RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Smoke-free environments decrease smoking prevalence and consequently the incidence of heart disease and lung cancer. Due to issues related to poor enforcement, scant data is currently available from low/middle income countries on the long-term compliance to smoke-free laws. In 2006, high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) were found in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City. Six months after a smoking ban was implemented in 2009, levels significantly decreased. However, in 2010, poor law compliance was observed. Therefore, we sought to assess long-term compliance to the ban using SHS measurements. METHODS: In 2014 we assessed SHS exposure using airborne nicotine monitors in bars (n = 9) and restaurants (n = 12) for 7 days using the same protocol as in 2006 and in 2009. Nicotine was measured using gas-chromatography (µg/m(3)) and compared to levels pre- (2006) and post-ban (2009). Employees responded to a survey about SHS exposure, perceived economic impact of the ban and customers' electronic cigarette use. In addition, we estimated the fines that could have been collected for each law infringement. RESULTS: Most (71 %) venues still have a smoking section, violating the law. The percentage of samples with detectable nicotine concentrations was 100, 85 and 43 % in 2006, 2009 and 2014, respectively. In bars, median (25(th) and 75(th) percentiles) nicotine concentrations were 4.58 µg/m(3) (1.71, 6.45) in 2006, 0.28 (0.17, 0.66) in 2009, and 0.59 (0.01, 1.45) in 2014. In restaurants, the corresponding medians were 0.58 µg/m(3) (0.44, 0.71), 0.04 (0.01, 0.11), and 0.01 (0.01, 0.09). Support for the law continues to be high (88 %) among bar and restaurant employees. Most employees report no economic impact of the law and that a high proportion of customers (78 %) use e-cigarettes. A total of US$50,012 could have been collected in fines. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term compliance to the smoking ban in Guatemala is decreasing. Additional research that evaluates the determinants of non-compliance is needed and could also contribute to improve enforcement and implementation of the smoke-free law in Guatemala.
Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Nicotina/análise , Restaurantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , Exposição Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Guatemala , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Renda , Exposição Ocupacional , Fumaça/análise , Inquéritos e Questionários , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Chronic Disease Research Fellowship Program (RFP) aims to build the research capacity of recent medical graduates to support the development of chronic disease control strategies. SETTING: Guatemala is undergoing an epidemiologic transition. However, given the way universities and the health care system are structured, it lacks an environment that fosters research careers and generates the required knowledge to implement sound public health policies and clinical strategies. The RFP was implemented at the Cardiovascular Unit of Guatemala. INTERVENTION: This 4-year Program recruited two one-year fellows and provided funding to define a research topic, write a protocol and implement the research. Strong emphasis is placed on developing skills in knowledge translation and exchange to bridge the "know-do" gap. Close mentoring relationships between the Principal Investigator and former and current fellows are fostered through the Program. OUTCOMES: The mentoring Program has generated strategic data to support the implementation of sound chronic disease control strategies, mainly related to tobacco control. Results have been presented nationally and internationally. Research training has included principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, and a journal club. The Program is increasingly generating interest among medical graduates to pursue further research training abroad and is building local research capacity. Fellows and research assistants have created a research network in Guatemala and abroad. The main obstacle the Program faces is ensuring long-term sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: A mentoring program can lead to an increase in research interest and capacity in a low-income country with little research infrastructure.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/educação , Fortalecimento Institucional/métodos , Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/organização & administração , Mentores , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Guatemala , Humanos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeRESUMO
C-Br bond activation followed by a C-C coupling reaction of the 2-bromo-pyridyl unit of [1-phenyl-2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-benzoimidazole] was performed by Pd(CH(2)CMe(2)-o-C(6)H(4))(η(4)-COD). Two new seven membered palladacycles were obtained. A combined experimental and theoretical DFT study elucidates the mechanism for this reaction.