RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of pregnancy in adolescents on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane, which was used as a proxy for status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and also on the composition of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) mobilized from the adipose tissue. Two matched groups of healthy adolescents (14-19 years) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were compared: pregnant (n=26; 32.7+/-3.9 weeks of gestation, mean+/-SD) and non-pregnant (n=20). Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast. Mean dietary intakes of total fat and n-3 and n-6 PUFA (energy %) were not different between pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents, and the consumption of food sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was low. Fasting total NEFA and NEFA 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6 and 20:4n-6 (g/100g fatty acids) were higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant adolescents. Although erythrocyte 20:4n-6 was lower in pregnant adolescents, there were no differences in DHA (g/100g fatty acids), in DHA status indices (22:5n-6/22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3/22:5n-6 ratios) and in the index of n-3+n-6 PUFA status ([Sigman-3+Sigman-6]/[Sigman-7+Sigman-9]) in erythrocytes as compared with those of non-pregnant adolescents. In conclusion, pregnancy did not have an adverse effect on erythrocyte DHA content or on DHA and n-3+n-6 PUFA status indices in the adolescents studied.
Assuntos
Membrana Eritrocítica/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/sangue , Gravidez/sangue , Gravidez/metabolismo , Adolescente , Brasil , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/análise , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/análise , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
The aims of the present study were to evaluate essential fatty acids (EFA) and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) status in lactating adolescents and its association with breast milk composition. Healthy nursing adolescents from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (n 30; 14-19 years; 30-120 d postpartum), exclusively or predominantly breast-feeding, participated in this study. Breast milk and blood samples were collected after overnight fasting. Fatty acid composition of breast milk, erythrocyte membrane (EM) and plasma NEFA were determined by GC. Indices of fatty acid status (mean melting point (MMP); EFA status index; DHA status indices, 22 : 5n-6:22 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3:22 : 5n-6 ratios) were calculated from EM fatty acid composition. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids was low when compared with current recommendations for lactating women. MMP was associated with indices of DHA status, some individual fatty acids in EM and years post-menarche and weeks postpartum, suggesting the use of erythrocyte MMP as a possible comprehensive biochemical marker of LCPUFA status in this physiological condition. The DHA status of lactating adolescents and their milk DHA concentrations were similar to the values of Brazilian lactating adults, but lower compared with the values of lactating adults from other countries. Therefore, these lactating adolescents were apparently not disadvantaged, as compared with the Brazilian adults, when EM and breast milk fatty acid composition were considered. In general, PUFA in milk from adolescents presented few associations with their concentrations in plasma NEFA and with maternal status. However, milk DHA was associated with maternal LCPUFA and DHA states.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/análise , Lactação/fisiologia , Leite Humano/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/análise , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Eritrócitos/química , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/análise , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência/metabolismo , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
Maternal adipose tissue is a major contributor to breast milk long-chain fatty acids, probably through the pool of plasma NEFA. The fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane (EM) is a biochemical index of the intake of fatty acids not synthesized endogenously and of PUFA and long-chain PUFA fatty acid status. The present study investigated the associations between breast milk fatty acid composition and the composition of plasma NEFA and of EM fatty acids with special reference to PUFA, long-chain PUFA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The detailed fatty acid composition of mature breast milk was also reported. Thirty-three healthy, lactating Brazilian women donated milk samples; of these, twenty-four also donated blood samples in an observational cross-sectional study. Breast milk fatty acid composition presented several associations with NEFA and EM composition, which explained most (> or =50 %) of the variability of selected milk PUFA, long-chain PUFA and CLA. Milk CLA was associated with fatty acids that are markers of dairy fat intake in the diet, NEFA and EM. In general, breast milk n-3 fatty acids and CLA, but not n-6 fatty acids, were associated with EM composition, whereas both the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and CLA in milk were associated with NEFA composition, possibly owing to its role as a direct source of fatty acids for breast milk. These findings emphasize the contribution of the NEFA pool derived from the adipose tissue to the long-chain fatty acid composition of breast milk.
