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The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediation role of muscle quantity in the relationship between physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in adolescents. This cross-sectional study conducted with 120 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 10 and 17 years. Body mass, height, fat mass (FM), lean mass, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and 1 repetition maximum strength (1-RM) with evaluation of the leg press 45° (RM-leg), bench press (RM-bench) and arm curl (RM-arm). Body mass index z-score, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, lean mass index (LMI), muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR), age at peak height velocity, and CMRF z-score were calculated. The direct relation between FM and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (26%) and inverse relation between CRF and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (26%). For girls, the direct relation between FM and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (32%); the inverse relation between CRF, RM-leg, RM-arm and CMRF was mediated by the LMI (32%, 33%, and 32%, respective). For boys, the indirect effect was not significant, indicating that LMI is not a mediator in the relation between FM, CRF, 1-RM with CMRF. The direct relation between RM-leg and CMRF was mediated by the MRF (16%). This finding evidenced the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle to improve physical fitness levels and the quantity of muscle mass in adolescents.

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Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de crianças e adolescentes de acordo com o estado nutricional (IMC) e o nível de aptidão física. Metodologia: O presente estudo teve um delineamento transversal, composto por 52 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos (48% meninas), com idade entre 10 e 17 anos. A massa corporal foi avaliada através de uma balança digital eletrônica, a circunferência da cintura por meio de uma fita inelástica e a estimativa do percentual de gordura (%G) por equação de dobras cutâneas através de um adipômetro. A maturação somática foi estimada através formula de Pico de velocidade de crescimento (PVC). A aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) foi avaliada por meio do teste de esforço submáximo em esteira ergométrica e a VFC por meio de um cardiofrequencímetro, durante 10 minutos em condição de repouso. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística significativa nos parâmetros da VFC entre o grupo obeso e eutroficos. Contudo, quando divididos de acordo com a ACR, verificou-se que os adolescentes obesos com menor ACR apresentaram menores valores de RMSSD (p<0,05)em comparação aos obesos com maiores níveis de ACR. Conclusão: Os baixos níveis de ACR podem levar a uma disfunção autonômica cardíaca em adolescentes independentemente da presença de obesidade.

Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the heart rate variability (HRV) of children and adolescents according to their nutritional status (BMI) and level of physical fitness. Methodology: The present study had a cross-sectional design, comprising 52 adolescents of both sexes (48% girls), aged between 10 and 17 years. Body mass was assessed using an electronic digital scale, waist circumference using an inelastic tape and the estimate of fat percentage (%F) using a skinfold equation using an adipometer. Somatic maturation was estimated using the Peak Growth Velocity (CVP) formula. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using a submaximal exercise test on an ergometric treadmill, and HRV using a heart rate monitor, during 10 minutes at rest. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in HRV parameters between the obese and eutrophic groups. However, when divided according to ACR, it was found that obese adolescents with lower ACR had lower values of RMSSD (p<0.05)compared to obese individuals with higher ACR levels. Conclusion: Low levels of ACR can lead to cardiac autonomic dysfunction in adolescents regardless of the presence of obesity.

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estúdio fue verificar la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) de niños y adolescentes según el estado nutricional (IMC) y el nivel de condición física. Metodología: El presente estúdio tuvo um diseño transversal, conformado por 52 adolescentes, de ambos sexos (48% niñas), com edades entre 10 y 17 años. La masa corporal se evaluó mediante una báscula digital electrónica, la circunferencia de la cintura mediante una cinta inelástica y el porcentaje de grasa estimado (%GC) mediante una ecuación de pliegues cutáneos mediante um adipómetro. La maduración somática se estimó utilizando la fórmula de Velocidad Máxima de Crecimiento (PVC). La aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (CRF) se evaluó mediante la prueba de ejercicio submáximo en cinta rodante y la VFC mediante un monitor de frecuencia cardíaca durante 10 minutos enreposo. Resultados: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas em los parámetros de VFC entre los grupos obesos y eutróficos. Sin embargo, al dividir según ACR, se encontró que los adolescentes obesos con menor ACR tenían valores más bajos de RMSSD (p<0,05) em comparación com las personas obesas con niveles más altos de ACR. Conclusión: Los niveles bajos de ACR pueden provocar disfunción autonómica cardíaca en adolescentes independientemente de la presencia de obesidad.

