RESUMO
Boletes are one of the most common groups of fungi in temperate, subtropical, and tropical ecosystems. In Mexico, the northern region has mainly been explored in terms of bolete diversity. This study describes a new genus and seven new species based on macromorphological, micromorphological, molecular, phylogenetic, and ecological data. Garcileccinum gen. nov. is typified with G. salmonicolor based on multigene phylogenetic analysis of nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1, and it is closely related to Leccinum and Leccinellum. Garcileccinum viscosum and G. violaceotinctum are new combinations. Boletellus minimatenebris (ITS, nrLSU, and RPB2), Cacaoporus mexicanus (RPB2 and ATP6), Leccinum oaxacanum, Leccinum juarenzense (nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1), Tylopilus pseudoleucomycelinus (nrLSU and RPB2), and Xerocomus hygrophanus (ITS, nrLSU, and RPB2) are described as new species. Boletus neoregius is reclassified as Pulchroboletus neoregius comb. nov. based on morphological and multigene phylogenetic analysis (ITS and nrLSU), and its geographic distribution is extended to Central Mexico, since the species was only known from Costa Rica. Furthermore, T. leucomycelinus is a new record from Mexico. This study contributes to increasing our knowledge of boletes and expands the diversity found in Mexican forests.
RESUMO
We announce the genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the OLsAu1 strain and its taxonomic assignment to Pseudomonas yamanorum. The isolate comes from a wild edible ectomycorrhizal Lactarius sp. mushroom in the Abies forest. There is information regarding the strain's ability to promote plant growth, indicating its potential application in forestry.
RESUMO
Among Boletales, the family Boletaceae has the highest diversity worldwide. Additionally, this fungal group has great ecological relevance because it not only includes mainly ectomycorrhizal but also saprotrophic species. Furthermore, some species are used as food and have sociocultural and economic importance worldwide. In Mexico, the Boletaceae family boasts a substantial number of species, yet our understanding of these species remains far from comprehensive. In this work, by using macro- and micromorphological and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from multi-gene analyses based on ITS, nrLSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1, we report five new species belonging to the genera Aureoboletus and Chalciporus: A. ayuukii and A. elvirae from a Quercus scytophylla forest, A. readii from a mixed forest, C. perezsilvae from cloud forest, and C. piedracanteadensis from both a mixed coniferous forest and a Quercus-Pinus forest. In Mexico, four species of Aureoboletus are used as a food source, and in this work, we add another one, A. readii, which is traditionally consumed by members of the Tlahuica-Pjiekakjoo culture, who are located in the central part of the country. This work contributes to our knowledge of two genera of Boletaceae in a geographical area that is scarcely studied, and thus, our understanding of its biocultural relevance is enriched.
RESUMO
Worldwide, the fungus known as huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda) is a phytopathogen of maize plants that causes important economic losses in different countries. Conversely, it is an iconic edible fungus of Mexican culture and cuisine, and it has high commercial value in the domestic market, though recently there has been a growing interest in the international market. Huitlacoche is an excellent source of nutritional compounds such as protein, dietary fiber, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. It is also an important source of bioactive compounds with health-enhancing properties. Furthermore, scientific evidence shows that extracts or compounds isolated from huitlacoche have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiplatelet, and dopaminergic properties. Additionally, the technological uses of huitlacoche include stabilizing and capping agents for inorganic nanoparticle synthesis, removing heavy metals from aqueous media, having biocontrol properties for wine production, and containing biosurfactant compounds and enzymes with potential industrial applications. Furthermore, huitlacoche has been used as a functional ingredient to develop foods with potential health-promoting benefits. The present review focuses on the biocultural importance, nutritional content, and phytochemical profile of huitlacoche and its related biological properties as a strategy to contribute to global food security through food diversification; moreover, the biotechnological uses of huitlacoche are also discussed with the aim of contributing to the use, propagation, and conservation of this valuable but overlooked fungal resource.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota , Ustilago , México , Fibras na DietaRESUMO
An ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis of paramount importance in forestry and tree production. One of the selection criteria of ectomycorrhizal fungi that has currently gained importance is their edibility due to the economic, ecological and cultural relevance of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as a non-timber forest product. The effect of the inoculation with three edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, which are widely sold in Mexico, on the growth and nutrient contents of Pinus greggii grown in an experimental substrate and a commercial substrate enriched with a slow-release fertilizer, was evaluated. Two years after sowing, differences in terms of shoot and root biomass and macro and micronutrient contents between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, were recorded independently of the fungal species and the substrate. Despite the fact that plants grown in the commercial substrate had higher growth and nutrient contents, their ectomycorrhizal colonization percentages were smaller than those of the plants grown in the experimental substrate. The differences in the nutrient transfer to the inoculated plant shoots among the evaluated fungal species were recorded. Ca mobilization by L. laccata, Na by L. bicolor and Mn by H. leucosarx were observed in the plants growing in the experimental substrate. It has been demonstrated that the selection of substrates constitutes an important factor in the production of ectomycorrhizal plants and that the three evaluated species of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms have an enormous potential in the controlled mycorrhization of P. greggii.