Assuntos
Membrana Eritrocítica/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Lactação/fisiologia , Lipídeos de Membrana/química , Leite Humano/química , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Isomerismo , Ácido Linoleico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Linoleico/análiseAssuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Carotenoides/análise , Dieta , Leite Humano/química , Vitamina A/análise , Adulto , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Biomarcadores/análise , Brasil , Aleitamento Materno , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Vitamina A/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test air insufflation as an adjunct to placement of enteral feeding tubes and the effectiveness of using a smaller insufflation volume in pediatric patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled study in a pediatric intensive care unit in two tertiary hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 78 children with indication for transpyloric tube feeding were studied. INTERVENTIONS: An unweighted feeding tube was placed into the stomach through the nares; a 20-ml syringe was used to insufflate 10 ml/kg air into the stomach. The tube was advanced an estimated distance into the pylorus or beyond. The control group received the same procedure except for air insufflation. Resident physicians performed all procedures. Abdominal radiography was performed 3 h later. RESULTS: Of 38 tubes in the study group 33 (86.8%) were successfully placed in a single attempt, compared to 18 of 40 tubes (45%) in the control group. Compared with the technique of using 20 ml/kg air for insufflation, no statistically significant difference was observed. No significant complication was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The gastric insufflation technique required no expensive equipment, minimal training, and consistently allowed transpyloric passage of feeding tubes. The use of 10 ml/kg air may significantly improve the rate of success without increasing risks.
Assuntos
Nutrição Enteral/instrumentação , Insuflação/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Insuflação/instrumentação , MasculinoRESUMO
Corticosteróides são de largo uso na prática médica. Porém, apresentam efeitos colaterais, que condicionam um fator de risco para procedimentos cirúrgicos gastrointestinais. O presente estudo visou avaliar as alterações da mucosa e submucosa em cólon de cães submetidos a administração prolongada de corticosteróides. Quinze cães machos, sem raça definida, 15 kg, randomizados, 6 de grupo controle e 9 de grupo experimental, foram submetidos à aplicação intramuscular de hidrocortisona, 35 mg/Kg/dia, 30 dias. Foi realizada ressecção do segmento distal do cólon, fixado em Bouin, com cortes corados pelos métodos: PAS, alcian blue e HE. Na análise morfométrica, foi realizada contagem de: células caliciformes (CAL), células absortivas (ABS), células totais (TOT = CAL+ABS), mitoses (MIT) e linfócitos (LINF) presentes em cada cripta; mastócitos (MAST) na submucosa. A avaliação histopatológica revelou infiltrado linfoplasmocitário, desorganização das criptas, presença de células picnóticas, ulcerações na mucosa; edema, congestão vascular e linfática na submucosa. Houve diminuição significante do número de CAL, ABS, TOT e LINF, aumento de MIT no grupo experimental e não alteração do número de MAST. Conclui-se que a administração prolongada de corticosteróides em cães induziu alterações histopatológicas e morfométricas significantes na mucosa cólica, que podem se constituir em importante fator de risco cirúrgico.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Corticosteroides/farmacologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Corticosteroides/administração & dosagem , Cicatrização , Colo/anatomia & histologia , Colo/patologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório , Mucosa Intestinal/anatomia & histologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Corticosteroids are largely used in the medical practice. However, they present side effects, that condition a risk factor for gastro-intestinal surgical procedures. The present study seeks to evaluate the histologycal changes of the mucosa and submucosa in colon of dogs submitted to the extended administration of corticosteroids. Fifteen male dogs with no defined pedigree, weighing 15 kg, randomized, being 6 dogs of the control group and 9 dogs of the experimental group, were submitted to the intramuscular application of hydrocortisone, 35 mg/kg/day for 30 days. The colonic distal segment was resected, fixed in Bouin and the courts were stained by the methods: PAS, alcian blue and HE. In the morphometric analysis, was accomplished the counting of: globet cells (GLO), absorptive cells (ABS), total cells (TOT= GLO+ABS), mitosis (MIT) and lymphocytes (LYMP) in each crypt; mast cells (MAST) in the submucosa. The histopathologycal evaluation revealed lymphocytic and plasma cells infiltrated, disorganization of the crypts, presence of pictotic cells, ulcerations in the mucosa; edema, vascular and lymphatic congestion in the submucosa. Analysis revealed: significant decrease of the number of GLO, ABS, TOT and LYMP, increase of MIT in the experimental group and non alteration of the number of MAST. It was concluded that the extended administration of corticosteroids in dogs induced significant histopathologycal and morphometric alterations in the colonic mucosa, that can be constituted important factors of surgical risk.
