RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mayflies are basal winged insects of crucial importance for the understanding of the early evolution of Pterygota. Unlike all other insects, they have two successive winged stages, the subimago and the imago. Their forewings feature so-called bullae, which are desclerotized spots in the anterior main veins. Up to now, they have been considered to play a major role in wing bending during flight. RESULTS: We investigated bullae by multiple methods to reveal their structure and arrangement and to gain new information on the evolution of insect flight. Bullae are mostly present in the anterior negative wing veins, disrupting the otherwise rigid veins. High-speed videography reveals that mayfly wings do not bend during flight. Likewise, different arrangements of bullae in different species do not correlate with different modes of flying. Observations on the moulting of subimagines unravel that they are essential for wing bending during the extraction of the imaginal wing from the subimaginal cuticle. Bullae define predetermined bending lines, which, together with a highly flexible wing membrane enriched with resilin, permit wing bending during subimaginal moulting. Bullae are only absent in those species that remain in the subimaginal stage or that use modified modes of moulting. Bullae are also visible in fossil mayflies and can be traced back to stemgroup mayflies of the Early Permian, the 270 million years old Protereismatidae, which most probably had bullae in both fore- and hind wings. CONCLUSIONS: Bullae in mayfly wings do not play a role in flight as previously thought, but are crucial for wing bending during subimaginal moulting. Thus, the presence of bullae is a reliable morphological marker for a subimaginal life stage, confirming the existence of the subimago already in Permian Protereismatidae. A thorough search for bullae in fossils of other pterygote lineages may reveal wheather they also had subimagines and at what point in evolution this life stage was lost. In mayflies, however, the subimago may have been retained due to selective advantages in connection with the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life or due to morphological requirements for a specialized mating flight.
Assuntos
Ephemeroptera , Animais , Pterigotos , Vesícula , Insetos , Fósseis , Asas de Animais/anatomia & histologia , Voo AnimalRESUMO
This checklist of oribatid mites of the Republic of Colombia compiles and provides a taxonomic update of all records known up to 2020. It includes 192 entries accounting for 68 named and 47 unnamed species belonging to 73 genera and 58 families of non-astigmatid oribatid mites. Specimens from the brachypyline supercohort were dominant (54.7%), followed by Mixonomata (30.7%). However, current knowledge is far from being complete and distribution patterns show large gaps throughout the country due to this lacking knowledge and most existing investigations only include group specific studies that prevent from any conclusions regarding the real community composition of oribatids in Colombia. From 32 political-administrative departments, oribatids have been reported in 20, but 5 account for 65% of the records. These are: Cundinamarca -including Bogot D.C.- (24.4%), Magdalena (21.8%), Nario (6.3%), La Guajira (6.3%), and Quindo (5.9%). Whereas most oribatid reports in the Neotropical region have taken place during the past five decades, a map presented in this document shows that Colombia still lags behind other Latin American countries. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, for instance, have reported the highest number of species for the region and are the only nations that possess national oribatid checklists in Latin America. The current work represents a national baseline of oribatids encouraging further study of this clearly underrepresented group.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Ácaros , Animais , ColômbiaRESUMO
Biocompatible and resorbable optical fibres emerge as promising technologies for in vivo applications like imaging, light delivery for phototherapy and optogenetics, and localised drug-delivery, as well as for biochemical sensing, wherein the probe can be implanted and then completely absorbed by the organism. Biodegradable waveguides based on glasses, hydrogels, and silk have been reported, but most of these devices rely on complex fabrication procedures. In this sense, this paper proposes a novel structured optical fibre made of agarose, a transparent, edible material used in culture media and tissue engineering. The fibre is obtained by pouring food-grade agar into a mould with stacked rods, forming a solid core surrounded by air holes in which the refractive index and fibre geometry can be tailored by choosing the agarose solution composition and mould design, respectively. Besides exhibiting practical transmittance at 633 nm in relation to other hydrogel waveguides, the fibre is also validated for chemical sensing either by detecting volume changes due to agar swelling/dehydration or modulating the transmitted light by inserting fluids into the air holes. Therefore, the proposed agarose-based structured optical fibre is an easy-to-fabricate, versatile technology with possible applications for medical imaging and in vivo biochemical sensing.