Assuntos
Micorrizas , Pinus , Agaricales , México , Nutrientes , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pinus/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas , PlântulaRESUMO
La ectomicorriza es una simbiosis mutualista de enorme importancia en la producción de árboles de valor forestal. Uno de los criterios de selección de hongos ectomicorrícicos de gran interés es su comestibilidad, por la importancia económica, ecológica y cultural de los hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos como un producto forestal no maderable. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con los hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos, Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, en el crecimiento y el contenido nutricional de Pinus greggii, crecido en un sustrato experimental, o en un sustrato comercial enriquecido con un fertilizante de liberación lenta. Dos años después de la siembra, se observaron diferencias en el crecimiento aéreo y radical y en el contenido de macro- y micronutrientes entre plantas inoculadas y no inoculadas, independientemente de la especie fúngica y del sustrato utilizado. Las plantas crecidas en el sustrato comercial tuvieron mayor crecimiento y contenido de nutrientes; sin embargo, sus porcentajes de colonización fueron menores que los de plantas crecidas en el sustrato experimental. Existieron diferencias en la transferencia de nutrientes a la parte aérea de las plantas inoculadas, al comparar entre las especies fúngicas implicadas. Se observó transferencia de Ca por L. laccata, de Na por L. bicolor y de Mn por H.leucosarx en el sustrato experimental. La selección de sustratos constituye un factor clave en la producción de plantas ectomicorrizadas y las tres especies de hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos evaluados tienen un potencial relevante para la micorrización controlada de P. greggii.
An ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis of paramount importance in forestry and tree production. One of the selection criteria of ectomycorrhizal fungi that has currently gained importance is their edibility due to the economic, ecological and cultural relevance of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as a non-timber forest product. The effect of the inoculation with three edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, which are widely sold in Mexico, on the growth and nutrient contents of Pinus greggii grown in an experimental substrate and a commercial substrate enriched with a slow-release fertilizer, was evaluated. Two years after sowing, differences in terms of shoot and root biomass and macro and micronutrient contents between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, were recorded independently of the fungal species and the substrate. Despite the fact that plants grown in the commercial substrate had higher growth and nutrient contents, their ectomycorrhizal colonization percentages were smaller than those of the plants grown in the experimental substrate. The differences in the nutrient transfer to the inoculated plant shoots among the evaluated fungal species were recorded. Ca mobilization by L. laccata, Na by L. bicolor and Mn by H. leucosarx were observed in the plants growing in the experimental substrate. It has been demonstrated that the selection of substrates constitutes an important factor in the production of ectomycorrhizal plants and that the three evaluated species of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms have an enormous potential in the controlled mycorrhization of P. greggii.
Assuntos
Pinus , Micorrizas , Nutrientes , Raízes de Plantas , Pinus/microbiologia , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agaricales , Plântula , MéxicoRESUMO
Mexico is a center of diversity for pines, but few studies have examined the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities associated with pines in this country. We investigated the ECM communities associated with Pinus montezumae seedlings and mature trees in neotropical forests of central Mexico and compared their structure and species composition. Root tips were sampled on both planted seedlings and naturally occurring adult trees. A total of 42 ECM operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was found on P. montezumae. Diversity and similarity indices showed that community structure was similar for both plant growth stages, but phylogenetic diversity and Chao-estimated richness were higher for seedlings. Species composition differed between communities. The dominant OTUs belonged to the families Atheliaceae, Cortinariaceae, and Sebacinaceae, although different taxa appeared to colonize seedlings and adults. Only 12 OTUs were shared between seedlings and adults, which suggests that ECM fungi which colonize seedlings are still not fully incorporated into mycelial networks and that ECM taxa colonizing young individuals of P. montezumae are likely to come from fungal propagules. Intra-generic diversity could be an insurance mechanism to maintain forest productivity under stressed conditions. This is the first report describing the abundance of Atheliaceae in tree roots in neotropical ecosystems.
