RESUMO
The effect of commercial plant extracts (grape, rosemary, pomegranate, green tea, and mate) at 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1 % w/w concentrations as a natural antioxidant in mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) was evaluated. The extracts were characterized for the content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Lipid oxidation (TBARS), instrumental color (L*, a*, and b* values), and pH of MDPM were evaluated on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 of chilled storage (2 °C). All commercial extracts showed antioxidant activity in the following order: grape > green tea > mate > rosemary > pomegranate, the latter addition promoted the highest TBARS values in MDPM during storage. The levels of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 % of grape, green tea, mate, and rosemary extracts showed the same positive effect in decelerating lipid oxidation in MDPM. The pH values of the MDPM decreased with increasing the extract concentrations. The commercial extracts led to a decrease in L* and b* values, and the grape extract provided the highest a* values in MDPM during chilled storage. The addition of commercial plant-derived extracts has proven to be an effective natural antioxidant to extend the shelf life of MDPM and consequently healthier and quality meat products can be produced.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Aves Domésticas , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Carne/análise , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Chá/química , Estresse Oxidativo , LipídeosRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) has the ability to cross placental and brain barriers, causing congenital malformations in neonates and neurological disorders in adults. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of ZIKV-induced neurological complications in adults and congenital malformations are still not fully understood. Gas6 is a soluble TAM receptor ligand able to promote flavivirus internalization and downregulation of immune responses. Here we demonstrate that there is a correlation between ZIKV neurological complications with higher Gas6 levels and the downregulation of genes associated with anti-viral response, as type I IFN due to Socs1 upregulation. Also, Gas6 gamma-carboxylation is essential for ZIKV invasion and replication in monocytes, the main source of this protein, which was inhibited by warfarin. Conversely, Gas6 facilitates ZIKV replication in adult immunocompetent mice and enabled susceptibility to transplacental infection. Our data indicate that ZIKV promotes the upregulation of its ligand Gas6, which contributes to viral infectivity and drives the development of severe adverse outcomes during ZIKV infection.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Placenta , Gravidez , Replicação Viral , Infecção por Zika virus/complicaçõesRESUMO
Strenuous physical activity, sleep deprivation and psychological stress are common features of military field training. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with a synbiotic ice cream on salivary IgA, gastrointestinal symptoms, well-being indicators and gut microbiota in young military participants undergoing field training. Sixty-five military completed the study: one group was supplemented for 30 d with synbiotic ice cream containing: 2·1 × 108 CFU/g for Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and 2·7 × 109 CFU/g for Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 and 2·3 g of inulin in the 60 g of ice cream at manufacture, and the other with a placebo ice cream. Volunteers were evaluated at pre-supplementation (baseline), post-supplementation and after a 5-d military training. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera were measured in stool samples and both showed a higher differential abundance post-supplementation and training. Salivary IgA and gastrointestinal symptoms decreased at post-training in both groups (P < 0·05; main effect of time); however, supplementation with synbiotic did not mitigate this effect. Tenseness and sleepiness were decreased in the synbiotic-treated group, but not in the placebo group at post-military training (P = 0·01 and 0·009, respectively; group × time effect). The other well-being indicators were not affected by the synbiotic supplementation. In conclusion, 30 d of synbiotic ice cream supplementation containing inulin, L. acidophilus LA-5 and B. animalis BB-12 favourably modulated gut microbiota and improved tenseness and sleepiness in healthy young military undergoing a 5-d field training. These improvements may be relevant to this population as they may influence the decision-making process in an environment of high physical and psychological stress.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium animalis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Sorvetes , Militares , Probióticos , Simbióticos , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Sorvetes/microbiologiaRESUMO
The effects of supercritical CO2 processing on the chemical stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and other functional and nutritional compounds were evaluated employing non-thermal and thermal approaches. Apple juice was enriched with Pfaffia glomerata roots aqueous extract due to its high content of short-chain FOS and then subjected to different levels of temperature (40 and 60 °C), pressure (8 and 21 MPa), and CO2 volume ratio (20 and 50%). The percentage of CO2 volume was evaluated concerning the total volume of the high-pressure reactor. Also, the functional beverage was thermally treated at 105 °C for 10 min. Physicochemical properties (pH and soluble solid content), beta-ecdysone, sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and FOS (1-kestose, nystose, and fructofuranosylnystose) content were determined. The pH and soluble solid content did not modify after all treatments. The pressure and CO2 volume ratio did not influence the FOS content and their chemical profile, however, the temperature increase from 40 to 60 °C increased the nystose and fructofuranosylnystose content. High-temperature thermal processing favored the hydrolysis of 1-kestose and reduced the sucrose content. Regarding beta-ecdysone, its content remained constant after all stabilization treatments demonstrating thus its high chemical stability. Our results demonstrated that supercritical CO2 technology is a promising technique for the stabilization of FOS-rich beverages since the molecular structures of these fructans were preserved, thus maintaining their prebiotic functionality.
