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INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO Una enfermedad nueva, COVID-19, está afectando dramáticamente al mundo. Conocer los riesgos para la salud reproductiva es un imperativo para la práctica obstétrica y ginecológica. Esta investigación analiza los riesgos maternos y perinatales asociados a COVID-19, con el objetivo de identificar desafíos que la enfermedad plantea a la práctica de la matronería. MÉTODOS Revisión narrativa. Se consultaron artículos científicos de fuentes primarias indexados en las bases Scielo, Pubmed, Scope, WOS, mediante los siguientes términos de búsqueda: "embarazo" "transmisión vertical" "salud materna y perinatal", "riesgos maternos y perinatales" "lactancia materna", COVID-19", "Coronavirus". Se realizaron 3 fases de selección. Los tópicos de análisis fueron: Transmisión vertical, Riesgo materno y perinatal, Lactancia materna. RESULTADOS. En mujeres embarazadas las formas severas de COVID-19 se presentan en presencia de enfermedades crónicas. A nivel perinatal el riesgo mayor es el parto prematuro, generalmente por indicación médica y por cesárea. Aunque no hay evidencias de transmisión vertical, tampoco puede descartarse. Los riesgos neonatales se relacionan con el contagio por proximidad y con medidas restrictivas que pueden afectar la lactancia materna y la interacción madre-hija(o). CONCLUSIONES. La COVID-19 aporta varios desafíos para la práctica de la matronería: implementación de métodos de prevención del contagio a la gestante y a su entorno cercano; adecuación de la preparación al parto en caso de positividad; prevención del estrés y desgaste emocional materno desde el inicio de la gestación hasta el postparto; adecuación de cuidados al recién nacido; investigación aplicada en Latinoamérica, y evaluación de nuevos protocolos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE A new disease, COVID-19, is dramatically affecting the world. Knowing the risks for the reproductive health is an imperative for the obstetric and gynecological practice. This research analyzes the maternal and perinatal risks associated with COVID-19, with the aim of identifying challenges that the disease poses to the practice of midwifery. METHODS Narrative review. Scientific articles from primary sources indexed in Scielo, Pubmed, Scope, and WOS, are consulted by using the following search terms: "pregnancy" "vertical transmission" "maternal and perinatal health", "maternal and perinatal risks" "breastfeeding", COVID-19", "Coronavirus". Three selection phases were carried out. The topics of analysis were vertical transmission, maternal and perinatal risk, breastfeeding. RESULTS In pregnant women severe forms of COVID-19 occur in the presence of chronic diseases. At the perinatal level, the biggest risk is premature delivery, generally for medical indications and by cesarean section. Although there is no evidence of vertical transmission, it cannot be ruled out either. Neonatal risks are related to transmission by proximity and restrictive measures that may affect breastfeeding and mother-child interaction. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 brings several challenges to the practice of midwifery: implementation of methods to prevent infection of the pregnant woman and her close environment; adaptation of birth preparation in case of positivity; prevention of maternal stress and emotional distress from the beginning of pregnancy to postpartum; adequacy of care for the newborn; research in Latin America, and evaluation of new protocols.

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Resumen Introducción: La población que vive en grandes urbes cuenta con elementos culturales que difícilmente están incorporados en las intervenciones de educación para la salud. Objetivo: Identificar los elementos clave en el diseño de estrategias culturalmente competentes para mejorar las sesiones de educación en salud, práctica de actividad física y alimentación. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo realizado en la Ciudad de México. Se utilizó la técnica de grupos focales. El guion temático incluyó: a) causas de la enfermedad, prevención y tratamiento; b) elementos para prevenir la enfermedad: dieta y actividad física; c) motivaciones para participar en una intervención que prevenga las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles desde su contexto cultural; y d) barreras y facilitadores. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas y analizadas de acuerdo con la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que uno de los impedimentos de mayor peso es la falta de tiempo para acudir a sesiones de educación en salud, la práctica de actividad física, la preparación y consumo de alimentos saludables. Dentro de los grupos, obesidad y sobrepeso no se perciben como un factor importante para el desarrollo de Enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. Se propone incorporar elementos tanatológicos y logoterapéuticos en las intervenciones con el fin de dar sentido de vida a la salud. Conclusión: Se proponen estrategias que transiten de la promoción de la salud hacia el desarrollo humano, que integren elementos de manejo efectivo del tiempo, inteligencia emocional, aumento de la autoestima y estrategias familiares de colaboración.

Abstract Introduction: The population in the large cities has cultural elements that are hardly incorporated in health education interventions. Objective: To identify the key elements for designing culturally competent strategies necessary to improve health education sessions, physical activity and food intake for people at risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Methodology: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was performed in Mexico City. Focal group technique was used. Thematic script included topics such as: a) causes of the disease, its prevention and treatment; B) elements for disease prevention: diet and physical activity; C) motivations to participate in an intervention that prevents NCD in their own cultural context; and d) Elements that do not work in an intervention to prevent NCD. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed under the fundamental theory approach. Results: Data showed that one of the most important impediments is the lack of time to attend health education sessions, physical activity and healthy foods preparation and consumption. Within the groups, obesity and weight were not perceived as an important factor for the development of NCD. We proposed to incorporate thanatological and logotherapeutic elements in the interventions in order to give live meaning to people´s health. Conclusion: Strategies are proposed to move from health promotion to human development, integrating elements of effective management of time, emotional intelligence, increased self-esteem and family strategies of collaboration.

