RESUMO
This study consisted of a systematic replication of previous research examining the effects of tact and listener instruction on the emergence of native-to-foreign (NF) and foreign-to-native (FN) intraverbals in children who had experienced difficulties learning to read and write. We assigned different sets of stimuli to tact and listener conditions, and taught 4 children to tact or respond as listeners in a foreign language using a progressive prompt delay with differential reinforcement. All participants mastered tacts and listener responses in the foreign language. For all participants, tact instruction yielded greater emergence of intraverbals compared to listener instruction. Tact instruction also produced all possible bidirectional (NF and FN) intraverbals relations for 3 of 4 participants, but listener instruction never resulted in the emergence of all possible relations. These results replicate previous findings suggesting that tact instruction is a more efficient way to teach a foreign language and extend them to progressive prompt-delay procedures.
Assuntos
Idioma , Vocabulário , Criança , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Reforço Psicológico , RedaçãoRESUMO
Abstract The shortage of opportunities to access effective interventions for autism in developing countries is a major concern. Research on parent-implemented interventions is critical for the dissemination of evidence-based treatments. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a parent-implemented intervention program that is offered to low and lower middle-class families in northern Brazil. The participants were three children who were diagnosed with autism and their respective parents/caregivers. All of the parents had received training on the implementation of discrete-trial teaching. We collected data on the children's performance and evaluated the integrity of the parent-implemented intervention. The results showed improvements in performance for two of the three children whose parents implemented the intervention with a high degree of integrity. For the third parent whose child had lower performance, low attendance during the training sessions was correlated with the child's slower rate of acquisition. These findings support the potential benefits of parent-implemented intervention programs for children with autism and extend to the socio-cultural context of developing countries, such as Brazil.
Resumo A escassez de oportunidades para acessar a intervenção efetiva para o autismo nos países em desenvolvimento é uma grande preocupação. Assim, a pesquisa sobre a intervenção implementada pelos pais é crítica para disseminar tratamentos baseados em evidência. O estudo atual avaliou a eficácia de um programa de intervenção implementado pelos pais oferecido a famílias de classes baixa e média-baixa no Norte do Brasil. Os participantes foram três crianças diagnosticadas com autismo e seus respectivos pais/cuidadores. Todos os pais haviam recebido treinamento sobre a implementação de ensino por tentativa discreta. Coletamos dados sobre o desempenho das crianças, bem como da integridade da intervenção implementada pelos pais. Os resultados mostraram aumento nos desempenhos com duas das três crianças, cujos pais implementaram tratamento com alto grau de integridade. Para o terceiro pai, o baixo comparecimento durante as sessões de treinamento foi correlacionado com a taxa de aquisição mais lenta da criança. Esses achados apoiam os benefícios potenciais dos programas de intervenção implementados pelos pais para crianças com autismo e se estendem ao contexto sociocultural de países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.
Resumen La escasez de oportunidades para acceder a intervenciones efectivas para el autismo en los países en desarrollo es de gran preocupación. Así, la investigación sobre la intervención implementada por los padres es fundamental para difundir los tratamientos basados en evidencia. El presente estudio evaluó la eficacia de un programa de intervención implementado por los padres ofrecido a las familias de clase media baja y baja en el norte de Brasil. Los participantes fueron tres niños diagnosticados con autismo y sus respectivos padres/cuidadores. Todos los padres habían recibido capacitación sobre la implementación de la enseñanza de prueba discreta. Recogemos datos sobre el rendimiento de los niños, así como la integridad de la intervención implementada por los padres. Los resultados mostraron mejores resultados con los tres niños cuyos padres implementaron un tratamiento con un alto grado de integridad. Para el tercer padre, la baja asistencia durante las sesiones de entrenamiento se correlacionó con la menor tasa de adquisición de su hijo. Estos hallazgos respaldan los beneficios potenciales de los programas de intervención implementados por los padres para niños con autismo y se extienden al contexto sociocultural de países en desarrollo como Brasil.
RESUMO
Comparisons of the relative efficiency of different prompt topographies (visual or auditory), when teaching intraverbal behavior to children with disabilities, have yielded idiosyncratic results. Recent research has shown that previous exposure to a specific prompt type may affect its efficiency when teaching intraverbal behavior to preschool children. The current study was an attempt to replicate these results with 3 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. For all participants, increased exposure to one prompt topography was sufficient to make it relatively more efficient as measured by number of trials to criterion. These results suggest that previous history with a prompt type may predict its efficiency.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Terapia da Linguagem/métodos , Ensino , Estimulação Acústica , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Sinais (Psicologia) , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação LuminosaRESUMO
The purpose of the current study was to assess whether individuals with intellectual disabilities would emit untrained speaker responses (i.e., signed tacts and mands) after being taught listener behaviors. Listener relations were trained via an automated matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure. Following mastery, the emergence of signed tacts, generalized tacts, and mands was tested. All participants met criterion in listener relations training and showed the emergence of almost all relations. Results suggest that teaching listener relations first, through MTS tasks, is a viable way to produce emergence of speaker relations.
RESUMO
In the current study, tacts with positive qualifying autoclitics for reading were reinforced in order to determine if this procedure would increase the time spent reading by participants. Participants included 5 children, between 9-10 years old. Participants were individually exposed to 4 free operant sessions during which they were instructed to independently choose play activities. During pre- and post-treatment conditions, no consequences were provided for choosing reading. In addition, 4 treatment sessions were conducted on days separate from the free operant session days, during which the experimenter praised each positive reading-related statement emitted by the participant. Following treatment sessions, 4 out of 5 participants increased the time allocated to reading, suggesting that reading could be increased when praise is delivered contingent upon positive reading-related verbalizations.
RESUMO
Em termos gerais, operacoes estabelecedoras podem ser definidas como eventos ambientais que alteram a efetividade reforcadora de um estimulo, assim como evocam todo comportamento que, no passado, foi seguido por tal estimulo. O conceito parece descrever, em termos comportamentais, o que e usualmente chamado de motivacao. O presente artigo pretende apresentar de uma forma didatica o desenvolvimento teorico do conceito e seu status na Analise Experimental e Aplicada do Comportamento.