RESUMO
During the past decades microsurgical training programs together with skill assessment methods had been developing intensively worldwide. Concerning the teaching of basic techniques at various levels, we aimed to summarize the education program types and experiences at our department, in order to define the way of continuity. All in the hope that this summary might contain useful information for other educators as well. About 50 years ago, in the late 1960s, microsurgical basic education had been established in Debrecen. Since the 1990s multilevel education programs have been developed, starting in undergraduate years up to the postgraduate training, residency and continuous medical education programs. In the last three decades about 2,300 participants completed courses, including over 470 residents. The ones who already succeeded microsurgical course as medical students, during residency program could reach better results and skill development. Concluding thoughts, the traditional methods and special experiences are highly important in microsurgical education. The necessary duration and individual training approach are emphasized. Standardization (self and international), comparability, accessibility, providing milestones of microsurgical skills are key factors. Proper feedback and skill assessment (experiences, internationally recognized scores, or combinations) are indispensable, but have to be fitted to the characteristic elements of the course.
Assuntos
Internato e Residência , Microcirurgia/educação , Ensino , Humanos , HungriaRESUMO
Abstract During the past decades microsurgical training programs together with skill assessment methods had been developing intensively worldwide. Concerning the teaching of basic techniques at various levels, we aimed to summarize the education program types and experiences at our department, in order to define the way of continuity. All in the hope that this summary might contain useful information for other educators as well. About 50 years ago, in the late 1960s, microsurgical basic education had been established in Debrecen. Since the 1990s multilevel education programs have been developed, starting in undergraduate years up to the postgraduate training, residency and continuous medical education programs. In the last three decades about 2,300 participants completed courses, including over 470 residents. The ones who already succeeded microsurgical course as medical students, during residency program could reach better results and skill development. Concluding thoughts, the traditional methods and special experiences are highly important in microsurgical education. The necessary duration and individual training approach are emphasized. Standardization (self and international), comparability, accessibility, providing milestones of microsurgical skills are key factors. Proper feedback and skill assessment (experiences, internationally recognized scores, or combinations) are indispensable, but have to be fitted to the characteristic elements of the course.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ensino , Internato e Residência , Microcirurgia/educação , HungriaRESUMO
During the past decades microsurgical training programs together with skill assessment methods had been developing intensively worldwide. Concerning the teaching of basic techniques at various levels, we aimed to summarize the education program types and experiences at our department, in order to define the way of continuity. All in the hope that this summary might contain useful information for other educators as well. About 50 years ago, in the late 1960s, microsurgical basic education had been established in Debrecen. Since the 1990s multilevel education programs have been developed, starting in undergraduate years up to the postgraduate training, residency and continuous medical education programs. In the last three decades about 2,300 participants completed courses, including over 470 residents. The ones who already succeeded microsurgical course as medical students, during residency program could reach better results and skill development. Concluding thoughts, the traditional methods and special experiences are highly important in microsurgical education. The necessary duration and individual training approach are emphasized. Standardization (self and international), comparability, accessibility, providing milestones of microsurgical skills are key factors. Proper feedback and skill assessment (experiences, internationally recognized scores, or combinations) are indispensable, but have to be fitted to the characteristic elements of the course.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Microcirurgia/educação , Educação Médica , Tutoria/análiseRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Cochlear implants have become the method of choice for the treatment of severe-to-profound hearing loss in both children and adults. Its benefits are well documented in the pediatric and adult population. Also deaf children with additional needs, including autism, have been covered by this treatment. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the benefits from cochlear implantation in deafened children with autism as the only additional disability. Methods This study analyzes data of six children. The follow-up time was at least 43 months. The following data were analyzed: medical history, reaction to music and sound, Ling's six sounds test, onomatopoeic word test, reaction to spoken child's name, response to requests, questionnaire given to parents, sound processor fitting sessions and data. Results After cochlear implantation each child presented other communication skills. In some children, the symptoms of speech understanding were observed. No increased hyperactivity associated with daily use cochlear implant was observed. The study showed that in autistic children the perception is very important for a child's sense of security and makes contact with parents easier. Conclusion Our study showed that oral communication is not likely to be a realistic goal in children with cochlear implants and autism. The implantation results showed benefits that varied among those children. The traditional methods of evaluating the results of cochlear implantation in children with autism are usually insufficient to fully assess the functional benefits. These benefits should be assessed in a more comprehensive manner taking into account the limitations of communication resulting from the essence of autism. It is important that we share knowledge about these complex children with cochlear implants.