Corticosteróides são de largo uso na prática médica. Porém, apresentam efeitos colaterais, que condicionam um fator de risco para procedimentos cirúrgicos gastrointestinais. O presente estudo visou avaliar as alterações da mucosa e submucosa em cólon de cães submetidos a administração prolongada de corticosteróides. Quinze cães machos, sem raça definida, 15 kg, randomizados, 6 de grupo controle e 9 de grupo experimental, foram submetidos à aplicação intramuscular de hidrocortisona, 35 mg/Kg/dia, 30 dias. Foi realizada ressecção do segmento distal do cólon, fixado em Bouin, com cortes corados pelos métodos: PAS, alcian blue e HE. Na análise morfométrica, foi realizada contagem de: células caliciformes (CAL), células absortivas (ABS), células totais (TOT = CAL+ABS), mitoses (MIT) e linfócitos (LINF) presentes em cada cripta; mastócitos (MAST) na submucosa. A avaliação histopatológica revelou infiltrado linfoplasmocitário, desorganização das criptas, presença de células picnóticas, ulcerações na mucosa; edema, congestão vascular e linfática na submucosa. Houve diminuição significante do número de CAL, ABS, TOT e LINF, aumento de MIT no grupo experimental e não alteração do número de MAST. Conclui-se que a administração prolongada de corticosteróides em cães induziu alterações histopatológicas e morfométricas significantes na mucosa cólica, que podem se constituir em importante fator de risco cirúrgico.
RESUMO
Corticosteroids are largely used in the medical practice. However, they present side effects, that condition a risk factor for gastro-intestinal surgical procedures. The present study seeks to evaluate the histologycal changes of the mucosa and submucosa in colon of dogs submitted to the extended administration of corticosteroids. Fifteen male dogs with no defined pedigree, weighing 15 kg, randomized, being 6 dogs of the control group and 9 dogs of the experimental group, were submitted to the intramuscular application of hydrocortisone, 35 mg/kg/day for 30 days. The colonic distal segment was resected, fixed in Bouin and the courts were stained by the methods: PAS, alcian blue and HE. In the morphometric analysis, was accomplished the counting of: globet cells (GLO), absorptive cells (ABS), total cells (TOT= GLO+ABS), mitosis (MIT) and lymphocytes (LYMP) in each crypt; mast cells (MAST) in the submucosa. The histopathologycal evaluation revealed lymphocytic and plasma cells infiltrated, disorganization of the crypts, presence of pictotic cells, ulcerations in the mucosa; edema, vascular and lymphatic congestion in the submucosa. Analysis revealed: significant decrease of the number of GLO, ABS, TOT and LYMP, increase of MIT in the experimental group and non alteration of the number of MAST. It was concluded that the extended administration of corticosteroids in dogs induced significant histopathologycal and morphometric alterations in the colonic mucosa, that can be constituted important factors of surgical risk.
Corticosteróides são de largo uso na prática médica. Porém, apresentam efeitos colaterais, que condicionam um fator de risco para procedimentos cirúrgicos gastrointestinais. O presente estudo visou avaliar as alterações da mucosa e submucosa em cólon de cães submetidos a administração prolongada de corticosteróides. Quinze cães machos, sem raça definida, 15 kg, randomizados, 6 de grupo controle e 9 de grupo experimental, foram submetidos à aplicação intramuscular de hidrocortisona, 35 mg/Kg/dia, 30 dias. Foi realizada ressecção do segmento distal do cólon, fixado em Bouin, com cortes corados pelos métodos: PAS, alcian blue e HE. Na análise morfométrica, foi realizada contagem de: células caliciformes (CAL), células absortivas (ABS), células totais (TOT = CAL+ABS), mitoses (MIT) e linfócitos (LINF) presentes em cada cripta; mastócitos (MAST) na submucosa. A avaliação histopatológica revelou infiltrado linfoplasmocitário, desorganização das criptas, presença de células picnóticas, ulcerações na mucosa; edema, congestão vascular e linfática na submucosa. Houve diminuição significante do número de CAL, ABS, TOT e LINF, aumento de MIT no grupo experimental e não alteração do número de MAST. Conclui-se que a administração prolongada de corticosteróides em cães induziu alterações histopatológicas e morfométricas significantes na mucosa cólica, que podem se constituir em importante fator de risco cirúrgico.