adolescent hepatic fat, and increases in animal protein were associated with higher hepatic fat (ß per 5-unit increase on log-hepatic fat: -0.12 [95% CI, -0.21 to -0.02] for âµfiber; -0.26 [95% CI, -0.45 to -0.07] for âµvegetable protein; -0.18 [95% CI, -0.35 to -0.02] for âµpolyunsaturated fat; 0.13 [95% CI, 0.04-0.22] for âµanimal protein). There was evidence of effect modification by PNPLA3 variant, whereby inverse associations of âµfiber and âµvegetable protein and positive associations of âµsaturated fat with adolescent hepatic fat were stronger in risk allele carriers. Most conclusions were similar after adjusting for obesity in adolescence, but associations of âµsaturated fat with hepatic fat were attenuated toward the null. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that nutrient intake changes between childhood and adolescence, particularly decreases in fiber and vegetable protein and increases in saturated fat intake, interact with the PNPLA3 variant to predict higher hepatic fat in adolescence, and may be targets for reducing hepatic fat in high-risk youth.
Assuntos
Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Criança , Comportamento Infantil , Dieta/psicologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Fígado Gorduroso/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado Gorduroso/genética , Fígado Gorduroso/psicologia , Feminino , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Lipase/genética , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , AutorrelatoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypothesis that metabolic measures (fasting glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model of Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] levels) are inversely associated with performance on cognitive tasks using data from young (4- to 6-year-old), typically developing, healthy children. STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from children participating in the Healthy Start study, a pre-birth cohort in Colorado. HOMA-IR, glucose, and insulin values were centered and scaled using the study sample means and SD. Thus, they are reported in number of SD units from the mean. Fully corrected T scores for inhibitory control (Flanker task), cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort test), and receptive language (Picture Vocabulary test) were obtained via the National Institutes of Health Toolbox cognition battery. RESULTS: Children included in this analysis (n = 137) were 4.6 years old, on average. Per 1-SD unit, fasting glucose (B = -2.0, 95% CI -3.5, -0.5), insulin (B = -1.7, 95% CI -3.0, -0.4), and HOMA-IR values (B = -1.8, 95% CI -3.1, -0.5) were each significantly and inversely associated with inhibitory control (P < .05 for all, respectively). Fasting glucose levels were also inversely associated with cognitive flexibility (B = -2.0, 95% CI -3.7, -0.2, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that metabolic health may impact fluid cognitive function in healthy, young children.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Cognição , Insulina/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cognitivos/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Colorado/epidemiologia , Jejum , Feminino , Homeostase , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Idioma , Masculino , Mães , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if fetal overnutrition resulting from maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased liver fat during adolescence, adjusting for past and current metabolic risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a historical prospective cohort study (Exploring Perinatal Outcomes in Children) of 254 mother-child pairs in Colorado who participated in 2 research visits at T1 (mean age 10.4, SD = 1.5 years) and at T2 (mean age 16.4, SD = 1.5 years), and had complete exposure and outcome data. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GDM on hepatic fat fraction (HFF) by magnetic resonance imaging at T2. RESULTS: Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI 30+) was significantly associated (ß = 1.59, CI = 0.66, 2.52) with increased HFF relative to mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight (BMI <25) independent of maternal GDM and sociodemographic factors. Moreover, this association was independent of T2 and T1 metabolic risk factors (acanthosis nigricans, BMI, fasting glucose) (ß = 1.03, CI = 0.10, 1.97). Prenatal GDM exposure was not associated with HFF in either unadjusted or adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased HFF in offspring independent of childhood and adolescent adiposity. Intervention studies are needed to test the hypothesis that maternal obesity is a modifiable risk factor for childhood fatty liver disease.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional , Fígado Gorduroso/etiologia , Hipernutrição/complicações , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Fígado Gorduroso/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores during pregnancy and neonatal adiposity. STUDY DESIGN: The analysis included 1078 mother-neonate pairs in Healthy Start, a prospective prebirth cohort. Diet was assessed using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls. DII scores were obtained by summing nutrient intakes, which were standardized to global means and multiplied by inflammatory effect scores. Air displacement plethysmography measured fat mass and fat-free mass within 72 hours of birth. Linear and logistic models evaluated the associations of DII scores with birth weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent fat mass, and with categorical outcomes of small- and large-for-gestational age. We tested for interactions with prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain. RESULTS: The interaction between prepregnancy BMI and DII was statistically significant for birth weight, neonatal fat mass, and neonatal percent fat mass. Among neonates born to obese women, each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with increased birth weight (53 g; 95% CI, 20, 87), fat mass (20 g; 95% CI, 7-33), and percent fat mass (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8). No interaction was detected for small- and large-for-gestational age. Each 1-unit increase in DII score was associated a 40% increase in odds of a large-for-gestational age neonate (1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0; P = .04), but not a small-for-gestational age neonate (1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.2; P = .80). There was no evidence of an interaction with gestational weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that an increased inflammatory milieu during pregnancy may be a risk factor for neonatal adiposity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02273297.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , Índice de Massa Corporal , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Ganho de Peso na Gestação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of demographic, perinatal, and infant feeding characteristics with offspring body composition at approximately 5 months of age. STUDY DESIGN: We collected data on 640 mother/offspring pairs from early pregnancy through approximately 5 months of age. We assessed offspring body composition with air displacement plethysmography at birth and approximately 5 months of age. Linear regression analyses examined associations between predictors and fat-free mass, fat mass, and percent fat mass (adiposity) at approximately 5 months. Secondary models further adjusted for body composition at birth and rapid infant growth. RESULTS: Greater prepregnant body mass index and gestational weight gain were associated with greater fat-free mass at approximately 5 months of age, but not after adjustment for fat-free mass at birth. Greater gestational weight gain was also associated with greater fat mass at approximately 5 months of age, independent of fat mass at birth and rapid infant growth, although this did not translate into increased adiposity. Greater percent time of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower fat-free mass (-311 g; P < .001), greater fat mass (+224 g; P < .001), and greater adiposity (+3.51%; P < .001). Compared with offspring of non-Hispanic white mothers, offspring of Hispanic mothers had greater adiposity (+2.72%; P < .001) and offspring of non-Hispanic black mothers had lower adiposity (-1.93%; P < .001). Greater adiposity at birth predicted greater adiposity at approximately 5 months of age, independent of infant feeding and rapid infant growth. CONCLUSIONS: There are clear differences in infant body composition by demographic, perinatal, and infant feeding characteristics, although our data also show that increased adiposity at birth persists through approximately 5 months of age. Our findings warrant further research into implications of differences in infant body composition.