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INTRODUCTION: Falls in older adults are a common and serious threat to health and functional independence. It can cause psychological distress, inability to participate in activities of daily living, brain injury, fractures, and even death. The aim was to analyze the psychometric properties of the self-assessed fall risk scale (FRS) that measures the risk of falls in older adults in a central region of Chile, as well as to verify the concurrent validity against functional fitness tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 222 older adults (OA) [34 males and 188 females] with an age range of 65 to 85 years. The 13-item self-perceived fall risk scale (FRS) was validated. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) were assessed. Five functional fitness tests were measured (right and left hand grip strength, biceps curl, up-and-go, agility and 6-minute walk test). Validation was performed by construct validation [(exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)] and concurrent validity. RESULTS: The EFA revealed 4 factors in the FRS scale [1: fear of falling (variance 27.1%), 2: use of assistive devices (variance 10.6%), 3: loss of sensation (variance 9.3%), and 4: limited mobility (variance 8.3%)]. Factor loadings ranged from ∼ 0.50 to 0.83 across the 4 components. The Kaiser-Meyer Olkin sample adequacy test (KMO) reflected adequate adequacy (KMO = 0.79, chi-square (X2) = 498.806, gl = 78, p = 0.00). The CFA showed a satisfactory final fit [chi-square (X2) = 126.748, Root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.042, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.946, Comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.935 y Normed fit index (NFI) = 0.90. The relationships between the FRS scale and functional fitness tests (right and left hand grip strength, biceps curl, up-and-go, agility and 6-minute walk test) ranged from low to moderate (r= -0.23 to 0.41). CONCLUSION: The FRS scale showed acceptable validity and reliability in older adults in central region of Chile. It is expected that this scale will be useful for assessing fall risk in clinical and epidemiological settings in the aging Chilean population.

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Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo relatar la evolución del movimiento paralímpico y su vínculo con el escenario político nacional e internacional. Los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano hicieron su debut en 1960, mientras que Chile participó por primera vez en 1992. Por otro lado, los Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno comenzaron en 1976, y la primera participación chilena en este evento se produjo en 2002. Para el desarrollo del estudio se utilizó un análisis documental, donde se analizaron las convocatorias oficiales de las delegaciones chilenas, junto con las planillas de resultados generales obtenidos en los Juegos Paralímpicos, se extrajo de los documentos: el número de atletas participantes de ambos sexos y deportes, información que posteriormente fue agrupada en presencia o no de medallas y tipo de medalla obtenida y, a partir de aquello, se analizó por tipo de discapacidad y año de participación. A través de los años, Chile vivenció constantes procesos y cambios en los periodos de gestión, a esto se suma la promulgación de leyes, tanto nacionales como internacionales, junto con la constante ayuda recibida de distintas agrupaciones privadas y gubernamentales, resultando en un paulatino incremento de deportistas paralímpicos, situación que colaboró en gran medida con el desarrollo integral del movimiento paralímpico chileno hasta lo que es en la actualidad; este crecimiento facilitó resultados exitosos, como el obtenido en el año 2012 con la conquista de la primera medalla paralímpica de Chile, llegando a un total de siete medallas distribuidas en cuatro deportes en los Juegos Paralímpicos Tokio 2020, quedando situado en el ranking paralímpico en la cuadragésima quinta posición.