Assuntos
Amaranthaceae/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais , Alimento Funcional , Oligossacarídeos/química , Pasteurização , Extratos Vegetais/química , Malus/química , Raízes de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a cause of major concern for the orange juice industry due to its thermal and chemical resistance, as well as its spoilage potential. A. acidoterrestris spoilage of orange juice is due to off-flavor taints from guaiacol production and some halophenols. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment (aPDT) as an emerging technology to inactivate the spores of A. acidoterrestris. The aPDT efficiency towards A. acidoterrestris was evaluated using as photosensitizers the tetracationic porphyrin (Tetra-Py+-Me) and the phenothiazinium dye new methylene blue (NMB) in combination with white light-emitting diode (LED; 400-740 nm; 65-140 mW/cm2). The spores of A. acidoterrestris were cultured on YSG agar plates (pH 3.7 ± 0.1) at 45 °C for 28 days and submitted to the aPDT with Tetra-Py+-Me and NMB at 10 µM in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in combination with white light (140 mW/cm2). The use of Tetra-Py+-Me at 10 µM resulted in a 7.3 ± 0.04 log reduction of the viability of A. acidoterrestris spores. No reductions in the viability of this bacterium were observed with NMB at 10 µM. Then, the aPDT with Tetra-Py+-Me and NMB at 10 µM in orange juice (UHT; pH 3.9; 11°Brix) alone and combined with potassium iodide (KI) was evaluated. The presence of KI was able to potentiate the aPDT process in orange juice, promoting the inactivation of 5 log CFU/mL of A. acidoterrestris spores after 10 h of white light exposition (140 mW/cm2). However, in the absence of KI, both photosensitizers did not promote a significant reduction in the spore viability. The inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores artificially inoculated in orange peels (105 spores/mL) was also assessed using Tetra-Py+-Me at 10 and 50 µM in the presence and absence of KI in combination with white light (65 mW/cm2). No significant reductions were observed (p < .05) when Tetra-Py+-Me was used at 10 µM, however at the highest concentration (50 µM) a significant spore reduction (≈ 2.8 log CFU/mL reductions) in orange peels was observed after 6 h of sunlight exposition (65 mW/cm2). Although the color, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity of orange juice and peel (only color evaluation) seem to have been affected by light exposition, the impact on the visual and nutritional characteristics of the products remains inconclusive so far. Besides that, the results found suggest that aPDT can be a potential method for the reduction of A. acidoterrestris spores on orange groves.
Assuntos
Alicyclobacillus/efeitos da radiação , Citrus sinensis/microbiologia , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/microbiologia , Luz , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Guaiacol , Azul de Metileno/análogos & derivados , Azul de Metileno/farmacologia , Porfirinas/farmacologia , Esporos Bacterianos/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
The effects of the high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) technology at the nominal powers of 300, 600, 900, and 1200 W were evaluated on the chemical stability of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) used to enrich orange juice. The ultrasound energy performance for each nominal power applied to the XOS-enriched orange juice was determined by calculating acoustic powers (W), HIUS intensity (W/cm2), and energy density (kJ/mL). Physicochemical properties (pH and soluble solid content), organic acid content (ascorbic, malic, and citric acids), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity by the FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma) method, sugar (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), and XOS (xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose, and xylohexaose) content were determined. The pH and soluble solid content did not change after all HIUS treatments. The HIUS process severity was monitored by quantifying ascorbic acid content after the treatments. A significant linear decrease in the ascorbic acid content was observed in prebiotic orange juice with the HIUS process intensification by increasing nominal power. The malic acid and citric acid contents had similar behavior according to the HIUS process intensification. The nominal power increase from 300 to 600 W increased the concentration of both organic acids, however, the intensification up to 1200 W reduced their concentration in the functional beverage. The TPC and FRAP data corroborated with the results observed for the ascorbic acid content. However, the HIUS processing did not alter sugar and XOS contents. The XOS chromatographic profiles were not modified by the HIUS treatment and presented the same amount of all prebiotic compounds before and after the HIUS treatment. Overall, HIUS technology has been evaluated as a promising stabilization technique for prebiotic beverages enriched with XOS due to their high chemical stability to this emerging technology under severe process conditions.