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BACKGROUND: Recent statistical approaches have allowed consideration of the integrated relationships between sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) with different health outcomes. The present paper aimed to systematically review the literature and synthesize evidence about associations between hypothetical reallocations from SB to different PA intensities and cardiovascular risk factors in youth. METHODS: A systematic search of 8 databases was performed. Observational studies with a population of children and/or adolescents and based on statistical analysis that investigated the associations between time reallocations from SB to PA and cardiovascular risk factors were included. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Level of evidence (derived from cross-sectional studies) indicated that the reallocation from SB to moderate to vigorous PA was beneficially associated with adiposity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic biomarkers in youth. Reallocation from SB to light PA was not associated with the analyzed outcomes. Associations derived from longitudinal studies were mostly inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk factors could be improved by increasing moderate to vigorous PA at the expense of time spent in SB in pediatric populations. Prospective studies or studies investigating the effects of reallocating sedentary bouts to PA are needed.

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Central blood pressure (cBP) is considered an independent predictor of organ damage, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Evidence has shown that high intensity interval training (HIIT) is superior to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and vascular function. However, the effects of these aerobic training modalities on cBP have not yet been properly reviewed.This meta-analysis aims to investigate to effects of HIIT versus MICT on cBP.We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT versus MICT on cBP. Primary outcomes were measures of central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP). Peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were analyzed as second outcomes. Meta-analysis of mean differences (MD) was conducted using the random effects model.Our study included 163 patients enrolled in six trials. We found that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP (MD = -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.50, p = 0.0002) and SBP (MD = -2.67 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -0.16, p = 0.04), and increasing VO2max(MD = 2.49 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.73, p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were reported for cDBP, DBP and PWV.HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP, which suggests its potential role as a non-pharmacological therapy for high blood pressure.

A pressão arterial central (PAc) é considerada um preditor independente de lesão de órgão, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas. Evidências mostram que o treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é superior ao treino contínuo de intensidade moderada (MICT) na melhoria da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e da função vascular. No entanto, os efeitos dessas modalidades de treino aeróbico sobre a PAc não foram propriamente revisados. Esta metanálise tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos do HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc.Conduzimos uma metanálise de ensaios controlados randomizados que compararam HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc. Os desfechos primários foram Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) central (PASc) e Pressão Arterial Diastólica central (PADc). A PAS periférica (PASp), a PAD periférica (PADp), a Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) e a captação máxima de oxigênio (VO2max) foram analisadas como desfechos secundários. A metanálise das diferenças médias (DM) foi conduzida usando modelos de efeitos aleatórios.Nosso estudo incluiu 163 pacientes recrutados em seis ensaios. Encontramos que HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc (DM = -3,12 mmHg, IC95% -4,75 ­ 1,50, p = 0,0002) e PAS (DM = -2,67 mmHg, IC95% -5,18 ­ -0,16, p = 0,04) e aumentar VO2max (DM = 2,49 mL/Kg/min, IC95% 1,25 ­ 3,73, p = 0,001). No entanto, não foram relatadas diferenças quanto à PADc, PAD ou VOP. O HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc, sugerindo seu potencial papel como uma terapia não farmacológica para a pressão arterial elevada.

