Assuntos
Dieta , Hormônios/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Chile , Comparação Transcultural , Estrogênios/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Menstruação , Papua Nova Guiné , Prolactina/análise , Risco , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Two statistical tests have been suggested to detect household aggregation of disease. Mathen and Chakraborty [1950] proposed counting the number of households, Z, in which there were no cases of the disease, and Walter [1974] proposed counting the number of pairs, N, of cases within households. As originally formulated, both of these methods suffer from the limitation that it is assumed, in the null case, that all members of the population, who are assumed to be susceptible, are at equal risk to disease. In this paper we generalise these tests to the situation in which different population strata are at different risks to disease. Formulae are given for the first four moments of Z. The revised Walter's test is shown to be a special case of a test of Pike and Smith [1974] which enables the expectation and variance of N to be directly evaluated. A similar relationship is noted between Walter's test and Knox's [1964] test for space-time clustering. A further test statistic is suggested: the number of cases, T, in households containing two or more cases.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/genética , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Humanos , Probabilidade , População RuralRESUMO
Lower incidence rates of cancer for all anatomic sites combined were found in male and female Spanish-surnamed residents of Los Angeles County when compared to other whites. These Mexican-Americans were at lower risk for cancer of the buccal cavity, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, breast, bladder, prostate, and testis, and were at higher risk for cancer of the stomach, gallbladder, liver, and cervix. Immigrant Mexican-Americans had incidence rates most divergent from other whites, whereas indigenous Mexican-Americans had rates between the other two groups. The cancer pattern in Mexican-Americans was generally similar to that in American Indians. These data were most consistent with environmental variations in cause.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , California , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Emigração e Imigração , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologiaRESUMO
65 Jamaican children who had been treated for severe malnutrition in hospital were traced and examined 2-8 years after their discharge from hospital. They were found to be small by North American standards, but not when they were compared with Jamaican children, similar genetically and from the same economic background. When 56 of the previously malnourished children were matched with siblings or close relatives as controls they were slightly taller and heavier, broader in the chest, and had thicker bone and muscle in the leg than the sibling who had never been severely malnourished. There is no clear evidence that a period of severe malnutrition in infancy per se causes stunting of growth in children as it does in some animals. On the contrary, children who have been successfully treated for malnutrition tend to outgrow their siblings when they return home; this may have a genetic basis.(Summary)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Deficiências Nutricionais , Tecido Adiposo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Seguimentos , Jamaica , Perna (Organismo) , Músculos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prognóstico , Tíbia/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Among a series of 343 children with severe primary malnutrition there were 248 for whom, on admission, there were reliable records of age, weight, height, liver size, severity of oedema, skin lesions and angular stomatitis, and concentration of total serum protein, haemoglobin and sodium. For eighty-four of these children the serum bilirium concentration was also known. The correlations of these characteristics of the children on admission, with mortality, and with the rate of recovery were investigated. Age, weight, oedema and haemoglobin concentration were not significantly related to mortality or to rate of recovery. A multiple regression analysis showed that an increased serum bilirubin concentration and a decreased serum sodium concentration indicated a bad prognosis, and these two factors contributed almost the whole of the multiple correlation coefficient of 0.63 with respect to mortality and 0.59 with respect to speed of recovery. We conclude that in our series of children death was more closely associated with liver failure or overhydration than with protein depletion, and suggest that the administration of too much protein or water to an acutely ill malnourished child may precipitate death. This analysis shows that the mortality observed in our series cannot be adequately explained by any combination of the characteristics considered above; there must, therefore, be other factors of importance for which we do not have suitable measurements. (AU)