Assuntos
Citrus sinensis , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Glucuronatos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Prebióticos , Sonicação , Antioxidantes/análise , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Fenóis/análiseRESUMO
Jabuticaba peel presents a high content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, normally considered as a food residue. Nowadays, there is a great interesting in the recovery of bioactive compounds from food residue due to health benefits of the ingredients produced, environmental issues and economic aspects. For the success of phenolic compounds extraction, the solvent and pH influence recovery of these compounds. However, studies that evaluate the use of different weak acids bioactive compounds recovery are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of formic, acetic, and phosphoric acids addition in the extraction solvent, to adjust the pH to 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0, in bioactive compounds recovery and antioxidant capacity of jabuticaba peel. The extracts were analyzed as antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP), total phenols content monomeric anthocyanin's and a qualitative analysis of phenolics by Liquid Chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The kind of acid used in the extraction process affected mainly in the extraction of anthocyanins. The acid that presented a better recovery of anthocyanin (3.4â¯mg/g raw material) and a better antioxidant capacity (ORAC) (841⯵mol TE/g raw material) was formic acid in pHâ¯1.0.
Assuntos
Ácidos/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Myrtaceae/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Ácido Acético/química , Antocianinas/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Formiatos/análise , Frutas/química , Glucosídeos/análise , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/análise , Fenóis/análise , Ácidos Fosfóricos/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análiseRESUMO
Considering the global trend in the search for alternative natural compounds with antioxidant and sun protection factor (SPF) boosting properties, bacterial carotenoids represent an opportunity for exploring pigments of natural origin which possess high antioxidant activity, lower toxicity, no residues, and no environmental risk and are readily decomposable. In this work, three pigmented bacteria from the Antarctic continent, named Arthrobacter agilis 50cyt, Zobellia laminarie 465, and Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus 366, were able to withstand UV-B and UV-C radiation. The pigments were extracted and tested for UV absorption, antioxidant capacity, photostability, and phototoxicity profile in murine fibroblasts (3T3 NRU PT-OECD TG 432) to evaluate their further potential use as UV filters. Furthermore, the pigments were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-MS/MS). The results showed that all pigments presented a very high antioxidant activity and good stability under exposure to UV light. However, except for a fraction of the A. agilis 50cyt pigment, they were shown to be phototoxic. A total of 18 different carotenoids were identified from 23 that were separated on a C18 column. The C50 carotenes bacterioruberin and decaprenoxanthin (including its variations) were confirmed for A. agilis 50cyt and A. psychrochitiniphilus 366, respectively. All-trans-bacterioruberin was identified as the pigment that did not express phototoxic activity in the 3T3 NRU PT assay (MPE < 0.1). Zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin, ß-carotene, and phytoene were detected in Z. laminarie 465. In conclusion, carotenoids identified in this work from Antarctic bacteria open perspectives for their further biotechnological application towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way of pigment exploitation.
Assuntos
Arthrobacter/química , Biotecnologia , Flavobacteriaceae/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Regiões Antárticas , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia Industrial , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Nowadays, food, cosmetic, environmental and pharmaceutical fields are searching for alternative processes to obtain their major products in a more sustainable way. This fact is related to the increasing demand from the consumer market for natural products to substitute synthetic additives. Industrial biotechnology appears as a promising area for this purpose; however, the success of its application is highly dependent of the availability of a suitable microorganism. To overcome this drawback, the isolation of microorganisms from diverse sources, including fermented food, adverse environments, contaminated samples or agro-industrial wastes is an important approach that can provide a more adaptable strain able to be used as biocatalyst and that exhibit resistance to industrial conditions and high yields/productivities in biotechnological production of natural compounds. The aim of this review is to provide a solid set of information on the state of the art of isolation and screening studies for obtaining novel biocatalysts able to produce natural compounds, focusing in aromas, biosurfactants, polysaccharides and microbial oils.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/metabolismo , Biotecnologia/tendências , Microbiologia Industrial/tendências , Produtos Biológicos/química , Enzimas/isolamento & purificação , Fermentação , Resíduos IndustriaisRESUMO