The aim of this paper was to describe the evolution of the Paralympic movement and its connection with the national and international political scenario. The Summer Paralympic Games made their debut in 1960, while Chile first participated in 1992. On the other hand, the Winter Paralympic Games began in 1976, and Chile's first participation in this event occurred in 2002. A documentary analysis was conducted for the study, in which the official documents of the Chilean delegations were analyzed, along with the overall results obtained in the Paralympic Games. The documents provided information on the number of participating athletes of both genders, results and sports. This information was later grouped based on the presence or absence of medals and the type of medal obtained. It was further analyzed by type of disability and year of participation. Over the years, Chile experienced constant processes and changes in management, in addition to the enactment of laws, both national and international. The constant support received from various private and governmental organizations contributed to the gradual increase in paralympic athletes, which greatly facilitated the overall development of the Chilean Paralympic movement to its current state. This growth led to successful outcomes, such as Chile's 1st Paralympic medal in 2012, and the country has now achieved a total of 7 medals in 4 disciplines in Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020, placing it in the 45th position in paralympic medal board.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a evolução do movimento paralímpico e sua relação com o cenário político nacional e internacional. Os Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão fizeram sua estreia em 1960, enquanto o Chile participou pela primeira vez em 1992. Por outro lado, os Jogos Paralímpicos de Inverno começaram em 1976, e a primeira participação chilena neste evento ocorreu em 2002. O estudo foi realizado através de análise documental, de onde foram extraídas informações sobre as delegações chilenas, juntamente com as planilhas de resultados gerais obtidos dos Jogos Paralímpicos. As variáveis registradas foram número de atletas participantes de ambos os sexos, modalidades e esportes. As informações posteriormente foram agrupadas em quantidade de medalhas e tipo da medalha obtida, sendo analisadas por tipo de deficiência e ano de participação. Ao longo dos anos, o Chile experimentou constantes processos e mudanças nos períodos de gestão, como a promulgação de leis, tanto nacionais como internacionais, juntamente com a ajuda constante recebida de diferentes grupos privados e governamentais, resultando em aumento de atletas paralímpicos, situação que contribuiu com o desenvolvimento integral do movimento paralímpico chileno. Este crescimento facilitou resultados exitosos, como o obtido em 2012 com a conquista da primeira medalha paralímpica do Chile, alcançando hoje um total de 7 medalhas distribuídas em 4 disciplinas em Tóquio 2022, colocando-se na quadragésima quinta posição do quadro de medalhas.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los efectos del confinamiento (COVID-19), en la salud física y psicológica, en universitarios de Educación física de Chile. La metodología es cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva; la muestra estuvo constituida por 254 estudiantes pertenecientes a siete universidades chilenas. El 63% de la muestra fueron hombres (n = 160) y 37% mujeres (n = 94). La recogida de la información fue por medio del cuestionario auto informe del Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Los resultados muestran que la variable Actividad Física en confinamiento se relacionó de forma negativa y significativa con la variable de IMC y Uso de Medios de Comunicación. Al relacionarse con Conductas Asociadas al Confinamiento y Escala de Experiencias Positivas ante la Adversidad, fue positiva y significativa; en relación a la Escala de Distres, se correlacionó negativa significativamente, de igual manera con la Escala de interferencia por el Coronavirus y Cuestionario de Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Se concluye que existen efectos negativos para la salud física y psicológica de los estudiantes de Educación física producto del confinamiento y algunos positivos como el autocuidado y sistemas de protección.

The objective of this study was to relate the effects of confinement (COVID-19) on physical and mental health in physical education undergraduate students in Chile. The methodology is quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive. The sample consisted of 254 students belonging to seven Chilean universities. Sixty-three percent of the sample were men (n = 160), whereas 37% were women (n = 94). The information was collected through the self-report questionnaire on the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus. The results show that the variable Physical Activity in confinement was negatively and significantly related to the variable of BMI and use of communication media. When relating to behaviors associated with confinement and the Scale of Positive Experiences in the Face of Adversity (EEPA, by its initials in Spanish), it was positive and significant. Concerning the Distress Scale, it was significantly negatively correlated, in the same way with the Coronavirus Interference Scale and the Coronavirus Psychological Impact Questionnaire. It is concluded that there are negative effects on the physical and psychological health of Physical Education students as a result of confinement and some positive ones, such as self-care and protection systems.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar os efeitos do confinamento (COVID-19) na saúde física e psicológica em estudantes universitários de educação física no Chile. A metodologia é quantitativa, transversal, descritiva; A amostra foi composta por 254 estudantes pertencentes a 7 universidades chilenas. 63% da amostra eram homens (n = 160) e 37% mulheres (n = 94) As informações foram coletadas por meio do questionário de autorrelato sobre o Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Os resultados mostram que a variável Atividade Física em confinamento esteve negativa e significativamente relacionada com a variável IMC e Uso de Meios de Comunicação. Quanto aos Comportamentos Associados ao Confinamento e à Escala de Experiências Positivas Face à Adversidade, foi positivo e significativo; em relação à Escala de Aflição, apresentou correlação negativa significativa, da mesma forma com a Escala de Interferência do Coronavírus e o Questionário de Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Conclui-se que existem efeitos negativos na saúde física e psicológica dos alunos de Educação Física decorrentes do confinamento e alguns positivos como o autocuidado e os sistemas de proteção.