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Resumo A pressão arterial central (PAc) é considerada um preditor independente de lesão de órgão, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas. Evidências mostram que o treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é superior ao treino contínuo de intensidade moderada (MICT) na melhoria da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e da função vascular. No entanto, os efeitos dessas modalidades de treino aeróbico sobre a PAc não foram propriamente revisados. Esta metanálise tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos do HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc.Conduzimos uma metanálise de ensaios controlados randomizados que compararam HIIT versus MICT sobre a PAc. Os desfechos primários foram Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) central (PASc) e Pressão Arterial Diastólica central (PADc). A PAS periférica (PASp), a PAD periférica (PADp), a Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) e a captação máxima de oxigênio (VO2max) foram analisadas como desfechos secundários. A metanálise das diferenças médias (DM) foi conduzida usando modelos de efeitos aleatórios.Nosso estudo incluiu 163 pacientes recrutados em seis ensaios. Encontramos que HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc (DM = -3,12 mmHg, IC95% -4,75 - 1,50, p = 0,0002) e PAS (DM = -2,67 mmHg, IC95% -5,18 - -0,16, p = 0,04) e aumentar VO2max (DM = 2,49 mL/Kg/min, IC95% 1,25 - 3,73, p = 0,001). No entanto, não foram relatadas diferenças quanto à PADc, PAD ou VOP. O HIIT foi superior ao MICT em reduzir PASc, sugerindo seu potencial papel como uma terapia não farmacológica para a pressão arterial elevada.

Abstract Central blood pressure (cBP) is considered an independent predictor of organ damage, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Evidence has shown that high intensity interval training (HIIT) is superior to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and vascular function. However, the effects of these aerobic training modalities on cBP have not yet been properly reviewed.This meta-analysis aims to investigate to effects of HIIT versus MICT on cBP.We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT versus MICT on cBP. Primary outcomes were measures of central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP). Peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were analyzed as second outcomes. Meta-analysis of mean differences (MD) was conducted using the random effects model.Our study included 163 patients enrolled in six trials. We found that HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP (MD = -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.50, p = 0.0002) and SBP (MD = -2.67 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -0.16, p = 0.04), and increasing VO2max(MD = 2.49 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.25 to 3.73, p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were reported for cDBP, DBP and PWV.HIIT was superior to MICT in reducing the cSBP, which suggests its potential role as a non-pharmacological therapy for high blood pressure.

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We aimed to investigate whether the expression levels and polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene have influenced the anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes changes in obese/overweight children submitted to physical exercise programs. This longitudinal study included 197 overweight or obese children aged 10-16 years, submitted to physical exercise programs - three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic profile was collected before and after interventions. The ADRB2 gene expression levels were also measured in these two moments in a small intervention group (n = 17) and a control group (n = 18). Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms were genotyped. A positive correlation between ADRB2 expression and loss of body fat (%) (p = 0.038) was observed, which remained after sex and BMI change corrections. Carriers of the Glu27Glu genotype presented a better response to physical exercise programs regarding their triglycerides levels and triglyceride-glucose index (p = 0.001 for both). The participants' responsiveness to physical exercise programs showed variation due to the ADRB2 gene expression and the Gln27Glu polymorphism. A more significant loss of body fat was associated with higher levels of ADRB2 expression, and the Glu27Glu genotype was associated with a better cardiometabolic response. The Arg16Gly polymorphism did not show interaction with the responsiveness to physical exercise.

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ABSTRACT The Table Tennis game does not involve large displacements by the practitioner in the environment, a characteristic that can promote greater safety for the elderly in locomotor terms. In addition, it needs coordination, agility, speed of reaction, dynamic balance, which have been the focus of current recommendations of physical activity for the health of adults and the elderly. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of table tennis practice on physical and functional fitness in the elderly. This quasi-experimental research with a parallel and controlled design. The sample consisted of 16 elderly people, allocated 8 in the experimental group (EG) and 8 in the control group (CG). The research lasted 18 weeks, with 2 weeks of evaluation (initial and final) and 16 weeks of intervention. Physical fitness assessments were carried out using the agility and balance and functional fitness tests. In the intra-group comparison (pre-post intervention), EG showed a significant difference for the variable agility (pre: 15.6 ± 1.2 s; post: 14.7 ± 0.7 s). Also, the EG showed a reduction in Area (pre: 11.00±3.32 cm2; post: 6.52±3.06 cm2), AP Amplitude (pre: 4.92±2.77 cm; post: 3.28±0.58 cm) and ML speed (pre: 2.77±1.07 cm/s; post: 2.31±1.03 cm/s) in the Tandem posture with eyes open. Our findings highlight the importance of a Table Tennis program, administered twice a week and consisted of low to moderate intensity activities, to promote a beneficial effect on the agility and balance of physically active elderly people.