An iridescent yellow pigmented bacterium isolated from the Antarctic continent, named Cellulophaga fucicola strain 416, was found to be able to tolerate UV-B radiation. Its crude pigment extract was tested for antioxidant capacity, UV light stability and phototoxicity profile against murine fibroblast lines. The pigments were further isolated and chemically identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors. The results showed that the pigment extract presented weak stability under exposure to UV light, a phototoxic profile in the 3t3 Neutral Red Uptake test and a very high antioxidant activity, suggesting that it could be used as food and feed colourants. Zeaxanthin and two isomers of zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin and ß-carotene, were identified using a C18 column. These five carotenoids were the major pigments isolated from C. fucicola 416. In conclusion, the identification of pigments produced by the bacterial strain under study may help us understand how bacteria thrive in high UV and cold environments, and opens avenues for further biotechnological application towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way of pigment exploitation.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Carotenoides/análise , Flavobacteriaceae/química , Flavobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Pigmentos Biológicos/análise , Animais , Regiões Antárticas , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Flavobacteriaceae/efeitos da radiação , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Pigmentos Biológicos/farmacologia , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
In this work, we investigated the effects of the nominal ultrasonic power (160-640â¯W) and process time (0.5-5.0â¯min) on the phenolic compounds recovery and antioxidant activity from araticum peel. The individual and synergistic effects of the process variables on the phenolic recovery were estimated using a full factorial experimental design. Operating at high nominal ultrasonic powers was possible to obtain high phenolic yields and antioxidant activities at short process times (≤5â¯min). The HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis revealed that the araticum peel sample possessed 142 phytochemicals, 123 of which had not been reported in the literature for this raw material yet. The most abundant phenolic compounds recovered were epicatechin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin and ferulic acid. Thus, high-intensity ultrasound technology proved to be a simple, efficient, fast and low environmental impact method for obtaining phenolic compounds from araticum peel. In addition, araticum peel showed to be a promising source bioactive natural phenolics for further applications in the food, nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
RESUMO
The addition of xylooligosaccharide (XOS), sodium reduction and flavor enhancers (arginine and yeast extract) on the manufacture of requeijão cremoso processed cheese was investigated. The addition of XOS resulted in a denser and compact structure, with increased apparent viscosity, elasticity (G') and firmness (G*). The addition of XOS and yeast extract improved the rheological and physicochemical properties (decrease in viscosity and particle size and increase in melting rate) and sensory characteristics (improvement in salty and acid taste, greater homogeneity, and lower bitter taste). In addition, a positive effect of arginine was observed in the sensory characteristics of the requeijão cremoso processed cheese, but without improvements in the physicochemical and rheological characteristics. Overall, the XOS addition and sodium reduction proportionated the development of a healthier processed cheese formulation.
Assuntos
Arginina/química , Queijo/análise , Aromatizantes/química , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Glucuronatos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Sódio/análise , Leveduras , Adulto , Queijo/microbiologia , Elasticidade , Feminino , Dureza , Humanos , Julgamento , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Valor Nutritivo , Percepção Olfatória , Tamanho da Partícula , Reologia , Olfato , Paladar , Percepção Gustatória , Viscosidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The use of yeasts in bioprocesses can be considered one of the most relevant strategies in industrial biotechnology, and their potential is recognized due to the ability of these microorganisms for production of diverse value-added compounds. Yeasts from Ustilaginaceae family have been highlighted in the last years as a promising source of industrial interesting compounds, including enzymes, sugars, lipids, organic acids, and biosurfactants. These compounds may exhibit various applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, medical, and environmental fields, increasing the scientific attention in the study of ustilaginomycetous for biotechnological purposes. In this mini-review, we provide a comprehensive overview about the biotechnological use of yeasts from Ustilaginaceae family to produce value-added compounds, focusing in recent trends, characteristics of processes currently developed, new opportunities, and potential applications.
