RESUMO
The dithiocarbamates class has been widely used in agriculture practices because of lower toxicity and instability than organophosphates and carbamates. Among them, the maneb has been used to produce several fruits and vegetables, but its high ingestion can adversely affect human health. This work developed the Solid-Liquid Phase Microextraction (SLPME) for extraction of the maneb in foods sample with posterior determination by Flow injection analysis-Flame Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy (FIA-FAAS). Curve analytical had a linear range from 0.9 to 20.0 µmol L-1 maneb (A = 5.94 × 10-4 C (µmol L-1) + 6.93 × 10-4), good repeatability (4.07%) and reproducibility (3.39%), limits of quantification (5.98 µmol L-1) and detection (0.197 µmol L-1), which was above of the established by regulatory agencies. The extraction of the maneb was performed using 685 µL of the solution of the 1.00 × 10-3 mol L-1 of EDTA, and it has excellent recovery values from 80.85 to 106.51%. Therefore, the developed SLPME demonstrated an alternative environmentally friendly for quickly extracting maneb from food samples (apple, papaya, and tomato).
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais , Microextração em Fase Líquida , Maneb , Humanos , Maneb/análise , Verduras/química , Frutas/química , Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The thermal processing, storage, and transportation of foodstuffs (e.g., fruit juices, coffee, honey, and vinegar) generate 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The food industry uses this compound as a quality marker, thus increasing the demand for fast and reliable analytical methods for its determination. This review focuses on the formation of HMF in food, its desirable and toxic effects, and recent advances in analytical methods for its determination in foodstuffs. The advantages and limitations of these analytical approaches are discussed relative to the main analytical features.
Assuntos
Furaldeído , Mel , Café , Furaldeído/análogos & derivados , Furaldeído/análiseRESUMO
Antidepressants are the pharmaceutical compounds used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and all related disturbances promoted by genetic factors, environmental problems or modern lifestyles. Nonetheless, the inadequate ingestion of antidepressants provokes adverse effects in the human body and can contaminate the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to identify and quantify these compounds in biological fluids, natural water, wastewater, and pharmaceutical formulations. Consequently, this review presents the main electroanalytical techniques used in the analysis of antidepressants, indicating the advantages, which include low cost, suitable analytical parameters, simplified sample preparation steps, easy operation and reduced time for completion of the analysis. Reports in specialized literature, published from 2000 to 2020, are presented and some are discussed, demonstrating that the electroanalytical techniques can be employed, with success, in the determination of antidepressants, indicating alternative methodologies to improve analytical parameters and minimize the use and generation of toxic residues.
Assuntos
Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Águas Residuárias , Antidepressivos , Composição de Medicamentos , Eletrodos , HumanosRESUMO
Carbamates and dithiocarbamates are two classes of pesticides widely employed in the agriculture practice to control and avoid pests and weeds, hence, the monitoring of the residue of those pesticides in different foodstuff samples is important. Thus, this review presents the classification, chemical structure, use, and toxicology of them. Moreover, it was shown the evolution of liquid- and solid-phase microextractions employed in the extraction of carbamates and dithiocarbamates in water and foodstuff samples. The classification, operation mode, and application of the microextractions of liquid-phase and solid-phase used in their extraction were discussed and related to the analytical parameters and guidelines of green analytical chemistry.
Assuntos
Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Carbamatos , Praguicidas/análise , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics in the aquatic environment has raised concern about their potential impacts on and risks to the biota. While the presence of microplastics in a marine environment has been well studied, the impact of microplastic contamination in freshwater bodies is understudied. In the present study, baseline data about contamination with microplastics in Lake Guaíba in southern Brazil are presented. The abundance, distribution, and composition of microplastics in the surface of this freshwater body were investigated, and these parameters were correlated with population density, land occupation, wind, and geohydrologic processes. The samples were collected with a manta net (60 µm mesh size). Microplastics were found in all the samples, with an average of 11.9 ± 0.6 to 61.2 ± 6.1 items m-3, which indicates the widespread contamination of the lake with plastic particles. The most frequent microplastic morphology was the fragment type in the size range of 100 to 250 µm, and the predominant colours were white/transparent and red. Measurement uncertainty of the visual microplastic counts showed that black colour microplastics is more susceptible to be mistaken, which might lead to an underestimation and/or overestimation of the total number of microplastics. Polypropylene and polyethylene together comprised most of the polymer types (98%). Micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy analyses showed that 58% of the analysed polymers were highly oxidised, indicating long residence of this particles in the water. In addition, our data show that the distribution of microplastics is strongly influenced by the geohydrological characteristics of the lake. Therefore, this research may provide information for further investigations of microplastic distribution in Lake Guaíba and can serve as a base to improve the regulations regarding waste management to effectively reduce microplastic pollution in freshwater systems. Additionally, the measurement uncertainty showed that black microplastics are more susceptible to variations in their measurements.
RESUMO
This work describes the 25 classes of food additives that contain about 230 compounds with technological, sensorial and/or microbiological functionalities. These compounds are added to foods at the processing, packaging and transport steps, to improve the standard of quality, durability and stability of the product and adjust the colour, smell and flavour attributes. Food industries need to follow national and international quality standards that establish the conditions under which food additives may be used, and the food safety is guaranteed by strict quality control. This review describes the analytical techniques used in identification and quantification of food additives in foodstuffs, highlighting the main characteristics of each method (spectroscopy, chromatography and electroanalysis), and indicating the advantages and disadvantages typical of the methods used. Perspectives of the chemical analysis in the food industries are also discussed.
Assuntos
Cromatografia/métodos , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Espectrofotometria/métodos , Aditivos Alimentares/classificação , Indústria AlimentíciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate balance control in asthmatic patients. METHODS: Thirty subjects with controlled persistent asthma were compared with 30 non-asthmatic subjects who were matched by age and sex. Individuals who had received psychiatric treatment, demonstrated chronic musculoskeletal pain, had limited joint movements, or showed vestibular or other equilibrium disorders were excluded from both the groups to avoid biomechanical bias in the dynamic posturography. Balance control was evaluated with the subject standing still on a force platform under four different sensory test conditions. These conditions combined the subject's eyes being opened or closed with a fixed or mobile force platform. A mobile platform provides a somatosensory perturbation, and when associated with the eyes closed condition, only vestibular information is available to moderate balance control. Sensory manipulation provides a more sensitive condition to differentiate postural control between populations or pathologies. Data were sampled at 100 Hz in three 20-second trials and four postural conditions were assessed. The center of pressure (CoP) displacement values were used to calculate area and velocity in the medial-lateral and forward-backward directions. A two-factor analysis of variance with repeated measurements was applied to the data. RESULTS: In comparison to the control group, the asthma group demonstrated a greater area of CoP displacement in conditions using the mobile force platform (with eyes opened or closed) and a higher velocity in forward-backward direction on the mobile platform with the eyes closed. CONCLUSION: Asthmatic individuals presented a greater area for the CoP displacement under somatosensory perturbations and a higher velocity in the forward-backward direction when vestibular information only was made available. Our data suggest that balance needs to be evaluated in asthmatic patients.