RESUMO

The development of an efficient method for the synthesis of polysubstituted isoindolinones from 1,3-dicarbonyl Ugi-4CR adducts, employing an aromatic radical cyclization process promoted by tetrabutylammonium persulfate and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), is described. The protocol allowed the construction of a library of isoindolinones bearing a congested carbon in good to excellent yields under mild conditions and in short reaction times.

RESUMO

El desarrollo de biomateriales bioactivos como andamios para la osteointegración o regeneración de tejidos ha dado grandes pasos, el presente trabajo, muestra los procesos de síntesis de biomateriales como la hidroxiapatita, biomateriales del sistema SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Al2O3 y biovidrios del sistema SiO2.Li2O, se ha logrado caracterizar los biomateriales obtenidos, con resultados similares a los de otros investigadores por técnicas con la Difracción de Rayos X y la Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, se ha evaluado su comportamientoen pruebas de biocompatibilidad y bioactividad en soluciones de Plasma Rico en Factores de Crecimiento y Fluido corporal simulado, seguidamente y con el fin de evaluar la incorporación de sustancias antibacteriales se ha dopado uno de ellos con plata, logrando determinar que el material tiene esta capacidad, estos resultados son los primeros pasos para encarar posteriores trabajos en el campo de la Ingeniería Tisular en Bolivia, y de esta forma encarar procesos de ostointegración y regeneración de tejidos en general.

The development of bioactive biomaterials as scaffolds for osseointegration or tissue regeneration has taken great steps, the present work shows the synthesis processes of biomaterials such as hydroxyapatite, biomaterials of the SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Al2O3 system and bio-libraries of the SiO2 system. Li2O, it has been possible to characterize the biomaterials obtained, with results similar to those of other researchers by techniques with X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy, their behavior in biocompatibility and bioactivity tests in Plasma Rico solutions has been evaluated in Growth factors and simulated body fluid, then and in order to evaluate the incorporation of antibacterial substances, one of them has been doped with silver, managing to determine that the material has this capacity, these results are the first steps to face further work in the field of Tissue Engineering in Bolivia, and thus face Osteintegration processes and tissue regeneration in general.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: las úlceras por presión son producto de una necrosis isquémica en la piel y tejido subcutáneo, se presentan en pacientes inmovilizados por etiología diversa, y en estadios avanzados incrementan la mortalidad. La terapia celular con Células Madre Somáticas, que se diferencian y proliferan a células maduras funcionalmente normales, tiene la finalidad de reparar la función de tejidos lesionados. OBJETIVO: Evidenciar la eficacia de las Células Madre Somáticas de médula ósea en la reparación de úlceras crónicas por presión, como una posibilidad terapéutica en los tratamientos convencionales no exitosos. MÉTODO: Se estudió 4 pacientes con úlceras crónicas por presión en estadios avanzados y refractarias a tratamiento convencional. Se obtuvo Células Madre Somáticas de la médula ósea del esternón, y se procedió al sembrado de las mismas una vez por semana. Resultados.- Las Células Madre Somáticas sembradas en las úlceras crónicas se diferenciaron en tejido muscular, conjuntivo, subcutáneo y epitelial en un periodo comprendido entre 30 a 69 días. CONCLUSIÓN: la terapia celular con Células Madre Somáticas de médula ósea se constituye en una posibilidad terapéutica en úlceras crónicas de estadios avanzados y refractarias a tratamiento convencional.