Assuntos
Micorrizas/classificação , Pinus/microbiologia , Adulto , Ecossistema , Feminino , Humanos , México , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogenia , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pinus/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/microbiologia , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Árvores/microbiologiaRESUMO
La supresividad del suelo a fitopatógenos es un concepto holístico que se ha pretendido explicar y manejar infructuosamente bajo el enfoque reduccionista, en la búsqueda del control biológico mediante el aislamiento de antagonistas específicos contra ciertos fitopatógenos y su reintroducción al suelo en cantidades aumentadas. Bajo el enfoque holístico, se revalora el concepto de supresividad como una propiedad emergente del sistema, que resulta de su propia complejidad y que no puede explicarse, y menos manejarse, desintegrando al sistema en sus componentes elementales. Su guía filosófica es la teoría general de sistemas y de la complejidad. La complejidad es precursora de la estabilidad y, en ecología del suelo, la propiedad de autoorganización de los sistemas complejos puede conducir al surgimiento de la supresividad. En la presente revisión se analizan trabajos relacionados con la supresividad de suelos, que en general parecen indicar que bajo el enfoque reduccionista aquella no ha sido manejada de forma exitosa. Con el enfoque holístico existen mayores posibilidades de manejarla mediante cambios profundos en la estructura del sistema y así mejorar el control biológico. Finalmente, se analizan las perspectivas del estudio de la supresividad de suelos.
Assuntos
Homeostase , Solo , Disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas , MéxicoRESUMO
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been hypothesized to enhance plant adaptation and growth in petroleum-contaminated soils. Nevertheless, neither AMF-biodiversity under chronically petroleum-contaminated soils nor spore germination response to petroleum hydrocarbons has been well studied. Chronically petroleum-contaminated rhizosphere soil and roots from Echinochloa polystachya, Citrus aurantifolia and C. aurantium were collected from Activo Cinco Presidentes, Tabasco, Mexico. Root colonization and spore abundance were evaluated. Additionally, rhizosphere soil samples were propagated using Sorghum vulgare L. as a plant trap under greenhouse conditions; subsequently, AMF-spores were identified. AMF-colonization ranged from 63 to 77% while spore number ranged from 715 to 912 in 100 g soil, suggesting that AMF tolerate the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. From grass species, four AMF-morphospecies were identified: Glomus ambisporum, G. sinuosum (previously described as Sclerocystis sinuosum), Acaulospora laevis, and Ambispora gerdermanni. From citrus trees, four AMF-species were also identified: Scutellospora heterogama, G. ambisporum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and G. citricola. In a second study, it was observed that spore germination and hyphal length of G. mosseae, G. ambisporum, and S. heterogama were significantly reduced by either volatile compounds of crude oil or increased concentrations of benzo[a ]pyrene or phenanthrene in water-agar.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos/toxicidade , Micorrizas/fisiologia , Petróleo/toxicidade , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , México , Micorrizas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micorrizas/isolamento & purificação , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Poaceae/microbiologia , Solo/análise , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporos Fúngicos/fisiologiaRESUMO
La micorriza es una simbiosis que se establece entre alrededor de 5000 especies de hongos y más del 90 por ciento de las especies de plantas vasculares. La simbiosis micorrízica juega un papel crucial en la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas naturales de regiones tropicales, templadas y árboles del planeta. Este artículo discute la importancia ecofisiológica de uno de más importantes tipos de micorriza, la ectomicorriza. Ésta se establece entre las raíces de angiopermas y gimnospermas y hongos, principalmente Basidiomycetes y Ascomycetes. Uno de los componentes de mayor importancia de dicha simbiosis es el micelio externo, el cual es una de las estructuras biológicas más fascinantes, dado que cosntituye, estructural y funcionalmente, una interfase entre los componentes edáfico y vegetal de los ecosistemas. La principal función de dicho micelio externo es el importante papel que juega en el reciclaje de nutrientes en los ecosistemas. Más de un siglo de investigación ha documentado esta función, principalmente al estudiar compuestos minerales. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha demostardo con enfóques metodológicos más realistas que mediante su asociación simbiótica con el micelio de estos hongos las plantas también tienen la capacidad de acceder a nutrientes a partir de fuentes orgánicas que incluyen necromasa vegetal, animal y microbiana. Asimismo, otra función de dicho micelio que ha modificado la manera como el componente vegetal se percibe ahora desde el punto de vista ecológico, es su habilidad para conectar árboles en la naturaleza