RESUMO O jogo de Tênis de Mesa não envolve grandes deslocamentos do praticante no ambiente, característica que pode promover maior segurança ao idoso em termos locomotores. Além disso, precisa de coordenação, agilidade, velocidade de reação, equilíbrio dinâmico, que têm sido foco das atuais recomendações de atividade física para a saúde de adultos e idosos. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar os efeitos da prática de tênis de mesa na aptidão física e funcional de idosos. Esta pesquisa apresenta delineamento quase experimental com um desenho paralelo e controlado. A amostra foi composta por 16 idosos, alocados 8 no grupo experimental (GE) e 8 no grupo controle (GC). A pesquisa teve duração de 18 semanas, sendo 2 semanas de avaliação (inicial e final) e 16 semanas de intervenção. As avaliações da aptidão física foram realizadas por meio dos testes de agilidade e equilíbrio e aptidão funcional. Na comparação intragrupo (pré-pós intervenção), o GE apresentou diferença significativa para a variável agilidade (pré: 15,6 ± 1,2 s; pós: 14,7 ± 0,7s). Além disso, o GE apresentou redução na Área (pré: 11,00±3,32 cm2; pós: 6,52±3,06 cm2), Amplitude AP (pré: 4,92±2,77 cm; pós: 3,28±0,58 cm) e velocidade ML (pré: 2,77±1,07 cm/s; pós: 2,31±1,03 cm/s) na postura Tandem com os olhos abertos. Nossos achados destacam a importância de um programa de Tênis de Mesa, administrado duas vezes por semana e composto por atividades de baixa a moderada intensidade, para promover um efeito benéfico na agilidade e equilíbrio de idosos fisicamente ativos.

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Abstract Aim: to compare the impact of different resistance exercise orders on postexercise hemodynamic measures in resistance-trained nonhypertensive middle-aged and older women. Methods: Twenty-three women (age 50-78 yrs) were randomized into two resistance training (RT) groups: one group started training sessions performing multi-joint exercises followed by single-joint exercises (MS, n = 12; 58.92 ± 5.53 yrs), while the other group performed their sessions in the opposite order (SM, n = 11; 57.93 ± 11.89 yrs). Both groups performed their RT sessions composed of 7 exercises performed in 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions maximum. Blood pressure was measured by automated equipment during pre-training and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified an isolated effect of time only for systolic blood pressure (p = 0.003) with statistically significant reductions in pre-session measurement at 60 min post-session in both groups (MS: 117.67 ± 15.89 mmHg vs. 111.25 ± 11.84 mmHg and SM: 118.64 ± 15.13 mmHg vs. 111.50 ± 15.62 mmHg). Regarding diastolic blood pressure and subjective perception of effort, no difference was identified between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that a RT session can promote post-exercise hypotension for systolic blood pressure after 60 min of recovery in middle-aged and nonhypertensive older women regardless of the exercise order.