Assuntos
Fatores Biológicos/genética , Fatores Biológicos/metabolismo , Biotecnologia/métodos , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Ustilaginales/genética , Ustilaginales/metabolismo , Biotecnologia/tendências , Microbiologia Industrial/tendênciasRESUMO
Products that bear the label "natural" have gained more attention in the marketplace. In this approach, the production of aroma compounds through biotransformation or bioconversion has been receiving more incentives in economic and research fields. Among the substrates used in these processes, terpenes can be highlighted for their versatility and low cost; some examples are limonene, α-pinene, and ß-pinene. This work focused on the biotransformation of the two bicyclic monoterpenes, α-pinene and ß-pinene; the use of different biocatalysts; the products obtained; and the conditions employed in the process.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/metabolismo , Cicloexenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Penicillium/metabolismo , Terpenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Biotransformação , Aditivos Alimentares/química , Limoneno , Odorantes , Óleos Voláteis/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Propolis has been used as a natural health product mainly due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic aldehydes, amino acids, vitamins and others bioactive constituents. To this natural substance are attributed different biological and pharmacological properties which are influenced by its chemical composition and organoleptic properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and parameters of green propolis collected during a period of six years (2008-2013) in the state of Minas Gerais, located at the southeastern region of Brazil. METHODS: The methodology were in accordance with Brazilian legislation on the identity and quality standards of propolis. The evaluated parameters of hydroalcoholic from green propolis were total flavonoids, antioxidant activity - DPPH method, oxidation index, wax content, humidity and insoluble impurities. RESULTS: Propolis samples collected in different seasons during the years 2008 to 2013 presented mean values of total flavonoids (3.4 ± 0.11 mg/g), antioxidant activity DPPH (4.76 ± 0.16 µg/mL), oxidation index (3, 4 ± 0.33 seconds) and wax (15.14 ± 0.78% m/m), which are in accordance with Brazilian legislation. CONCLUSION: Green propolis did not show abrupt seasonal changes during the six years of investigation, and may be considered as an adequate functional ingredient.
Assuntos
Própole/química , Antioxidantes/química , Baccharis , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Brasil , Flavonoides/análise , Fenóis/análise , Picratos/química , Estações do Ano , Ceras/análiseRESUMO
Resumo Objetivo A adição de frutooligossacarídeos e galactooligossacarídeos a fórmulas infantis pode diminuir a consistência fecal e aumentar a frequência das evacuações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito do galactooligossacarídeo em crianças com constipação crônica. Métodos Entre 2010 e 2012, 20 pacientes constipados (4-16 anos), atendidos numa unidade básica de saúde, completaram ensaio clínico duplo cego, placebo-controlado e de delineamento crossover. Onze pacientes receberam galactooligossacarídeo (1,7 g) por 30 dias, seguidos por 15 dias de washout, e, após, placebo (maltodextrina) por 30 dias; nove pacientes receberam placebo 30 dias, seguidos de 15 dias de washout e 30 dias de galactooligossacarídeo (1,7 g). Os desfechos primários foram frequência semanal de evacuações, esforço evacuatório e consistência fecal, classificada por escala numérica elaborada para este estudo e compilada no primeiro, 15̊ e 30̊ dias de cada período de crossover. Análise estatística foi feita por método de análise de variância (Anova) para medidas repetidas. Resultados Intensidade dos sintomas nos grupos foi semelhante no início do estudo (p = 0,45). Durante a ingestão de galactooligossacarídeo constatou-se maior frequência de evacuações, p < 0,0001, menor dificuldade evacuatória, p < 0,0001 e diminuição da consistência fecal, p = 0,0014. Efeitos colaterais não foram referidos durante a ingestão do prebiótico. Conclusão Durante a ingestão de galactooligossacarídeo os sintomas clínicos da constipação em crianças e adolescentes foram significantemente aliviados.
Abstract Objective Fructooligosacharides and galactooligosacharides soften fecal bolus and increase frequency of depositions when added to infant formula. This study aimed to determine the effects of galactooligosaccharide in pediatric patients with chronic constipation. Methods From 2010 to 2012, 20 constipated patients (4-16 years of age) attended to at a primary healthcare unit were enrolled in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eleven children ingested galactooligosaccharide (1.7 g) for 30 days, followed by a 15-day washout period, and a 30-day period of placebo (maltodextrin). Nine patients ingested maltodextrin for 30 days, followed by 15-day washout period, and galactooligosaccharide (1.7 g) for 30 days. Constipation symptoms were considered as primary outcomes: bowel movements/week, straining during defecation, and stool consistency. Outcome symptoms were ranked according to a numerical scale elaborated for this study. Data were recorded at baseline, and on days 15 and 30 of each 30-day crossover period. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze symptoms along time. Results At baseline, there was no significant difference in symptoms severity between groups (p = 0.45). Galactooligosaccharide ingestion was related to increase of the bowel movement frequency, p < 0.0001; relief of defecation straining, p < 0.0001; and decrease in stool consistency, p = 0.0014, compared to placebo ingestion. Patients reported no side effects from galactooligosaccharide. Conclusion Galactooligosaccharide was effective at improving clinical symptoms in this group of constipated children.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Trissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Fructooligosacharides and galactooligosacharides soften fecal bolus and increase frequency of depositions when added to infant formula. This study aimed to determine the effects of galactooligosaccharide in pediatric patients with chronic constipation. METHODS: From 2010 to 2012, 20 constipated patients (4-16 years of age) attended to at a primary healthcare unit were enrolled in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eleven children ingested galactooligosaccharide (1.7 g) for 30 days, followed by a 15-day washout period, and a 30-day period of placebo (maltodextrin). Nine patients ingested maltodextrin for 30 days, followed by 15-day washout period, and galactooligosaccharide (1.7 g) for 30 days. Constipation symptoms were considered as primary outcomes: bowel movements/week, straining during defecation, and stool consistency. Outcome symptoms were ranked according to a numerical scale elaborated for this study. Data were recorded at baseline, and on days 15 and 30 of each 30-day crossover period. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze symptoms along time. RESULTS: At baseline, there was no significant difference in symptoms severity between groups (p=0.45). Galactooligosaccharide ingestion was related to increase of the bowel movement frequency, p<0.0001; relief of defecation straining, p<0.0001; and decrease in stool consistency, p=0.0014, compared to placebo ingestion. Patients reported no side effects from galactooligosaccharide. CONCLUSION: Galactooligosaccharide was effective at improving clinical symptoms in this group of constipated children.