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Objetivo: describir los principales facilitadores y barreras presentados en la población con parálisis cerebral (PC) y cómo estos ayudan o dificultan la práctica de actividad física. Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática de los últimos 10 años siguiendo lo expuesto en la declaración PRISMA, para lo que se utilizaron las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed. La estrategia de búsqueda arrojó un total de 99 documentos de los que finalmente fueron seleccionados 11 estudios. Resultados: los estudios establecen que existe una variedad de factores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociales y macro ambientales que actúan tanto para promover como inhibir la participación en el deporte y el ejercicio en adolescentes con PC. Por otro lado, los facilitadores que más se dan a conocer, son la familia como foco principal, acompañada de su entorno y la estimulación temprana realizada desde que son pequeños. Conclusión: las barreras son un aspecto modificable y que pueden ser disminuidas con el objetivo de potenciar los facilitadores para aumentar la práctica de actividad física siendo duradera en el tiempo. Las principales barreras son la falta de acceso, los cambios en su cuerpo respecto a la práctica de actividad física, factores medioambientales, falta de profesionales que estén relacionados con el área, y el acceso a la actividad física en ambientes y espacios seguros. La familia juega un rol fundamental desde edades tempranas para incentivar a los niños, niñas o adolescentes con PC a realizar actividades físicas y/o deportivas.

Objective: To describe the main facilitators and barriers presented in population with cerebral palsy (PC) and how they help or hinder the practice of physical activity. Methods: A systematic review of the last 10 years was carried out, following what was stated in the PRISMA declaration, for which the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases were used. The search strategy yielded a total of 99 documents where 11 studies were finally selected. Results: Studies have established that there are a variety of macro physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that both promote and inhibit participation in sport and exercise in adolescents with PC. On the other hand, the most common facilitators in the research are the family as the main focus, accompanied by their environment and the early stimulation that they get from an early age. Conclusion: Barriers are a modifiable aspect which can be reduced to empower facilitators that increase the practice of physical activity, being sustainable over time. The main barriers are lack of access, changes in the body regarding the practice of physical activity, environmental factors, lack of professionals who are related to the field, and access to physical activity in safe environments and spaces. Family plays a fundamental role from an early age in encouraging children or adolescents with CP to carry out physical and/or sports activities.

Objetivo: Descrever os principais facilitadores e barreiras que ocorrem na população com paralisia cerebral (PC) e como eles auxiliam ou dificultam a prática de atividade física. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática dos últimos 10 anos seguindo o estabelecido na declaração PRISMA, para a qual foram utilizadas as bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e PubMed. A estratégia de busca lançou um total de 99 documentos dos quais 11 estudos foram finalmente selecionados. Resultados: Os estudos estabeleceram que há uma variedade de fatores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociais e macroambientais que atuam tanto para promover quanto para inibir a participação em esportes e exercícios em adolescentes com PC. Por outro lado, os facilitadores mais conhecidos na variedade de estudos têm como eixo principal a família, acompanhada de seu ambiente e da estimulação precoce que desenvolveram desde a infância. Conclusão: As barreiras são um aspecto modificável que pode ser reduzido com o objetivo de capacitar os facilitadores para aumentar a prática de atividade física de forma duradoura. As principais barreiras são a falta de acesso, as alterações em seus corpos devido à prática de atividade física, fatores ambientais, a falta de profissionais relacionados à área e o acesso à atividade física em ambientes e espaços seguros. A família desempenha desde cedo um papel fundamental para estimular as crianças e adolescentes com PC a realizarem atividades físicas e/ou esportivas.

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Introduction: Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Introducción: Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

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Physical fitness is one of the important health markers as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mor bidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between fat mass with anthropome tric indicators and, secondly, to compare the performance of physical fitness among children and adolescents categorized with adequate and excess fat mass. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 863 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. physical fitness [speed (20m), agility (10x5m), and ho rizontal jump] was evaluated. Fat mass was calculated by anthropometric equation, body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio. Data were grouped into 6 age groups. RESULTS: Children of both sexes categorized as having adequate levels of fat mass had lower values of body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio than children with high levels of fat mass. In physical fitness, children with adequate fat mass were better than the ones with elevated fat mass. In girls with adequate fat mass, better results were observed in horizontal jump and agility during adolescence. There were no differences in the speed test. CONCLUSION: Fat mass can be considered as a valuable tool for determining excess body fat and categorizing children and adolescents with adequate and excess fat mass. In addition, having acceptable levels of fat mass may contribute to better physical fitness in boys in horizontal jump, agility, and speed and, in girls, only in horizontal jump and agility.