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This study evaluated the capacity of thermoregulation and its consequences on the scrotal surface temperature patterns and semen quality of buffalo bulls raised in a wet tropical climate. Eleven water buffaloes were evaluated in the rainiest, in the transitional and in the less rainy season. Air temperature and humidity were consistently high, but the animals did not show thermal stress in any season. The scrotal temperature gradient of buffalo bulls using infrared thermography was described, and three parallel and decreasing thermal bands were characterised. Sperm quality (n = 176 ejaculates) was maintained in normal parameters over the periods. Pearson's coefficients showed that sperm volume and progressive motility were negatively correlated with ocular globe, epididymal tail and minimum scrotal temperatures (p < .01). Sperm membrane integrity was negatively influenced by increases in epididymal tail and minimum scrotal temperatures (p < .01). Ocular globe temperature also showed positive correlation with rectal, spermatic cord, and epididymal tail temperatures (p < .01). Therefore, even under high temperature and humidity, the thermoregulatory system was effective in preventing heat stress and the normality of scrotal surface temperatures, spermatogenesis and sperm maturation were maintained.

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PURPOSE: Evaluation of the incidence and clinical implications of perfusion defects that appear worse in the rest than the stress myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99m isonitrile (MIBI), similar to the reverse redistribution described with thallium-201. METHODS: The studies of 730 consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent either diagnostic or prognostic (after myocardial infarction) technetium-99mMIBI planar scans were reviewed. Usual planar images were subjective and semi-quantitative analyzed. Patients were divided in two groups according to the indication of the test. The incidence of the reverse reperfusion pattern, the correlative findings with the angiographic coronary anatomy, when available, and its clinical implications were assessed. RESULTS: Three in the 540 (0.55%) patients of the diagnostic group and 6 out of the 190 (3.15%) patients of the myocardial infarction group have shown the "reverse reperfusion" pattern, with an overall incidence of 1.23%. Perfusion defects were anterior in 2 and inferior in 1 patient of the diagnostic group, compared to 4 anterior and 2 inferior within the prognostic population patients. One patient of the diagnostic group and 4 of the prognostic group showed ST-T changes on the exercise ECG. All of them achieved at least 85% of the maximum predicted heart rate during the stress test. The only patient with the "reverse reperfusion" pattern in the diagnostic group had no coronary disease at angiography, while the 6 patients in the post myocardial infarction group have shown either an occluded (2 cases) or recanalized infarct related artery (2 cases) and remote coronary disease (2 cases). Three of them underwent successful coronary angioplasty based on clinical and laboratory evidences of ischemia. CONCLUSION: The "reverse reperfusion" with technetium 99-m MIBI is an uncommon finding and may be associated with jeopardized myocardium after infarction, although its predictive value for recanalized infarct related artery seems to be very low. It seems to provide no added value towards coronary artery disease diagnosis. Additional experience is required in selected subgroups of patients in order to clarify the clinical value of the "reverse reperfusion" pattern with the technetium-99m MIBI.

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The differences existing in learning approaches of students belonging to four different classes of a traditional school of medicine in Temuco (Chile) were evaluated. Those students were being exposed to the same curricular experience, but they were in different stages of medical training by this time. At the moment of the study they were at the end of the first, third, fifth and seventh year of medical training. The assessment was done using the Lancaster Inventory of Learning Approach. It was answered by a total of 143 students (100%). The four groups showed very similar scores without significant differences between them. According to the final results the meaning orientation was predominant in all the groups. This orientation corresponded, to the deep approach to learning of Newble & Entwistle (1986). Data were assessed statistically through analysis of variance and Scheffe test for multiple comparison.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and usefulness of dipyridamole-radionuclide ventriculography (D-RVG), soon after acute myocardial infarction (MI), in the prediction of future cardiac events. Traditionally performed tests were also compared. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients (4 females) with recent MI underwent rest and dipyridamole (0.58 mg/kg of body weight) radionuclide ventriculography. The criteria for a positive test for ischemia was failure to increase left ventricular ejection fraction in 0.05 from baseline value. All patients had also coronary angiography and 36 patients underwent thallium-201 scintigraphy for comparison. The mean follow-up was 16 +/- 3 months. The following findings were considered future for events: cardiac death, reinfarction, significant angina or heart failure. RESULTS: During the follow-up 18 of the 20 patients who had cardiac events had shown positive dipyridamole-RVG, as opposed to 5 of 21 event-free patients (p less than 0.01). The ventriculographic criteria for a positive test and dipyridamole left ventricular ejection fraction were the strongest predictors of those medical events (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001). Among the 36 patients who had thallium-201 imaging, 16 subsequently had cardiac events and the scans were positive in 82% (p less than 0.01). Twelve (29%) patients experienced reactions during dipyridamole infusion although no fatal complications were noted. CONCLUSION: Dipyridamole-RVG is relatively safe and a sensitive predictor of future cardiac events soon after acute MI, although additional experience is required before this new technique should be routinely recommended as an alternative approach.

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Continuing our studies of traditional medicine, as used in rural areas of Baja California Sur, now we wish to report on the medicinal uses of 49 more plants. Some of the more complex recipes of these medicinal plants, are discussed in the present paper. The information presented here was collected in the Municipio of Los Cabos and part of the Municipio of La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico.

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