Assuntos
Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Trissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doença Crônica , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Throughout human history, natural products have been the basis for the discovery and development of therapeutics, cosmetic and food compounds used in industry. Many compounds found in natural organisms are rather difficult to chemically synthesize and to extract in large amounts, and in this respect, genetic and metabolic engineering are playing an increasingly important role in the production of these compounds, such as new terpenes and terpenoids, which may potentially be used to create aromas in industry. Terpenes belong to the largest class of natural compounds, are produced by all living organisms and play a fundamental role in human nutrition, cosmetics and medicine. Recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the whole-cell level, thus enabling the optimal design of microorganisms for the efficient production of drugs, cosmetic and food additives. This review describes the recent advances made in the genetic and metabolic engineering of the terpenes pathway with a particular focus on systems biotechnology.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Biotecnologia/métodos , Aromatizantes/metabolismo , Fungos , Engenharia Metabólica/métodos , Terpenos/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , Fungos/genética , Fungos/metabolismo , Microbiologia Industrial , Redes e Vias MetabólicasRESUMO
The Pseudomonas genus is one of the most diverse and ecologically significant groups of known bacteria, and it includes species that have been isolated worldwide in all types of environments. The bacteria from this genus are characterized by an elevated metabolic versatility, which is due to the presence of a complex enzymatic system. Investigations since the early 1960s have demonstrated their potential as biocatalysts for the production of industrially relevant and value-added flavor compounds from terpenes. Although terpenes are often removed from essential oils as undesirable components, its synthetic oxy-functionalized derivatives have broad applications in flavors/fragrances and pharmaceutical industries. Hence, biotransformation appears to be an effective tool for the structural modification of terpene hydrocarbons and terpenoids to synthesize novel and high-valued compounds. This review highlights the potential of Pseudomonas spp. as biocatalysts for the bioconversion of terpenes and summarizes the presently known bioflavors that are obtained from these processes.
Assuntos
Pseudomonas/enzimologia , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Terpenos/metabolismo , Biotecnologia/métodos , Biotransformação , Enzimas/metabolismo , Aromatizantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Owing to its high contents of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), the yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root is used in traditional Andean medicine as a substitute for cane sugar in diabetes and for obesity prevention. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that regular consumption of yacon works to improve the immune system. BALB/c mice were fed with the AIN-93 diet supplemented with 5% commercial FOS or either 3% or 5% yacon FOS for 30 consecutive days. Animals in the control group were fed with nonsupplemented ration. Food intake; weight gain; serum levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG; levels of fecal IgA, production of nitric oxide by peritoneal macrophages, frequencies of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and peripheral blood, T-cell proliferation, and cytokine production were evaluated in all groups. No significant differences were observed in food intake and weight gain when the experimental and control groups were compared. Also, serum levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG; nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages; frequencies of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and peripheral blood; T-cell proliferation; and production of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon-γ, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α did not differ in the different groups. The intake of FOS, however, led to a significant reduction of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß in macrophage cultures and elevation of the levels of fecal IgA. Together, these results indicate that the daily consumption of yacon does not exert negative effects on the immune system, helps to preserve an anti-inflammatory state in phagocytic cells, and improves mucosal immunity, possibly preventing the risks associated with autoimmune and metabolic diseases.