INTRODUCTION: chronic pressure ulcers result from an ischemic necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. This type of ulcers occurs in patients physically restrained by different etiology and in advanced stages increase mortality. Cell therapy allows to regenerate the function of injured tissues by using somatic stem cells that differentiate and proliferate into mature cells on order to repair injured tissues. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the effectiveness ofusing Somatic Stem Cells obtained from bone marrow in chronic pressure ulcers treatment, as a likely therapeutic option to unsuccessful conventional treatments. METHOD: it was studied 4 patients with chronic pressure ulcers in advanced stages and refractory to conventional treatment. It was obtained Somatic Stem Cells from the bone marrow and followed a process of seeding on a weekly basis. RESULTS: somatic Stem Cells seeded in chronic pressure ulcers differentiated into muscle, connective, epithelial and subcutaneous tissues. The repair of injured tissues lasted between 30 to 69 days. CONCLUSION: cell therapy by using Somatic Stem Cells from bone marrow constitutes a therapeutic option in chronic ulcers of advanced stages and refractory to conventional treatment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dendrimers bearing pyrene donor groups have been obtained and act as efficient light-harvesting antennae capable of transferring light energy through space from their periphery to their core. The light-harvesting ability increases with each generation due to an increase in the number of peripheral pyrenes. In order to evaluate the photovoltaic properties of the compounds, thermal evaporated thin films were produced and the voltage response in the presence of visible light was obtained. The energy transfer efficiency was found to be almost quantitative for the first and second generations. The dendrimers have the potential to become integral components of molecular photonic devices.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Two new classes of dendrimers bearing 8 and 32 fluorene donor groups have been synthesized. The first and second generations of these porphyrin-PAMAM-fluorene dendrimers were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, elemental analyses and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The UV-vis spectra showed that the individual properties of donor and acceptor moieties were preserved, indicating that the new dendrimers could be used as photosynthetic antennae. Furthermore, for fluorescent spectroscopy, these dendrimers showed good energy transfer.

Assuntos

RESUMO

An area of endemism is defined by the spatial congruence among two or more species with distributions that are limited by barriers. In this study, we explored and discussed the use of the network analysis method (NAM) and neighbor-joining (NJ) to analyze the areas of endemism of Quercus sect. Lobatae (red oak species) in Mexico and Central America. We compared the NAM and NJ with other methods commonly used in biogeographic studies to show the advantages of these new approaches and to identify the shortcomings of other approaches. The NAM used in this study is based on notions of centrality measures, such as betweenness. We incorporated the strength of the ties within the internal networks through p-cores and aggregate constraints in iterative analyses. The NAM based on betweenness is ideal for recognizing completely allopatric areas of endemism. The iterative NAMs increase the number of possible areas of endemism because they minimize the effect of minimal overlap, and the p-core is efficient at identifying the closest relationships among species in the cases in which betweenness is not informative. The number of areas of endemism increases when the sympatry matrix minimizes the dispersal effect and the sample effort is maximized, allowing the identification of the greatest number of these areas. The NJ method supports the idea that areas diverge among themselves in a differential way; the long branches correspond to zones with high speciation rates and complex histories (biotic and tectonic), and the short branches correspond to zones with low speciation rates and simple histories. In a classification scheme, NJ was capable of identifying the areas that are considered biotically complex because of their high speciation rates. The results obtained with the NAM and NJ showed that the physiographic regions of Mexico are not natural units and that many of them are composed of at least two different biotic components.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Oaks are dominant trees and key species in many temperate and subtropical forests in the world. In this study, we analyzed patterns of distribution of red oaks (Quercus, section Lobatae) occurring in Mexico and Central America to determine areas of species richness and endemism to propose areas of conservation. METHODS: Patterns of richness and endemism of 75 red oak species were analyzed using three different units. Two complementarity algorithms based on species richness and three algorithms based on species rarity were used to identify important areas for conservation. A simulated annealing analysis was performed to evaluate and formulate effective new reserves for red oaks that are useful for conserving the ecosystems associated with them after the systematic conservation planning approach. KEY RESULTS: Two main centers of species richness were detected. The northern Sierra Madre Oriental and Serranías Meridionales of Jalisco had the highest values of endemism. Fourteen areas were considered as priorities for conservation of red oak species based on the 26 priority political entities, 11 floristic units and the priority grid-cells obtained in the complementarity analysis. In the present network of Natural Protected Areas in Mexico and Central America, only 41.3% (31 species) of the red oak species are protected. The simulated annealing analysis indicated that to protect all 75 species of red oaks, 12 current natural protected areas need to be expanded by 120000 ha of additional land, and 26 new natural protected areas with 512500 ha need to be created. CONCLUSIONS: Red oaks are a useful model to identify areas for conservation based on species richness and endemism as a result of their wide geographic distribution and a high number of species. We evaluated and reformulated new reserves for red oaks that are also useful for the conservation of ecosystems associated with them.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Numerous studies indicate that moderate red wine consumption is associated with a protective effect against all-cause mortality. Since oxidative stress constitutes a unifying mechanism of injury of many types of disease processes, it should be expected that polyphenolic antioxidants account for this beneficial effect. Nevertheless, beyond the well-known antioxidant properties of these compounds, they may exert several other protective mechanisms. Indeed, the overall protective effect of polyphenols is due to their large array of biological actions, such as free radical-scavenging, metal chelation, enzyme modulation, cell signalling pathways modulation and gene expression effects, among others. Wine possesses a variety of polyphenols, being resveratrol its most outstanding representative, due to its pleiotropic biological properties. The presence of ethanol in wine aids to polyphenol absorption, thereby contributing to their bioavailability. Before absorption, polyphenols must be hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes or by colonic microflora. Then, they undergo intestinal and liver metabolism. There have been no reported polyphenol adverse effects derived from intakes currently associated with the normal diet. However, supplements for health-protection should be cautiously used as no level definition has been given to make sure the dose is safe. The role of oxidative stress and the beneficial effects of wine polyphenols against cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, microbial, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and kidney diseases and ageing are reviewed. Future large scale randomized clinical trials should be conducted to fully establish the therapeutic use of each individual wine polyphenol against human disease.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Peliosis hepatis is a rare vascular condition of the liver characterized by the presence of cystic blood-fi lled cavities distributed randomly throughout the liver parenchyma. We report a 46 year old female, with dyspepsia. An abdominal Doppler ultrasound showed a hyper vascularized solid liver nodule of 5 cm diameter. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scan showed the same hyper vascularized nodule. With the possible diagnoses of primary hepatocellular carcinoma or focal nodular hyperplasia, the patient was subjected to an excision of hepatic segment VI, where the nodule was located. The pathological diagnosis of the surgical piece was a peliosis hepatis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: el reconocimiento temprano de signos de peligro en el paciente con malaria permite identificar tempranamente el paciente en riesgo de hacer complicaciones clínicas, para ofrecerle un tratamiento adecuado y oportuno. La ictericia y orina oscura son signos frecuentes que pueden alertar sobre la instauración de una malaria complicada. OBJETIVO: estudiar en el paciente malárico la relación entre ictericia y orina oscura con disfunción hepática o renal y anemia, para establecer su utilidad como signos de peligro. MÉTODOS: se analizó información clínica y de laboratorio de 199 pacientes con malaria por Plasmodium falciparum, de un estudio de casos y controles realizado en Colombia. Se estudió la asociación entre orina oscura e ictericia con alteraciones del uroanálisis, pruebas de función hepática y renal, y hemoglobina. RESULTADOS: hubo asociación entre orina oscura y hemoglobinuria (OR= 236; 63-867), hematuria (OR= 3,2; 1,6-6,6), proteinuria (OR= 2,3; 1-5,3) y bilirrubinuria (OR= 2,1; 1-4,4). La ictericia estuvo presente en 31 por ciento de pacientes con disfunción renal (OR= 2,7; 1,1-6,4) y en 22 por ciento de pacientes con disfunción hepática (OR= 2,1; 0,9-4,5). Se encontró alta probabilidad de presentar ictericia en los pacientes con bilirrubina sérica total >25,6 µmol/L (OR= 6,1; 2,7-13,4) y nitrógeno ureico en sangre> 7,14 mmol/L (OR= 3,5; 1,4-8,5). CONCLUSIONES: la ictericia es un signo de peligro en el paciente malárico que se asocia con disfunción hepática y renal. La orina oscura no se asoció con disfunción renal o hepática, pero se explicó por bilirrubinuria, hematuria y proteinuria, que pueden ser indicadores tempranos de daño; debe estudiarse la orina oscura para aclarar su relación con el daño renal y hepático en malaria.