Resumo Introdução Os implantes Cocleares tornaram-se o metodo de escolha para o tratamento da perda auditiva severa a profunda em crianças e adultos. Seus beneficios estao bem documentados nas populaçoes pediatrica e adulta. Tambem as crianças surdas com necessidades adicionais, incluindo autismo, tem sido incluidas nesse tratamento. Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os beneficios do implante coclear em crianças surdas com autismo como unica deficiencia adicional. Método Esse estudo analisa os dados de seis crianças. O tempo de seguimento foi de pelo menos 43 meses. Foram analisados os seguintes dados: historico medico, a reaçao a musica e ao som, teste dos seis sons de Ling, teste de palavra onomatopaica, reaçao ao nome falado da criança, resposta a pedidos, questionario aplicado aos pais, sessoes de ajustes e dados do processador de som. Resultados Apos o implante coclear, cada criança apresentou outras habilidades de comunicaçao. Em algumas crianças, foram observados sinais de compreensao da fala. Nao foi observado aumento de hiperatividade associada com o uso diario de implante coclear. O estudo mostrou que em crianças autistas a percepçao e muito importante para a sensaçao de segurança da criança e torna o contato com os pais mais facil. Conclusão Nosso estudo mostrou que a comunicaçao oral nao e uma meta realistica provavel em crianças com implantes cocleares e autismo. Os resultados do implante mostraram beneficios variaveis entre as crianças. Os metodos tradicionais de avaliaçao dos resultados do implante coclear em crianças com autismo sao geralmente insuficientes para avaliar plenamente os beneficios funcionais. Esses beneficios devem ser avaliados de forma mais abrangente, tendo em conta as limitaçoes de comunicaçao resultantes da essencia do autismo. E importante que compartilhemos conhecimentos sobre essas complexas crianças com implantes cocleares.
RESUMO
PURPOSE:: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. METHODS:: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. RESULTS:: Students' performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students' performance. CONCLUSION:: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.
Assuntos
Competência Clínica , Avaliação Educacional , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Técnicas de Sutura/educação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Salas CirúrgicasRESUMO
Abstract Purpose: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. Methods: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. Results: Students' performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students' performance. Conclusion: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Técnicas de Sutura/educação , Competência Clínica , Avaliação Educacional , Salas CirúrgicasRESUMO
Purpose: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. Methods: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. Results: Students performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students performance. Conclusion: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Faculdades de Medicina/organização & administração , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/tendências , Técnicas de Sutura/educação , Técnicas de Sutura/tendênciasRESUMO
Abstract Background Breast cancer confronts women with a threat to life and is classified among the most traumatic life experiences. The disease is often accompanied by strong negative emotions, often in the form of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Studies also point to the presence of chronic pain breast-cancer survivors. Objective To determine the relationships of: (1) anxiety and depressive symptoms with the experienced severity and interference of pain in post-mastectomy women; (2) anxiety and depressive symptoms with beliefs about pain. Method The studied group consisted of 53 women after radical mastectomy, experiencing chronic pain, despite positive results of cancer treatment. IPQ-R (Illness Perception Questionnaire – Revised) and HADS (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were applied. Results Correlation and regression analyses confirmed relationships of anxiety and depressive symptoms with pain in the group of post-mastectomy women. Cluster analysis separated three groups of patients, differing in the severity of depressive symptoms and anxiety. For each group, a different pattern of beliefs about pain was characteristic. Discussion The study has shown that psychological determinants play a significant role in the perception of pain severity and interference, which are related to anxiety, depressive symptoms and a system of beliefs about pain duration.