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Abstract Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. & Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the Chilean National League. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Goalball is a collective Paralympic sport with oppositional characteristics but without invasion by the athletes that, despite requiring great physical condition in offensive and defensive actions, is also identified as a tactical sport, where the administration of technique in the various game situations determines success in competition. The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the attack of the Chilean National Goalball League, according to type of shot and trajectory. Four Goalball matches of the final phase of a national tournament were filmed. For this, a digital camera was used behind an arch located in height. The matches were analyzed following the diagrams proposed by Morato et al. (2016) and Morato (2012). The front throw (FRO) was used the most (88.9%) with an effectiveness rate of 6.2%. Longer trajectories were made in short diagonals (SD) and parallel (PA) (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The FRO throw was directed in SD (34.5%) and PA (22.4%), while on the other hand, the spinning throws (SP) were directed preferably in PA (30.4%) and SD (29.1%). The FRO throw was more effective in PA (10.6%), whereas the SP throw was more effective in the middle diagonal (MD) (12.5%). The lateral positions execute throws, preferably FRO, but in defense the central positions are protagonists. Throws are most effective when they are directed in PA and SD.

Resumen Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. y Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la Liga Nacional de Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. El goalball es un deporte paralímpico colectivo con características de oposición, pero sin invasión por parte de los atletas que, a pesar de requerir gran condición física en las acciones ofensivas y defensivas, también se identifica como un deporte táctico, en donde la administración de la técnica en las diversas situaciones del juego determina el éxito en la competencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la efectividad del ataque de la Liga Nacional de goalball de Chile, según tipo de lanzamiento y trayectoria. Se filmaron cuatro partidos de goalball de la fase final de un torneo nacional. Para ello, se utilizó una cámara digital posicionada detrás de un arco ubicado en altura. Para el análisis de los partidos se utilizaron los diagramas propuestos por Morato et al. (2016) y Morato (2012). Los datos se transcribieron de forma computacional a una planilla, para luego ser analizados descriptivamente. El lanzamiento frontal (FRO) fue el que más se utilizó (88.9%), con una tasa de efectividad del 6.2%. Se realizaron trayectorias más largas en diagonales cortas (SD) y paralelas (PA) (31.3% y 23.2%, respectivamente). El lanzamiento de FRO se dirigió en SD (34.5%) y PA (22.4%), mientras que, por otro lado, los lanzamientos con giro (SP) se dirigieron preferentemente en PA (30.4%) y SD (29.1%). El lanzamiento FRO fue más efectivo en PA (10.6%), mientras que el lanzamiento SP fue más efectivo en diagonales medias (MD) (12.5%). Las posiciones laterales ejecutan lanzamientos, preferentemente FRO; pero en defensa, las posiciones centrales son protagonistas. Los lanzamientos son más efectivos cuando se dirigen en PA y SD.

Resumo Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. e Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Eficácia do arremesso de atletas de goalball na Liga Nacional do Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. O Goalball é um esporte coletivo paraolímpico com características de oposição, mas sem invasão dos atletas que, apesar de exigir grande condição física nas ações ofensivas e defensivas, também é identificado como um esporte tático, onde a administração da técnica nas diversas situações de jogo determina o sucesso na competição. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a eficácia do ataque da Liga Nacional de Goalball do Chile, segundo o tipo de arremesso e trajetória. Foram filmadas quatro partidas de goalball da fase final de um torneio nacional. Para isso, foi utilizada uma câmera digital posicionada atrás de um arco localizado em altura e, para a análise das correspondências, os diagramas propostos por Morato et al. (2016) e Morato (2012). Os dados foram transcritos de forma computacional a uma planilha para, posteriormente, serem analisados descritivamente. O arremesso frontal (FRO) foi o mais utilizado (88,9%), com taxa de eficácia de 6,2%. Trajetórias mais longas foram feitas em diagonais curtas (SD) e paralelas (PA) (31,3% e 23,2%, respectivamente). O arremesso FRO foi direcionado em SD (34,5%) e PA (22,4%), enquanto, por outro lado, os arremessos giratórios (SP) foram direcionados preferencialmente em PA (30,4%) e SD (29,1%). O arremesso FRO foi mais eficaz no PA (10,6%), enquanto o arremesso SP foi mais eficaz nas diagonais médias (MD) (12,5%). Posições laterais executam arremessos, preferencialmente FRO; mas na defesa, as posições centrais são protagonistas. Os arremessos são mais eficazes quando dirigidos em PA e SD.

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OBJECTIVE: to verify the relationship between abdominal muscle endurance and the level of body fat, measured through the waist-to-height ratio, in young people with Down syndrome (DS). SUBJECT AND METHOD: A comparative descriptive study was carried out in 115 young people with DS (n = 65 men and n = 50 women) aged between 10 and 18 years, from the Maule Region. Age, weight, height, and waist circumference were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The abdominal muscle endurance test (AME) was evaluated in 60 seconds and clas sified into two categories (low AME and acceptable AME). RESULTS: Subjects of both sexes classified with adequate levels of AME showed lower WHtR and BMI values (p < 0.05), while those classified with low levels of AME showed higher values of WHtR and BMI (p < 0.05). The correlations between adiposity and AME were negative and ranged in both sexes from r = 0.20 to 0.25, p < 0.05. Conclu sion: The study showed that young people of both sexes with DS classified with adequate levels of AME, presented decreased values of WHtR.