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A prática regular de atividade física promove benefícios fisiológicos, psicológicos e sociais na vida de crianças e jovens. Apesar da alta prevalência de jovens que não praticam atividade física em nosso país e de termos uma boa colocação no ranking mundial de produção acadêmica sobre pesquisa na área de atividade física e saúde, ainda não havia sido publicadas as recomendações brasileiras de atividade física. O objetivo deste artigo consistiu em descrever como foi desenvolvido o capítulo para crianças e jovens de 6 a 17 anos do Guia de Atividade Física para População Brasileira e apresentar as principais recomendações para esta faixa etária. A construção do capítulo para crianças e jovens envolveu as seguintes etapas: a) revisão de literatura; b) redação da versão preliminar do capítulo; c) processo de escuta com o público alvo referente ao capítulo e especialistas da área de promoção da atividade física; d) realização de consulta pública e; e) redação da versão final do capítulo. Os tópicos apresentados abordam exemplos de atividades físicas praticadas em diferentes domínios; recomendações para a prática (tipos, intensidade, frequência, duração e as formas que a mesma pode ser estruturada). São apresentadas orientações para jovens, pais/responsáveis e professores sobre como adotar e manter um estilo de vida mais ativo fisicamente, assim como sugestões para reduzir o tempo em comportamento sedentário. A elaboração de um guia nacional de atividade física para a população brasileira foi algo inédito, e resultou de um esforço conjunto entre diversos setores da sociedade

Regular physical activity promotes physiological, psychological and social benefits in the lives of children and adolescents. Despite the high prevalence of young people who do not physically activity in our country, and that we have a good ranking in world academic production on research in the physical activity and health area, Brazilian recommendations for physical activity had not been published until then. The aim of this article was to describe how the chapter for children and young people aged 6-17 years of Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population was developed and to present the main recommendations for this age group. The construction of the chapter for children and young people involved the following steps: a) lit-erature review; b) writing the preliminary version of the chapter; c) listening process of the target audience for the chapter and specialists in the physical activity promoting area; d) public consultation; and e) writing the final version of the chapter. The topics presented cover examples of physical activities practised in different domains; recommendations for practice (types, intensity, frequency, duration and the ways in which it can be structured). Guidance is provided for young people, parents/guardians and teachers about how to adopt and maintain a more physically active lifestyle, as well as suggestions for reducing time in sedentary behaviour. The construction of a national guidelines about physical activity for Brazilian population is something un-precedented, and resulted from a joint effort of several departments of society

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AIMS: To compare the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (AMX) in obese and nonobese subjects, given as single dose 875-mg tablets. METHODS: A prospective, single-centre, open-label, clinical study was carried out involving 10 nonobese and 20 obese subjects given a dose of an AMX 875-mg tablet. Serial blood samples were collected between 0 and 8 hours after administration of AMX and plasma levels were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic parameters (PK) were calculated by noncompartmental analysis and means of the 2 groups were compared using Student t-test. Analysis of correlation between covariates and PK was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Ten nonobese subjects (mean age 30.6 ± 7.12 y; body mass index 21.56 ± 1.95 kg/m2 ) and 20 obese subjects (mean age 34.47 ± 7.03 y; body mass index 33.17 ± 2.38 kg/m2 ) participated in the study. Both maximum concentration (Cmax ; 12.12 ± 4.06 vs. 9.66 ± 2.93 mg/L) and area under the curve (AUC)0-inf (34.18 ± 12.94 mg.h/L vs. 26.88 ± 9.24 mg.h/L) were slightly higher in nonobese than in obese subjects, respectively, but differences were not significant. The volume of distribution (V/F) parameter was statistically significantly higher in obese compared to nonobese patients (44.20 ± 17.85 L vs. 27.57 ± 12.96 L). Statistically significant correlations were observed for several weight metrics vs. AUC, Cmax , V/F and clearance, and for creatinine clearance vs. AUC, Cmax and clearance. CONCLUSION: In obese subjects, the main altered PK was V/F as a consequence of greater body weight. This may result in antibiotic treatment failure if standard therapeutic regimens are administered.