RESUMO
One new genus (Eurhynchoribates n. gen.) and three new subgenera (Rhynchoribatodes n. subgen., Parhynchoribates n. subgen. and Tectorhynchoribates n. subgen.) are proposed on the basis of review of known species of genus Rhynchoribates Grandjean, 1929 and on the basis of description of three new species-Rhynchoribates (s. str.) danbartai n. sp., Rhynchoribates (Tectorhynchoribates) jurobales n. sp. and Rhynchoribates (Rhynchoribatodes) dynastes n. sp.-from the territory of French Guyana. All known species of Rhynchoribates are discussed and their position into newly defined genera and subgenera proposed. Detailed differential diagnoses are given for all new taxons.
Assuntos
Ácaros/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Feminino , Guiana , Masculino , Ácaros/anatomia & histologia , Ácaros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Background In the present study populations, representing different rounds of recombination were used for the analysis of phenotypic effects associated with the sdw1/denso locus. Other studies have mostly focused only on one type of population. Many different QTLs mapped at the same position as the sdw1/denso locus may indicate a pleiotropy of this gene or a tight linkage between genes conditioning quantitative traits. To date, results of studies have not unequivocally proven either of these two phenomena. Results Both breeding and molecular mapping experiments were undertaken to examine 200 single seed descent (SSD) and 60 doubled haploid (DH) lines obtained from the Maresi (with a semi-dwarfing gene) and Pomo cross combination. They were evaluated for the type of juvenile growth habit and certain agronomic traits were measured after harvesting. The estimates of mean values, standard errors and significance of effects were analyzed. In terms of the analyzed characteristics, the greatest variability was obtained for genotypes with the prostrate growth habit. Microsatellite markers (SSR) were also used to identify co-segregation with the sdw1/denso locus and Bmag0013, Bmag0877, Bmag0306b markers were linked the closest. A partial linkage map of chromosome 3H with the sdw1/denso semi-dwarfing gene was constructed and QTLs were identified. Conclusions Our experiments confirmed the impact of the semi-dwarfing gene on plant height, heading and flowering date both in SSD and DH populations, which may indicate pleiotropy. Moreover, a partial linkage between sdw1/denso locus and grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight was found in the SSD population.
Assuntos
Hordeum/genética , Pleiotropia Genética , Recombinação Genética , Sementes/genética , Produção Agrícola , Genes de Plantas , Repetições de Microssatélites , Locos de Características Quantitativas , HaploidiaRESUMO
More than 400 serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated in outbreaks and sporadic human diseases. In recent years STEC strains belonging to serogroup O178 have been commonly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin in South America and Europe. In order to explore the significance of these STEC strains as potential human pathogens, 74 German and Argentinean E. coli O178 strains from animals, food and humans were characterized phenotypically and investigated for their serotypes, stx-genotypes and 43 virulence-associated markers by a real-time PCR-microarray. The majority (n = 66) of the O178 strains belonged to serotype O178:H19. The remaining strains divided into O178:H7 (n = 6), O178:H10 (n = 1), and O178:H16 (n = 1). STEC O178:H19 strains were mainly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin, but one strain was from a patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Genotyping of the STEC O178:H19 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two major clusters of genetically highly related strains which differ in their stx-genotypes and non-Stx putative virulence traits, including adhesins, toxins, and serine-proteases. Cluster A-strains including the HUS-strain (n = 35) carried genes associated with severe disease in humans (stx2a, stx2d, ehxA, saa, subAB1, lpfAO113 , terE combined with stx1a, espP, iha). Cluster B-strains (n = 26) showed a limited repertoire of virulence genes (stx2c, pagC, lpfAO113 , espP, iha). Among O178:H7 strains isolated from deer meat and patients with uncomplicated disease a new STEC variant was detected that is associated with the genotype stx1c/stx2b/ehxA/subAB2/espI/[terE]/espP/iha. None of the STEC O178 strains was positive for locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)- and nle-genes. Results indicate that STEC O178:H19 strains belong to the growing group of LEE-negative STEC that should be considered with respect to their potential to cause diseases in humans.