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Resumen Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. y Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparación deportiva en el goalball: una revisión sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el conocimiento científico producido en los últimos 10 años respecto a la preparación deportiva (PD), con énfasis en el sistema de entrenamiento en atletas de Goalball de diferentes niveles competitivos. Para eso, fue realizada una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO y LILACS entre enero de 2010 hasta enero de 2021. Se identificó un total de 136 estudios donde, posterior a la eliminación de duplicados, aplicación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión y conforme a los procedimientos presentados en el flujograma PRISMA, se seleccionaron 15 artículos originales para su análisis cualitativo. Los principales resultados evidenciaron que el metabolismo anaeróbico aláctico es determinante en la modalidad y existe una fuerte relación entre la fuerza/potencia de extremidades superiores e inferiores con el lanzamiento del balón. Por otro lado, existen patrones repetitivos en la técnica de lanzamiento según sexo, así como también efectividad según tipo de lanzamiento; se recalca que la velocidad del lanzamiento es necesaria para la consecución de un gol. De igual forma, existen funciones predominantes según las posiciones dentro del campo de juego que es necesario considerar. Finalmente, el entrenamiento mental favorece la adquisición de técnicas que ayudan a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante una competición. Se observa la necesidad de mayores evidencias y conocimientos acerca de la PD en dicha modalidad, ya que constituyen factores imprescindibles que deben ser contemplados por los entrenadores, en función de optimizar el rendimiento competitivo de sus atletas.

Abstract Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. & Castelli, L.F. (2021). Sports preparation in goalball: a systematic review. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. The objective of this study was to describe the scientific knowledge generated in the past 10 years in terms of sports preparation (SP), with emphasis on the training system of goalball athletes in different competitive levels. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out on the major data bases—Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, from January, 2010, to January, 2021. A total 136 studies were identified, from which, after eliminating duplicates and applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, and in accordance with the procedures shown on the PRISMA flowchart, 15 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The main results showed that anaerobic alactic metabolism is critical in this sports modality, and that a strong link exists between strength/power of upper and lower extremities and ball throw. On the other hand, repetitive patterns exist in throwing techniques depending on gender, as well as effectiveness depending on the type of throw. The study highlights the fact that throw speed is key for scoring a goal. Similarly, dominant functions exist according to the positions within the play field, and these need to be taken into account. Finally, mental training favors the acquisition of techniques that will help to overcome unforeseen obstacles during a game. The study observes the need for greater evidence and knowledge about SP in this modality, as these are indispensable factors that must be contemplated by trainers in order to optimize the competitive performance of their athletes.

Resumo Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. e Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparação esportiva no goalball: uma revisão sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o conhecimento científico produzido nos últimos 10 anos com relação à preparação esportiva (PE), enfatizando o sistema de treinamento em atletas de Goalball de diferentes níveis competitivos. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas principais bases de dados: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO e LILACS entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2021. Identificou-se um total de 136 estudos dos quais, posterior à eliminação de duplicatas, à aplicação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão e conforme os procedimentos apresentados no fluxograma PRISMA, foram selecionados 15 artigos originais para uma análise qualitativa. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o metabolismo anaeróbico alático é determinante na modalidade e existe uma forte relação entre a força/potência de extremidades superiores e inferiores e o lançamento da bola. Por outro lado, existem padrões repetitivos na técnica de lançamento segundo o sexo, assim como a efetividade segundo o tipo de lançamento; destaca-se que a velocidade do lançamento é necessária para a realização de um gol. Igualmente, existem funções predominantes de acordo às posições dentro do campo de jogo que é preciso considerar. Por último, o treinamento mental favorece a aquisição de técnicas que ajudam a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante uma competição. Observa-se a necessidade de maiores evidências e conhecimentos sobre a PE nessa modalidade, pois constituem fatores imprescindíveis que os treinadores devem ter em mente, à vista de otimizar o desempenho competitivo dos atletas.