INTRODUCTION: early recognition of warning signs in malarial patients allows timely identification of the patient at risk of severe malaria and provides opportune treatment. Jaundice and dark urine are frequent signs that can alert to the occurrence of severe malaria. OBJECTIVE: to study the relationship between jaundice and dark urine with impaired liver and/or kidney function and anemia in malarial patients, and explore their role as warning signs. METHOD: clinical and laboratory data from 199 patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, belonging to a case control study conducted in Colombia, were analyzed. the association between dark urine and jaundice with impairment in the urine analysis, the hepatic and renal function test, and hemoglobin were studied. RESULTS: there was association between dark urine and hemoglobinuria (OR= 236, 63-867), hematuria (OR=3.2, 1.6-6.6), proteinuria (OR= 2.3, 1-5.3) and bilirubinuria (OR=2.1, 1-4.4). Jaundice was present in 31 percent of patients who had renal dysfunction (OR= 2.7, 1.1-6.4) and in 22 percent of those with liver dysfunction (OR= 2.1, 0.9-4.5). Jaundice was more likely in patients with total bilirubin > 25.6 µmol/L (OR= 6.1, 2.7-13.4) and blood ureic nitrogen > 7.14 mmol/L (OR= 3.5, 1.4-8.5). CONCLUSIONS: jaundice in patients with malaria may be considered as a warning sign associated with liver and kidney dysfunction. Dark urine was not associated with kidney or liver dysfunction, but was related to bilirubinuria, hematuria and proteinuria, which can be early indicators of failure; dark urine must be studied to clarify its relationship with liver and kidney failure in malaria.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: early recognition of warning signs in malarial patients allows timely identification of the patient at risk of severe malaria and provides opportune treatment. Jaundice and dark urine are frequent signs that can alert to the occurrence of severe malaria. OBJECTIVE: to study the relationship between jaundice and dark urine with impaired liver and/or kidney function and anemia in malarial patients, and explore their role as warning signs. METHOD: clinical and laboratory data from 199 patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, belonging to a case control study conducted in Colombia, were analyzed, the association between dark urine and jaundice with impairment in the urine analysis, the hepatic and renal function test, and hemoglobin were studied. RESULTS: there was association between dark urine and hemoglobinuria (OR = 236, 63-867), hematuria (OR = 3.2, 1.6-6.6), proteinuria (OR = 2.3, 1-5.3) and bilirubinuria (OR = 2.1, 1-4.4). Jaundice was present in 31 % of patients who had renal dysfunction (OR = 2.7, 1.1-6.4) and in 22 % of those with liver dysfunction (OR = 2.1, 0.9-4.5). Jaundice was more likely in patients with total bilirubin > 25.6 micromol/L (OR = 6.1, 2.7-13.4) and blood ureic nitrogen > 7.14 mmol/L (OR = 3.5, 1.4-8.5). CONCLUSIONS: jaundice in patients with malaria may be considered as a warning sign associated with liver and kidney dysfunction. Dark urine was not associated with kidney or liver dysfunction, but was related to bilirubinuria, hematuria and proteinuria, which can be early indicators of failure; dark urine must be studied to clarify its relationship with liver and kidney failure in malaria.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Peliosis hepatis is a rare vascular condition of the liver characterized by the presence of cystic blood-fi lled cavities distributed randomly throughout the liver parenchyma. We report a 46 year old female, with dyspepsia. An abdominal Doppler ultrasound showed a hyper vascularized solid liver nodule of 5 cm diameter. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scan showed the same hyper vascularized nodule. With the possible diagnoses of primary hepatocellular carcinoma or focal nodular hyperplasia, the patient was subjected to an excision of hepatic segment VI, where the nodule was located. The pathological diagnosis of the surgical piece was a peliosis hepatis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La Faja Volcánica Transmexicana es reconocida como una provincia, basada en rasgos geológicos, tectónicos, geomorfológicos y biogeográficos. La Faja es un arco volcánico que se extiende desde las costas del Pacífico en los estados de Jalisco y Nayarit hasta las costas del Golfo de México en Veracruz. La formación de esta provincia comenzó en el Mioceno medio, con un último episodio en el Plioceno tardío-Cuaternario donde se formaron la mayor parte de los complejos volcánicos actuales. Se realizó un análisis de trazos con 136 organismos (aves, mamíferos, reptiles, helechos y encinos) presentes en la Faja, encontrándose 8 trazos generalizados y 15 nodos; 6 de estos últimos se encuentran en la región de las Cuencas de Toluca-México-Puebla. Varios de los nodos encontrados en este trabajo ya habían sido reportados en trabajos previos, y muchos de ellos tienen correspondencia con Regiones Terrestres Prioritarias y Áreas de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves. Mediante un análisis de complementariedad se proponen cuatro áreas prioritarias para la conservación de ecosistemas y especies, siguiendo el criterio de conservar el menor número de áreas que alberguen el mayor número de especies. Estas áreas son, en orden de importancia: corredor Valle de México-Sierra de Chichinautzin-Sierra Nevada, corredor Cofre de Perote-Cañón de Río Blanco, nodo Volcán de San Juan y nodo Pátzcuaro

Assuntos