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/classificação , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Cervos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Genótipo , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sorotipagem , Toxina Shiga/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the intraoperative microcirculatory changes of the affected organs (small bowel, liver and kidney) during the making of a modified selective portacaval (PC) shunt. METHODS: On ten anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats the selective end-to-side mesocaval anastomosis was performed, where only the rostral mesenteric vein is utilized and the portal vein with the splenic vein are left intact. Morphometric and microcirculatory investigations using a LDF device determining flux units (BFU) were carried out. RESULTS: After completing the shunts the microcirculatory flux values did not recover in the same manner on the surface of the small intestine, the liver or the kidney. BFU values showed deterioration in the small intestine and in the liver (p<0.001). During the reperfusion the BFU values improved, but not in the same manner. The small intestine values left behind the kidney and liver data. CONCLUSIONS: Technically, the advantages of the models include the selective characteristic, the mesocaval localization and the relatively easy access to those vessels. However, its major disadvantage is the time needed for positioning the vessels without coiling or definitive stretching. Intraoperative LDF may provide useful data on the microcirculatory affection of the organs suffering from hypoperfusion or ischemia during creating the shunts.
Assuntos
Microcirculação/fisiologia , Microcirurgia/métodos , Derivação Portocava Cirúrgica/métodos , Veia Porta/cirurgia , Veia Cava Inferior/cirurgia , Anastomose Cirúrgica , Animais , Período Intraoperatório , Veias Mesentéricas/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Animais , Veia Porta/anatomia & histologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the intraoperative microcirculatory changes of the affected organs (small bowel, liver and kidney) during the making of a modified selective portacaval (PC) shunt. METHODS: On ten anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats the selective end-to-side mesocaval anastomosis was performed, where only the rostral mesenteric vein is utilized and the portal vein with the splenic vein are left intact. Morphometric and microcirculatory investigations using a LDF device determining flux units (BFU) were carried out. RESULTS: After completing the shunts the microcirculatory flux values did not recover in the same manner on the surface of the small intestine, the liver or the kidney. BFU values showed deterioration in the small intestine and in the liver (p<0.001). During the reperfusion the BFU values improved, but not in the same manner. The small intestine values left behind the kidney and liver data. CONCLUSIONS: Technically, the advantages of the models include the selective characteristic, the mesocaval localization and the relatively easy access to those vessels. However, its major disadvantage is the time needed for positioning the vessels without coiling or definitive stretching. Intraoperative LDF may provide useful data on the microcirculatory affection of the organs suffering from hypoperfusion or ischemia during creating the shunts.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Anastomose Cirúrgica , Microcirculação/fisiologia , Microcirurgia , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the intraoperative microcirculatory changes of the affected organs (small bowel, liver and kidney) during the making of a modified selective portacaval (PC) shunt. METHODS: On ten anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats the selective end-to-side mesocaval anastomosis was performed, where only the rostral mesenteric vein is utilized and the portal vein with the splenic vein are left intact. Morphometric and microcirculatory investigations using a LDF device determining flux units (BFU) were carried out. RESULTS: After completing the shunts the microcirculatory flux values did not recover in the same manner on the surface of the small intestine, the liver or the kidney. BFU values showed deterioration in the small intestine and in the liver (p<0.001). During the reperfusion the BFU values improved, but not in the same manner. The small intestine values left behind the kidney and liver data. CONCLUSIONS: Technically, the advantages of the models include the selective characteristic, the mesocaval localization and the relatively easy access to those vessels. However, its major disadvantage is the time needed for positioning the vessels without coiling or definitive stretching. Intraoperative LDF may provide useful data on the microcirculatory affection of the organs suffering from hypoperfusion or ischemia during creating the shunts.