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Abstract Objective: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI = αSOS + βBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. Results: The average age of males was 11.44 ± 0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43 ± 0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. Conclusion: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

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OBJECTIVE: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI=αSOS+ßBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. RESULTS: The average age of males was 11.44±0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43±0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. CONCLUSION: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

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The objective was to determine the types of studies that have been carried out according to year and region and to verify the physical tests used according to physical fitness dimensions from 2010 to 2018. A systematic review was carried out. Physical fitness (study types and physical tests) was studied in Chile. The PubMed database was used, considering the period from 2010 to 2018. The keywords used in Spanish were: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, and in English: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. The information was recorded on an observation sheet and for the data, the PRISM flow chart was used. 18 studies were identified. 88.9% are descriptive (cross-sectional) studies, 11.1% quasi-experimental. 38.9% were made in the Metropolitan region, 33.3% in Maule, 11% in Araucanía, 5.6% for each region of Los Lagos, Ñuble, and other unspecified regions. In the muscular dimension, it was determined that 38.9% used the manual clamping force and 50% the horizontal leap. In the cardiorespiratory dimension, 27.8% applied the Course-Navette test, 16.7% the 6-minute walk test, and 11% the 100-meter speed test. A high number of descriptive (cross-sectional) investigations were identified and the most commonly used physical tests were horizontal leap, manual clamping force, Course-Navette test, and 6-minute walk test. These results suggest the need to develop experimental and longitudinal studies, as well as the inclusion of morphological and motor dimensions in their protocols

El objetivo fue determinar los tipos de estudio que se han efectuado según año y región, y verificar las pruebas físicas utilizadas según dimensiones de la aptitud física durante 2010 a 2018. Se efectuó una revisión sistemática. Se estudió la aptitud física (tipos de estudio y pruebas físicas) en Chile. Se utilizó la base de datos PubMed, considerando el período 2010 a 2018. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron, en español: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, y en inglés: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. La información se registró en una ficha de observación y para la organización de datos se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. Se identificaron 18 estudios. El 88.9% son de tipo descriptivo (transversales); el 11.1%, cuasiexperimentales. El 38.9% se efectuó en la región Metropolitana; el 33.3%, en El Maule; 11%, en la Araucanía; 5.6% para cada región de Los Lagos, Ñuble y no especificada. En la dimensión muscular, se determinó que el 38.9% utilizó la fuerza de prensión manual y el 50% el salto horizontal. En la dimensión cardiorrespiratoria, el 27.8% aplicó el test de Course Navette; el 16.7%, la caminata de 6 minutos, y el 11%, la prueba de velocidad de 100 metros. Se identificó un elevado número de investigaciones descriptivas (transversales) y las pruebas físicas más utilizadas fueron salto horizontal, fuerza de presión manual prueba de Course Navette y la caminata de 6 minutos. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de desarrollar estudios experimentales y longitudinales, así como la inclusión de dimensiones morfológicas y motoras en sus protocolos

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Objectives: The goal of this study was to develop regression equations to estimate LM with anthropometric variables and to propose percentiles for evaluating by age and sex. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 2,182 Chilean students (1,347 males and 835 females). Ages ranged from 5.0 to 17.9 years old. A total body scan was carried out with the double energy X-ray anthropometry (DXA) to examine and measure lean muscle mass of the entire body. Weight, height, and the circumference of the relaxed right arm were also measured. Results: Four anthropometric equations were generated to predict lean mass for both sexes (R 2 = 83-88%, SEE = 3.7-5.0%, precision = 0.90-0.93, and accuracy = 0.99). The Lambda-mu-sigma method was used to obtain the sex-specific and age-specific percentile curves of lean mass (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95, and p97). Conclusion: The four proposed equations were acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to estimate lean mass in children and adolescents. The percentiles were created by means of anthropometric equations and real values for DXA. These are fundamental tools for monitoring LM in Chilean children and adolescents of both sexes.

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Objectives: Physical growth and body adiposity patterns provide relevant information to infer the nutritional and health status of students. Our objectives were (a) to compare the variables of body adiposity and physical growth of Chilean children and adolescents with data from the CDC-2012 and international studies, and (b) to develop regional reference curves to evaluate growth and body adiposity. Methods: 8,261 children and adolescents were studied. We evaluated the weight, height, and waist circumference (WC). The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Their physical growth and body adiposity were compared with the CDC-2012 references as well as with other international references. Percentile curves for weight, height, BMI, and WC were constructed with the LMS method. Results: The Chilean students showed reduced weight and height during adolescence when compared with the CDC-2012 reference. During early ages, the BMI for the Chilean sample was lower while at advanced ages, the WC values were greater in comparison to the CDC-2012 reference. Graphic comparisons with international studies indicated that Chilean students weighed more at all ages. However, height was slightly greater until age 14 for males and age 11 for females. Body adiposity (BMI and WC) for the Chilean students was slightly higher at early ages while at later ages, adiposity values were relatively similar for both sexes. Conclusions: Discrepancies were observed between the physical growth and body adiposity trajectories and the American CDC-2012 references and the international studies. The proposed percentiles for weight, height, BMI, and WC for each age and sex may be useful for health sciences professionals and researchers.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA), both occupational (OPA) and during leisure time (LTPA), with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean adults. 5,157 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. OPA and LTPA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between both PA with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors was determined using logistic regression. Our findings showed a significant trend between higher LTPA and lower odds for obesity (OR 0.64 [95% CI: 0.53; 0.76], central obesity 0.52 [0.44; 0.61]) and other cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes (OR: 0.72 [0.55; 0.94]), hypertension (OR: 0.59 [0.50; 0.71]) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.62 [0.50; 0.78]). In contrast, OPA was only associated with lower odds of diabetes (OR: 0.79 [0.65; 0.98]) and hypertension (0.85 [0.74; 0.98]). In conclusion, LTPA was associated with a lower risk of all major cardiovascular risk factors, whereas OPA was only associated with a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension.

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El presente estudio, tuvo como objetivo determinar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) de los atletas con proyección paralímpica, usuarios de sillas de ruedas, pertenecientes a la región del Biobío. El estudio fue de diseño no experimental transversal de alcance descriptivo. La evaluación antropométrica se realizó a través del protocolo ISAK. Se determinó peso y estatura utilizando una balanza con tallímetro (Seca 220), circunferencia de cintura con una cinta Lufkin y 6 pliegues con un plicómetro Harpenden (0,2 mm). El porcentaje de grasa corporal se determinó, por medio de las ecuaciones de Durnin and Womersley y Siri. Los atletas en silla de ruedas presentaron una edad promedio de 35,4 mas menos 11,2 años, obteniendo un IMC promedio de 30,0 mas menos7,1 kg/m2, y un %GC de 26,9 mas menos 7. Los atletas usuarios de silla de ruedas con proyección paralímpica, presentan un alto porcentaje de grasa corporal y clasificaciones de IMC y %GC que los categorizan en personas que presentan obesidad.

The objective of this study was to determine the body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage of athletes with Paralympic projection, wheelchair users, belonging to the Biobío region. The study was of a non-experimental crosssectional design with a descriptive scope. The anthropometric evaluation was carried out through the ISAK protocol. Weight and height were determined using a balance with stadiometer (Seca 220), waist circumference with a Lufkin tape and 6 folds with a Harpenden pichometer (0.2mm). The percentage of body fat was determined, by means of the Durnin and Womersley equations and Siri. The athletes in wheelchairs presented an average age of 35.4 more less 11.2 years, obtaining an average BMI of 30.0 more less 7.1 kg / m2, and a GC% of 26.9 more less 7. Athletic wheelchair users with Paralympic projection, have a high body fat percentage and BMI ratings and GC% that categorize them as people who are obese

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El presente estudio consistió en identificar las características psicológicas del rendimiento deportivo en atletas Runners de clubes pertenecientes a la ciudad de Concepción, Chile. El estudio fue de diseño no experimental-transversal de alcance descriptivo. Para recolectar los datos se aplicó el cuestionario de características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo (CPRD). La información que entregó el cuestionario CPRD, señala que los resultados fluctúan sobre los promedios esperados y que son considerados normales según el Baremo estándar: "CPRD" control estrés 80,00%, influencia de evaluación 85,00%, motivación 70,00%, autoconfianza 73,08%, influencia del entrenador 76,80%, habilidad para establecer objetivos 72,12%, cohesión social 86,30% y ansiedad previa competencia 48,32%. De acuerdo a los resultados, su rendimiento deportivo es satisfactorio. Dentro de las características psicológicas mencionadas, se pueden destacar; la ansiedad, atención, autoconfianza, motivación, estrés y cohesión social. Todas ellas son características que afectan Significativamente el rendimiento deportivo.

The following study consisted of identifying the psychological characteristics of the amateur runners belonging to the clubs of Concepcion Chile. The research was quantitative of non-experimental transversal of descriptive scope. To collect data a questionnaire, involving the psychological characteristics associated with sport performance (CPRD) was applied. The information obtained by the CPRD show that the results are in average of the expected results, and are considered normal according to standar scale: "CPRD" stress control 80,00%, influence of evaluation 85,00%, motivation 70,00%, selfconfidence 73,08%, coach influence 76,80%, set goals 72,12%, social cohesion 86,30%, anxiety before competition 48,32%. According to these results, their sports performance is satisfactory. Alongside the psychological characteristics previously mentioned it could be highlighted anxiety, attention, selfconfidence, motivation, stress and social cohesion. These characteristics affect significantly sports performance.