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Background: Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors. Longitudinal studies using modeled trajectories are necessary to understand patterns of physical activity and association with cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To analyze the association between sports practice in young people and current physical activity with the trajectory of cardiovascular risk factors in workers at a public hospital. Methods: Four hundred and seventeen workers was followed for four years reporting Physical Activity, health status, lifestyle behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics. Group-based trajectory modeling identified the trajectories of PA and associations with time-stable and time-varying covariates. We considered a range of sociodemographic and health and lifestyle factors as potential covariates. Results: The results shows the association between participation in sports activities in youth and current physical activity and trajectories of cardiovascular risk, adjusted for sex and age (p < 0.05). Adults who reported having played sports in their youth and are currently active have a lower risk of having a history of obesity and low HDL-c than workers who did not play sports in their youth and are currently sedentary 0.690 (0.565-0.844) obesity, 0.647 (0.500-0.837) low HDL-c. Conclusion: The practice of sports in youth and current physical activity is a protective factor against the trajectory of obesity and low HDL-c, mainly in female workers. Programs to encourage the practice of physical activity should be carried out in order to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and prevent chronic diseases in workers.

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We compared the heart rate variability (HRV) after a low-intensity resistance exercise (LI-RE) with short (SSC/LI-RE) and long (LSC/LI-RE) set configurations, composed of 10 and 20 repetitions, respectively. Randomly, ten young males performed one session of both RE protocols. Time- and frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV parameters were assessed at baseline and 20-30 and 50-60 min after protocols. Significant reductions in time-domain, frequency-domain and nonlinear HRV parameters were observed at 20-30 min and 50-60 min after LSC/LI-RE compared to baseline. A low-intensity RE with a long set configuration induces an acute vagal withdrawal and loss of heart rate complexity after exercise.

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Exercise training and a healthy diet are the main non-pharmacological strategies for treating chronic conditions, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR), in adolescents. However, the isolated metabolic changes caused by exercise training without dietary intervention have not yet been established. We investigated how combined training (CT) without dietary intervention altered the concentrations of serum metabolites, biochemical, anthropometric and functional parameters in overweight and obese adolescents. Thirty-seven adolescents (14.6 ± 1.05 years), of both sexes, were randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n = 19) or the training group (TG, n = 18). The CT was composed by resistance training and aerobic training performed in the same session (~ 60 min), three times a week, for 12 weeks. All assessments were performed pre and post-intervention. Metabolomics analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) in a 600 MHz spectrometer. There was a decrease in body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), % body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (IR), by HOMA-IR, in the TG. An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) was also observed in the CG. The metabolic changes were given mainly by changes in the levels of metabolites 2-oxoisocaproate (↓TG), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (↑CG and ↓TG), glucose (↓TG), glutamine (↓CG and ↑TG) and pyruvate (↓TG). These findings demonstrate the positive effects of CT program without dietary intervention on metabolomic profile, body composition, biochemical markers, and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese adolescents.

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OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the capacity of tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) to screen and predict insulin resistance (IR) in overweight Brazilian adolescents, comparing it with body mass index (BMI) predictive capacity; and to verify the IR predictive capacity of other assessment tools such as waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHR). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 217 overweight adolescents, from both sexes, between 12 and 18 y of age. The participants were classified as having IR according to a previous established cutoff point of ≤3.16. IR was determined by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. The other assessment tools were measured with standard protocols. RESULTS: There was no difference between TMI and BMI to explain the presence of IR. In girls, BMI presented a slightly better predictive capacity to explain IR than TMI. Moreover, WC was reported to be the most effective IR screening methods for girls. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that TMI and BMI presented similar values of sensibility and specificity for boys. Nevertheless, BMI had a better sensibility and TMI had a better specificity for girls. Interestingly, WC demonstrated a strong sensibility for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: TMI did not present a superior predictive accuracy for IR screening in overweight Brazilian adolescents when compared with BMI. TMI and BMI presented similar values of sensitivity and specificity for boys and WC a slightly superior IR predictive capacity for girls.

