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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Evidence-based women's healthcare is underpinned by systematic reviews and guidelines. Generating an evidence synthesis to support guidance for clinical practice is a time-consuming and labour-intensive activity that delays transfer of research into practice. Artificial intelligence has the potential to rapidly collate, combine, and update high-quality medical evidence with accuracy and precision, and without bias. RECENT FINDINGS: This article describes the main fields of artificial intelligence with examples of its application to systematic reviews. These include the capabilities of processing natural language texts, retrieving information, reasoning, and learning. The complementarity and interconnection of the various artificial intelligence techniques can be harnessed to solve difficult problems in automation of reviews. Computer science can advance evidence-based medicine through development, testing, and refinement of artificial intelligence tools to deploy automation, creating 'living' evidence syntheses. SUMMARY: Groundbreaking, high-quality, and impactful artificial intelligence will accelerate the transfer of individual research studies seamlessly into evidence syntheses for contemporaneously improving the quality of healthcare.

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An adequate supply of fresh, high quality and accessible vegetables is essential for a healthy food system. In Latin America, these are mostly produced by smallholder farmers. The objective of this research was to characterize the productive and commercial development of small-scale vegetable growers and to further understand and explain their attitudes on their business. A total of 335 farmers in Central Chile area were surveyed. The data was processed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Results showed that farmers have a positive self-assessment of their technical performance, production quality and the contribution of farming to their household income. They express uncertainty about the future, as well as some disappointment with the prices they receive for their produce and their access to public support programs. There are significant differences between farmers within the sample; however, which allow two distinct clusters to be identified: conformist (69.05%) and critical (30.95%). These results suggested that these small-scale vegetable growers have certain generalizable attitudes and other divergent. The differences in attitudes coincide with differences in objective characteristics, including age, education, farm size and technology.(AU)

O fornecimento de vegetais frescos, de qualidade e acessíveis, são essenciais para um sistema alimentar saudável. Na América Latina, essa produção está principalmente nas mãos dos pequenos agricultores. O objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar o desenvolvimento produtivo e comercial de pequenos produtores de hortaliças e entender e explicar melhor suas atitudes em relação à atividade. No total, foram pesquisados 335 agricultores no centro do Chile. Os dados coletados foram processados usando técnicas descritivas e multivariadas. Como resultados, se encontraram uma avaliação geral positiva do desempenho técnico, da qualidade da produção e da contribuição para a renda familiar, embora acompanhada de uma incerteza sobre o futuro. Os entrevistados expressaram decepções sobre alguns aspectos, como preço de venda e acesso a programas de apoio público. No entanto, existem diferenças significativas na amostra que permitem a identificação de dois grupos: conformistas (69,05%) e crítico (30,95%). Esses resultados sugerem que, no caso analisado, os pequenos produtores de hortaliças têm certas atitudes generalizáveis e outras divergentes. As diferenças de atitudes são coincidentes com as características objetivas, como idade, escolaridade, tamanho da fazenda e tecnologia.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: An adequate supply of fresh, high quality and accessible vegetables is essential for a healthy food system. In Latin America, these are mostly produced by smallholder farmers. The objective of this research was to characterize the productive and commercial development of small-scale vegetable growers and to further understand and explain their attitudes on their business. A total of 335 farmers in Central Chile area were surveyed. The data was processed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Results showed that farmers have a positive self-assessment of their technical performance, production quality and the contribution of farming to their household income. They express uncertainty about the future, as well as some disappointment with the prices they receive for their produce and their access to public support programs. There are significant differences between farmers within the sample; however, which allow two distinct clusters to be identified: "conformist" (69.05%) and "critical" (30.95%). These results suggested that these small-scale vegetable growers have certain generalizable attitudes and other divergent. The differences in attitudes coincide with differences in objective characteristics, including age, education, farm size and technology.

RESUMO: O fornecimento de vegetais frescos, de qualidade e acessíveis, são essenciais para um sistema alimentar saudável. Na América Latina, essa produção está principalmente nas mãos dos pequenos agricultores. O objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar o desenvolvimento produtivo e comercial de pequenos produtores de hortaliças e entender e explicar melhor suas atitudes em relação à atividade. No total, foram pesquisados ​​335 agricultores no centro do Chile. Os dados coletados foram processados usando técnicas descritivas e multivariadas. Como resultados, se encontraram uma avaliação geral positiva do desempenho técnico, da qualidade da produção e da contribuição para a renda familiar, embora acompanhada de uma incerteza sobre o futuro. Os entrevistados expressaram decepções sobre alguns aspectos, como preço de venda e acesso a programas de apoio público. No entanto, existem diferenças significativas na amostra que permitem a identificação de dois grupos: "conformistas" (69,05%) e "crítico" (30,95%). Esses resultados sugerem que, no caso analisado, os pequenos produtores de hortaliças têm certas atitudes generalizáveis e outras divergentes. As diferenças de atitudes são coincidentes com as características objetivas, como idade, escolaridade, tamanho da fazenda e tecnologia.

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Calle 13 era una banda puertorriqueña que a lo largo de su trayectoria musical produjo diferentes canciones que abren los ojos a la realidad por su discurso social y temas controversiales. También, estas promueven la búsqueda de identidad y resistencia a la opresión. Este artículo propone el análisis del último disco de la banda, Multi Viral (2014), el cual está dividido en diferentes apartados, como las raíces y las influencias del estilo de la banda con La Nueva Canción y el folclore. Además se explicarán temáticas como la violencia, manipulación, desigualdad y represión, presentadas en las canciones "El aguante", "Multi Viral", "Adentro" y "Cuando los pies besan el piso".

Calle 13 was a Puerto Rican band that throughtout its musical trajectory produced different songs that open the eyes due to social discourse and controversial subjects. Also, these songs promote the identity search and resistance to oppression. Thus, this article proposes an analysis about the band's last record, Multi Viral (2014); it is divided in different sections as the roots and the style influences of the band with La Nueva Canción and the folklore. Moreover, it explains topics like violence, manipulation, inequality and repression, that are presented in the songs "El aguante", "Multi Viral", "Adentro", and "Cuando los pies besan el piso".

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency levels of health expenditure in 25 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methodology of stochastic frontier analysis was applied to estimate the efficiency scores of the countries, using data from years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2012. Two output variables were considered, life expectancy at birth and infant mortality. In the latter case, determinants of inefficiency were analyzed. RESULTS: The average efficiency level of the region using life expectancy is higher than when using infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that countries can still improve the use of resources. Guiding the expenditure policy towards immunization programs and ensuring births take place in the presence of trained staff are efficient ways to save neonates.

OBJETIVO: Comparar los niveles de eficiencia del gasto sanitario para 25 países de América Latina y el Caribe. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Aplicando la metodología del análisis de frontera estocástica se estiman los índices de eficiencia de los países, utilizando datos de los años 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 y 2012. Se consideran dos variables alternativas de resultado de salud, la esperanza de vida y la mortalidad infantil. Para este último caso, se analizan los determinantes de la ineficiencia. RESULTADOS: La media del nivel de eficiencia de la región considerando la esperanza de vida es mayor que al utilizar la mortalidad infantil. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que los países aún pueden mejorar el uso de los recursos y que orientar una política de gasto hacia programas de inmunización y que garantice que los partos sean atendidos por un personal capacitado es una manera eficiente de salvar la vida de los neonatos.

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Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de eficiencia del gasto sanitario para 25 países de América Latina y el Caribe. Material y métodos: Aplicando la metodología del análisis de frontera estocástica se estiman los índices de eficiencia de los países, utilizando datos de los años 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 y 2012. Se consideran dos variables alternativas de resultado de salud, la esperanza de vida y la mortalidad infantil. Para este último caso, se analizan los determinantes de la ineficiencia. Resultados: La media del nivel de eficiencia de la región considerando la esperanza de vida es mayor que al utilizar la mortalidad infantil. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los países aún pueden mejorar el uso de los recursos y que orientar una política de gasto hacia programas de inmunización y que garantice que los partos sean atendidos por un personal capacitado es una manera eficiente de salvar la vida de los neonatos.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficiency levels of health expenditure in 25 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Materials and methods: The methodology of stochastic frontier analysis was applied to estimate the efficiency scores of the countries, using data from years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2012. Two output variables were considered, life expectancy at birth and infant mortality. In the latter case, determinants of inefficiency were analyzed. Results: The average efficiency level of the region using life expectancy is higher than when using infant mortality. Conclusions: Results suggest that countries can still improve the use of resources. Guiding the expenditure policy towards immunization programs and ensuring births take place in the presence of trained staff are efficient ways to save neonates.

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The presence of acetic acid bacteria populations on grape surfaces from several Chilean valleys is reported. The bacteria were analysed at both the species and the strain level by molecular methods such as RFLP-PCR 16S rRNA gene, RFLP-PCR ITS 16S-23S rRNA gene regions and Arbitrary Primed (AP) PCR. Our results show that there are limited numbers of species of acetic acid bacteria in the grapes and that there is a need for an enrichment medium before plating to recover the individual colonies. In the Northernmost region analysed, the major species recovered was a non-acetic acid bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophila. Following the North-South axis of Chilean valleys, the observed distribution of acetic acid bacteria was zonified: Acetobacter cerevisiae was only present in the North and Gluconobacter oxydans in the South. Both species were recovered together in only one location. The influence of the grape cultivar was negligible. Variability in strains was found to be high (more than 40%) for both Acetobacteraceae species.

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