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BACKGROUND: Maintaining and building healthy bones during the lifetime requires a complicated interaction between a number of physiological and lifestyle factors. Our goal of this study was to analyze the association between hand grip strength and the maximum peak expiratory flow with bone mineral density and content in adolescent students. METHODS: The research team studied 1427 adolescent students of both sexes (750 males and 677 females) between the ages of 11.0 and 18.9 years in the Maule Region of Talca (Chile). Weight, standing height, sitting height, hand grip strength (HGS), and maximum peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Furthermore, bone mineral density (BMD) and total body bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Hand grip strength and PEF were categorized in tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest). Linear regression was performed in steps to analyze the relationship between the variables. Differences between categories were determined through ANOVA. RESULTS: In males, the hand grip strength explained 18-19% of the BMD and 20-23% of the BMC. For the females, the percentage of variation occurred between 12 and 13% of the BMD and 17-18% of the BMC. The variation of PEF for the males was observed as 33% of the BMD and 36% of the BMC. For the females, both the BMD and BMC showed a variation of 19%. The HGS and PEF were divided into three categories (lowest, middle, and highest). In both cases, significant differences occurred in bone density health between the three categories. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the HGS and the PEF related positively to the bone density health of both sexes of adolescent students. The adolescents with poor values for hand grip strength and expiratory flow showed reduced values of BMD and BMC for the total body. Furthermore, the PEF had a greater influence on bone density health with respect to the HGS of the adolescents of both sexes.

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Resumen Objetivos: Objetivos: a) Comparar la densidad mineral ósea de una muestra de jóvenes chilenos practicantes de diversas modalidades deportivas y b) Analizar la densidad mineral ósea en función de la maduración biológica. Métodos: Se estudiaron 146 adolescentes de sexo masculino, con un rango de edad entre 10 a 18 años. Se organizaron cinco grupos de trabajo: Grupo control (escolares n= 40), Canotaje (n= 30), Ciclismo (n=14), Fútbol (n=28) y Natación (n=34). Se evaluó el peso, estatura, altura tronco-cefálica. Se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal y la maduración biológica por medio de años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento. La densidad mineral ósea de cuerpo total y el porcentaje de grasa corporal se determinó por medio de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. Resultados: Los adolescentes que practicabanfútbol evidenciaron mayor densidad mineral ósea (1,23±0,12g/cm 2 ) en relación a los jóvenes del ciclismo (0,99±0,11g/cm 2 ), canotaje (1,09±0,17g/cm 2 ), natación (1,10±0,11g/cm 2 ) y al grupo control de escolares (1,04±0,14g/ cm 2 ) (p<0.001). Hubo diferencias entre los tres niveles de maduración biológica en las cuatro modalidades deportivas y en el grupo control (p<0.001). La mayor densidad mineral ósea en función de la maduración somática se observó en los futbolistas. Conclusión: Los adolescentes que practican fútbol evidenciaron mayor densidad mineral ósea con relación a las demás modalidades deportivas y con relación al grupo control, además la maduración somática juega un papel relevante en el incremento de densidad mineral ósea, en especial en los futbolistas. Los resultados sugieren desarrollar actividades físico-deportivas de alto impacto antes, durante y después de producirse la maduración biológica en adolescentes de edad escolar.

Abstract Objectives: a) to compare bone mineral density of a sample of young Chilean practitioners of various sports and modalities b) to analyze the bone mineral density function of biological maturation. Methods: We studied 146 male adolescents, ranging in age from 10-18 years. Five working groups were organized: Control group (school n = 40), Canoeing (n = 30), Cycling (n = 14), Football (n = 28) and Swimming (n = 34). Weight, height, and trunk-cephalic height were evaluated. Body Mass Index and biological maturation were calculated through years of peak growth rate. Bone mineral density of whole body and percentage body fat was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Teens who practiced football showed higher bone mineral density (1.23 ± 0.12 g/cm2) in relation to young cyclists (0.99 ± 0.11g / cm2), canoeing (1.09 ± 0.17g / cm2), swimming (1.10 ± 0.11g / cm2) and control of school (1.04 ± 0.14g / cm2) (p <0.001). There were differences between the three levels of biological maturation in the four sports modalities and in the control group (p <0.001). Most bone mineral density depending on the somatic maturation was observed in the football players. Conclusion: Adolescents who play football showed higher bone mineral density compared to other sports and in relation to the control group. In addition, somatic maturation plays an important role in increasing bone mineral density, especially in football. The results suggest practicing high-impact physical activities before, during and after biological maturation occurs in adolescents of school age.