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The association between physical fitness and cognitive performance has been widely investigated in the literature. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are not yet clear. Here, we aim to evaluate the interactions between executive function measures, heart rate variability (HRV), and physical fitness in the context of the neurovisceral integration (NVI) theory. Twenty-eight healthy elderly subjects (>60 years) were submitted to evaluation of executive performance with three computerized tests: the N-back test measured working memory capacity, the Stroop Color test evaluated inhibitory control and selective attention, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) evaluated abstract reasoning and cognitive flexibility. We also used the Physical Testing Battery for the Elderly to measure aerobic capacity, dynamic balance, upper body flexibility, and handgrip strength. Our results confirm the relationship between executive function and physical fitness, particularly between working memory, cardiorespiratory fitness, and dynamic balance. We also demonstrate an association between executive performance and HRV in older people, corroborating previous results from other groups obtained in young adults. However, our regression models did not indicate that HRV mediates the relationship between cognition and physical fitness in the elderly, suggesting that age-related degeneration of autonomic control can affect aspects of NVI in this population.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Although regular physical activity (PA) is considered to be beneficial for the health of asthmatics, especially children and adolescents, it can also be one of the elements that triggers asthma. This is known as exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), and is considered one of the factors that limits asthmatics' participation in PA. Objective: This study aims to review the effects of physical conditioning on EIB in asthmatic children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic review was carried out on the Pubmed, Bireme and Web of Science databases, considering publications from 1998 to April 2019. Results: Eight articles were retrieved; five of the articles presented no significant difference in EIB parameters after physical training, and three demonstrated significant benefits in EIB. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence that physical training helps reduce the frequency and severity of EIB in young asthmatics. There are still few studies that seek to show the effect of a physical training program on the improvement of EIB in children and adolescents. It is suggested that further randomized clinical trials be conducted, to investigate the effects of physical training on EIB parameters in children and adolescents. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

RESUMO Introdução: A asma brônquica é a doença crônica mais comum na infância e a sua prevalência tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Apesar da prática regular de atividade física (AF) ser considerada benéfica para a saúde do asmático, especialmente, em crianças e adolescentes, ela também pode ser um dos elementos desencadeantes da asma, conhecido como broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) que é considerado como um dos fatores que limita a participação de asmáticos na AF. Objetivo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo revisar os efeitos do condicionamento físico sobre o BIE em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases Pubmed, Bireme e Web of Science, considerando publicações no período de 1998 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Foram selecionados oito artigos, sendo que cinco não apresentaram diferença significativa nas variáveis do BIE após o treinamento físico e três demonstraram benefícios significativos. Conclusão: Não há evidências suficientes de que o treinamento físico contribua para redução na frequência e/ou gravidade do BIE em jovens asmáticos. Ainda são poucos os estudos que buscam mostrar o efeito de um programa de treinamento físico na melhora do BIE em crianças e adolescentes. Sugere-se a realização de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados que investiguem os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre as variáveis do BIE em crianças e adolescentes. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMEN Introducción: El asma bronquial es la enfermedad crónica más común en la infancia y su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. A pesar de que la práctica regular de actividad física (AF) sea considerada benéfica para la salud del asmático, especialmente en niños y adolescentes, también puede ser uno de los elementos desencadenantes del asma, conocido como broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio (EIB), que es considerado como uno de los factores que limitan la participación de asmáticos en la AF. Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo revisar los efectos del acondicionamiento físico sobre el EIB en niños y adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Pubmed, Bireme y Web of Science, considerando publicaciones en el período de 1998 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados ocho artículos, siendo que cinco no presentaron diferencia significativa en las variables del EIB después del entrenamiento físico y tres demostraron beneficios significativos. Conclusión: No hay evidencias suficientes de que el entrenamiento físico contribuya para la reducción en la frecuencia y/o gravedad del EIB en jóvenes asmáticos. Todavía son pocos los estudios que buscan mostrar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento físico en la mejora del EIB en niños y adolescentes. Se sugiere la realización de más ensayos clínicos aleatorios que investiguen los efectos del entrenamiento físico sobre las variables del EIB en niños y adolescentes. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática.