RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study examined associations between scores of depression (DEPs), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity (CAT) in master athletes and untrained controls. METHODS: Participants were master sprinters (MS, n = 24; 50.31 ± 6.34 year), endurance runners (ER, n = 11; 51.35 ± 9.12 year), untrained middle-aged (CO, n = 13; 47.21 ± 8.61 year), and young untrained (YU, n = 15; 23.70 ± 4.02 year). CAT, SOD, and TBARS were measured in plasma using commercial kits. DEPs were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. An ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's, and Spearman's correlations were applied, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The CATs of MS and YU [760.4 U·µL 1 ± 170.1 U·µL 1 and 729.9 U·µL 1 ± 186.9 U·µL 1] were higher than CO and ER. The SOD levels in the YU and ER [84.20 U·mL-1 ± 8.52 U·mL-1 and 78.24 U·mL-1 ± 6.59 U·mL-1 (p < 0.0001)] were higher than CO and MS. The TBARS in CO [11.97 nmol·L-1 ± 2.35 nmol·L-1 (p < 0.0001)] was higher than in YU, MS and ER. MS had lower DEPs compared to the YU [3.60 ± 3.66 vs. 12.27 ± 9.27 (p = 0.0002)]. A negative correlation was found between CAT and DEPs for master athletes [r = -0.3921 (p = 0.0240)] and a weak correlation [r = -0.3694 (p = 0.0344)] was found between DEPs and the CAT/TBARS ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the training model of master sprinters may be an effective strategy for increasing CAT and reducing DEPs.

Assuntos

Antioxidantes , Depressão , Humanos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Atletas , Catalase , Glutationa Peroxidase , Estresse Oxidativo , Superóxido Dismutase , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico

RESUMO

Sirt1 is an enzyme involved in several anti-aging pathways. Associations between Sirt1, age, and body fat (BF) were assessed in master sprinters (MS; n = 35; 50.25 ±5.93 yr.), untrained young non-athletes (UY; n = 32; 23.78 ±3.98 yr.), and untrained middle-aged (UMA; n = 24; 47.29 ±8.04 yr.). BF was assessed using a skinfold protocol, and Sirt1 was measured in plasma by using commercial kits. Sirt1 of MS (17.18 ±4.77 ng/mL) was higher than UMA (6.36 ±2.29 ng/mL; p<0.0001) and did not differ from UY (20.26 ±6.20 ng/mL). Relative BF of MS was lower than UMA (12.71 ±4.07% vs. 22.13 ±4.18%; p<0.0001). Sirt1 was negatively correlated with chronological age (r = -0.735; p<0.0001) when combining UY and UMA in the analysis. However, when Sirt1 of MS and UY was analyzed together, no significant relationship between Sirt1 and chronological age was observed (r = -0.243; p = 0.083). Sirt1 correlated inversely with BF (r = -0.743; p<0.0001) for UY and UMA. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that being either a young or master athlete and body adiposity are possible predictors of Sirt1 levels. MS and UY were associated with higher levels of Sirt1, while UMA and increased BF were associated with lower levels of this enzyme. The relationships among Sirt1, BF, and chronological age of young and middle-aged non-athletes were not statistically significant when the middle-aged participants were MS. These findings suggest possible links between Sirt1 and body composition, which may play roles in the rate of biological aging.HighlightsLower levels of Sirt1 are associated with higher body fat.Master athlete lifestyle seems to promote higher Sirt1 Levels.

Assuntos

Envelhecimento , Sirtuína 1 , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adiposidade , Composição Corporal , Obesidade , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo

RESUMO

Lower SIRT1 and insulin resistance are associated with accelerated telomere shortening. This study investigated whether the lifestyle of master athletes can attenuate these age-related changes and thereby slow aging. We compared insulin, SIRT1, and telomere length in highly trained male master athletes (n=52; aged 49.9±7.2 yrs) and age-matched non-athletes (n=19; aged 47.3±8.9 yrs). This is a cross-sectional study, in which all data were collected in one visit. Overnight fasted SIRT1 and insulin levels in whole blood were assessed using commercial kits. Relative telomere length was determined in leukocytes through qPCR analyses. Master athletes had higher SIRT1, lower insulin, and longer telomere length than age-matched non-athletes (p<0.05 for all). Insulin was inversely associated with SIRT1 (r=-0.38; p=0.001). Telomere length correlated positively with SIRT1 (r=0.65; p=0.001), whereas telomere length and insulin were not correlated (r=0.03; p=0.87). In conclusion, master athletes have higher SIRT1, lower insulin, and longer telomeres than age-matched non-athletes. Furthermore, SIRT1 was negatively associated with insulin and positively associated with telomere length. These findings suggest that in this sample of middle-aged participants reduced insulin, increased SIRT1 activity, and attenuation of biological aging are connected.

Assuntos

Atletas , Insulina/sangue , Longevidade , Sirtuína 1 , Telômero/ultraestrutura , Adulto , Envelhecimento , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sirtuína 1/genética

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a gradual physiological decline, including an imbalance in hormone profile, increased adiposity, and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, lifelong physical exercise mitigates aging, as observed in endurance-trained middle-aged athletes (EMA). AIM: We compared and associated testosterone, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and body fat in EMA and untrained age-matched individuals (UAM). METHODS: Participants were EMA (n=25; 51.48±9.49 years) and UAM (n=23; 46.0±9.37 years). Both groups underwent body composition measurements (evaluated by a skinfold protocol) and blood sampling for IL-10 (assessed through ELISA® kit) and testosterone (assessed with Roche Diagnostics® kit, Mannheim, Germany, by chemiluminescence technique in a third-party laboratory). RESULTS: EMA had lower body fat (14.15±3.82% vs. 23.42±4.95%; P<0.05), higher testosterone (751.68±191.45 ng/dL vs. 493.04±175.15 ng/dL; P<0.05), and higher IL-10 (8.00±1.21 pg/mL vs. 5.89±1.16 pg/mL; P<0.05) compared to UAM. A significant linear correlation was found between testosterone and IL-10 (r=0.56; P=0.001), whereas significant inverse correlations were observed between body fat and testosterone (r=-0.52; P=0.001) and body fat and IL-10 (r=-0.69; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EMA had higher levels of IL-10 and testosterone and lower body fat in comparison with UAM. In addition, higher IL-10 was associated with increased levels of circulating testosterone and lower body fat. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: The adoption of endurance training as part of a healthy lifestyle may contribute to decreasing age-related testosterone reduction, besides reducing markers of inflammaging, preventing the occurrence of chronic age-related diseases, and thus contributing to healthy aging. For people who already have chronic diseases, physical exercise can shift the immune system toward a more anti-inflammatory profile and, thus, improve their pathological condition. In both cases, physical exercise can help attenuate the decline in testosterone, decrease body fat, and increase anti-inflammatory levels.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Activity breaks or physical exercise interventions in schools are linked to better cognitive function in adolescents. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between physical exercise and cognition in rural schools, where drop-out levels tend to be higher and academic achievement lower. Objective: To analyze the effects of a physical exercise class (PE) on subsequent academic performance of students, and how they felt during mathematics (MATH) and Portuguese language (PL) tests. Methods: Thirty-six students (14.9 ± 1.5 years) randomly carried out 30 min of PE, performed at 74.3 ± 11.8%HRmax, while a control group (CON) remained seated watching a movie, prior to the tests (PE-MATH; PE-PL; CON-MATH; CON-PL). Results: The PE-MATH group presented higher scores (5.3 ± 2.2) than the CON-MATH group (4.0 ± 2.2). The tests were completed more quickly in PE-PL (7.8 ± 3.3 minutes) than in CON-PL (10.5 ± 4.2 minutes). The number of correct answer per minute was higher in PE-MATH and PE-PL (0.52 ± 0.25; 0.64 ± 0.51) than in CON-MATH and CON-PL (0.35 ± 0.19; 0.41 ± 0.41). Furthermore, 38.9% of PE-MATH felt more focused during the test, while only 16.7% of CON-MATH felt more focused. During the Portuguese language test, 27.8% of CON-PL complained of greater apprehensiveness, compared to 8.3% for PE-PL. Also, 36.1% reported feeling fatigued during PL after PE, compared to 8.3% in the CON-PL group. Conclusions: PE improved the adolescents' academic performance. Despite feeling fatigue, more students who performed physical exercise felt less apprehensive and more focused during the tests after PE. Level of evidence I; STARD: studies of diagnostic accuracy.

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RESUMO Introdução: Os intervalos com atividade ou as intervenções com programas de exercícios na escola estão relacionados com a melhora da função cognitiva em adolescentes. Contudo, poucos estudos avaliaram a relação entre exercício físico e cognição em escolas de zonas rurais, onde os níveis de evasão são altos e o rendimento acadêmico é baixo. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de uma aula de exercício físico (EF) sobre o desempenho acadêmico subsequente dos alunos e o que sentem durante os testes de matemática (MAT) e de língua portuguesa (PO). Métodos: Trinta e seis estudantes (14,9 ± 1,5 anos) foram divididos randomicamente em dois grupos: um com 30 minutos de EF realizados a 74,3 ± 11,8% da FCmáx e um controle (CON), que permaneceram sentados assistindo a um filme antes dos testes (EF-MAT; EF-PO; CON-MAT; CON-PO). Resultados: O EF-MAT apresentou maior escore (5,3 ± 2,2) que o CON-MAT (4,0 ± 2,2). Os testes foram concluídos mais rapidamente no EF-PO (7,8 ± 3,3) do que no CON-PO (10,5 ± 4,2). O número de respostas corretas por minuto foi maior no EF-MAT e no EF-PO (0,52 ± 0,25; 0,64 ± 0,51) do que no CON-MAT e no CON-PO (0,35 ± 0,19; 0,41 ± 0,41). Além disso, 38,9% do EF-MAT sentiram que estavam mais concentrados durante o teste, em comparação com apenas 16,7% do CON-MAT que se sentiram mais concentrados. Durante o a prova de português, 27,8% dos CON-PO reclamaram de maior apreensão quando comparados com 8,3% do EF-PO. Ainda, 36,1% relataram cansaço durante o teste de PO depois de EF, comparados com 8,3% do grupo CON-PO. Conclusão: A aula de EF melhorou o desempenho acadêmico dos adolescentes. Apesar da sensação de cansaço, mais estudantes sentiram menos apreensão e estavam mais concentrados durante os testes depois de EF. Nível de evidência I; Estudos de acurácia diagnóstica (STARD).

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RESUMEN Introducción: Los intervalos con actividad o las intervenciones con programas de ejercicios en la escuela están relacionados con la mejora de la función cognitiva en adolescentes. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evaluaron la relación entre ejercicio físico y cognición en escuelas de zonas rurales, en donde los niveles de evasión son altos y el rendimiento académico es bajo. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de una clase de ejercicio físico (EF) sobre el desempeño académico subsiguiente de los alumnos y lo que sienten durante los tests de matemática (MAT) y de idioma portugués (PO). Métodos: Treinta y seis estudiantes (14,9 ± 1,5 años) fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: uno con 30 minutos de EF realizados a 74,3 ± 11,8% de la FCmáx y un control (CON), que permanecieron sentados viendo una película antes de los tests (EF-MAT; EF-PO; CON-MAT; CON-PO). Resultados: El EF-MAT presentó mayor puntuación (5,3 ± 2,2) que el CON-MAT (4,0 ± 2,2). Los tests fueron concluidos más rápidamente en el EF-PO (7,8 ± 3,3) que en el CON-PO (10,5 ± 4,2). El número de respuestas correctas por minuto fue mayor en el EF-MAT y en el EF-PO (0,52 ± 0,25,0,64 ± 0,51) que en el CON-MAT y en el CON-PO (0,35 ± 0,19, 0,41 ± 0,41). Además, 38,9% del EF-MAT sintió que estaba más concentrado durante el test, en comparación con sólo 16,7% del CON-MAT que se sintió más concentrado. Durante la prueba de portugués, 27,8% de los CON-PO reclamó de mayor aprehensión cuando comparado con 8,3% del EF-PO. Además, 36,1% relató cansancio durante el test de PO después del EF, comparado con el 8,3% del grupo CON-PO. Conclusión: La clase de EF mejoró el desempeño académico de los adolescentes. A pesar de la sensación de cansancio, más estudiantes sintieron menos aprehensión y estaban más concentrados durante los tests después de EF. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios de precisión diagnóstica (STARD).

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity has become less frequent since the 1980s, even among more active children. OBJECTIVE: To analyze excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and total energy expenditure (TEE) in children during and after three different activities. METHODS: Sixteen healthy children (9.6±0.1 yrs.) randomly underwent the following procedures lasting 30 minutes on different days: (a) traditional games (PLAY), (b) active video game (Dance Dance Revolution; DDR), and (c) watching television (TV). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured at rest, at the 10th, 20th, and 30th minute of intervention, and for 40 minutes post-intervention. TEE was also measured. RESULTS: At the end of intervention, VO2 had increased by 330% and 166% for PLAY and DDR, respectively, compared to the rest. EPOC in PLAY was seen to occur at the 10th, 20th, and 30th post-interventional minutes from 7.00±1.02 (at rest) to 10.83±0.94, 10.03±0.58, and 9.80±0.77mL.kg-1.min-1, respectively. However, EPOC in DDR occurred at only the 10th postinterventional minute (7.04 to 8.61 mL.kg-1.min-1; p<0.01). After intervention, TEE in PLAY was greater than in DDR and TV (112.08±19.45 vs 56.98±6.34 vs 36.39±4.5 kcal; p<0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PLAY induced children to reach a greater VO2 during activity and greater EPOC and TEE compared to DDR and TV. Level of evidence A1b; Crossover study.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de atividade física tornou-se menos frequente a partir dos anos 80, mesmo entre crianças mais ativas. OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo excessivo de oxigênio pós-exercício (EPOC) e o gasto energético total (TEE) em crianças durante e após três atividades distintas. MÉTODOS: Dezesseis crianças saudáveis (9,6 ± 0,1 anos) foram submetidas aleatoriamente aos seguintes procedimentos com duração de 30 minutos em dias diferentes: (a) brincadeiras tradicionais (PLAY), (b) videogame ativo (Dance Dance Revolution, DDR) e (c) assistir à televisão (TV). O consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foi medido em repouso, no 10°, 20° e 30° minuto de intervenção e 40 minutos depois da intervenção. O TEE também foi calculado. RESULTADOS: No final da intervenção, o VO2 aumentou 330% e 166% para PLAY e DDR, respectivamente, em comparação com o repouso. Observou-se que o EPOC no PLAY ocorreu aos 10, 20 e 30 minutos depois da intervenção, de 7,00 ± 1,02 (em repouso) para 10,83 ± 0,94, 10,03 ± 0,58 e 9,80 ± 0,77 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente. O EPOC no DDR ocorreu apenas no 10° minuto pós-intervenção (7,04 a 8,61 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0,01). Após a intervenção, o TEE no PLAY foi maior que em DDR e TV (112,08 ± 19,45 vs. 56,98 ± 6,34 vs. 36,39 ± 4,5 kcal, p < 0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O PLAY induziu as crianças a maior VO2 durante a atividade e maior EPOC e TEE com relação a DDR e TV. Nível de evidência A1b; Estudo cruzado.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La actividad física se ha vuelto menos frecuente desde la década de 1980, incluso entre los niños más activos. OBJETIVO: Analizar el consumo excesivo de oxígeno post ejercicio (EPOC) y el gasto de energía total (TEE) en niños durante y después del juego activo tradicional y comparar con el video game activo y televisión. MÉTODOS: Dieciséis niños saludables (9,6 ± 0,1 años) fueron sometidos durante 30 minutos, en días diferentes, a las siguientes sesiones: (a) juegos tradicionales (PLAY), (b) video game activo (DDR) y (c) televisión (TV). El consumo de oxígeno (VO2) fue medido en reposo en el 10°, 20° y 30° minuto de intervención y durante 40 minutos después de la intervención. El TEE se calculó a partir de datos VO2. RESULTADOS: Durante las sesiones de VO2 aumentó un 330% y 166% para PLAY y DDR, respectivamente, en relación al reposo. Se observó que el EPOC en PLAY se produjo a los 10, 20 y 30 minutos post intervención 7,00 ± 1,02 (en reposo) a 10,83 ± 0,94, 10,03 ± 0,58 y 9, 80 ± 0,77 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectivamente. El EPOC en DDR se produjo apenas en el 10° min después de la intervención (7,04 a la 8,61 mL.kg-1.min-1, p <0,01). Después de la intervención, el TEE fue mayor en el DDR y TV (112,08 ± 19,45 vs 56,98 ± 6,34 vs 36,39 ± 4,5 kcal, P <0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La sesión PLAY llevó a un mayor VO2 durante la actividad y mayor EPOC y gasto de energía en relación a la DDR y TV. Nivel de evidencia A1b; Estudio crossover con.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Consumo de Oxigênio , Jogos e Brinquedos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Jogos de Vídeo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Televisão/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Análise de Variância , Comportamento Sedentário

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION:: This study aimed to develop a duplex endpoint PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Leptospira strains. METHODS:: Primers were designed to target the rrs (LG1/LG2) and ligB (LP1/LP2) genes to confirm the presence of the Leptospira genus and the pathogenic species, respectively. RESULTS:: The assay showed 100% specificity against 17 Leptospira strains with a limit of detection of 23.1pg/µl of leptospiral DNA and sensitivity of 103 leptospires/ml in both spiked urine and water. CONCLUSIONS:: Our duplex endpoint PCR assay is suitable for rapid early detection of Leptospira with high sensitivity and specificity.

Assuntos

Primers do DNA , DNA Bacteriano , Leptospira/classificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Leptospira/genética , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Especificidade da Espécie

RESUMO

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to develop a duplex endpoint PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of Leptospira strains. METHODS: Primers were designed to target the rrs (LG1/LG2) and ligB (LP1/LP2) genes to confirm the presence of the Leptospira genus and the pathogenic species, respectively. RESULTS: The assay showed 100% specificity against 17 Leptospira strains with a limit of detection of 23.1pg/µl of leptospiral DNA and sensitivity of 103 leptospires/ml in both spiked urine and water. CONCLUSIONS: Our duplex endpoint PCR assay is suitable for rapid early detection of Leptospira with high sensitivity and specificity.

Assuntos

DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Primers do DNA , Leptospira/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospira/genética

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Physical activity has been associated with reduced oxidative stress (OS) in observational studies and clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials was to determine the effect of physical exercise on OS parameters. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to March 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. A keyword combination referring to exercise training and OS was included as part of a more thorough search process. We also manually searched the reference lists of the articles. From an initial 1573 references, we included 30 controlled trials (1346 participants) in the qualitative analysis, 19 of which were included in the meta-analysis. All trials were conducted in humans and had at least one exercise intervention and a paired control group. Using a standardized protocol, two investigators independently abstracted data on study design, sample size, participant characteristics, intervention, follow-up duration, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. Thus, the investigators independently assigned quality scores with a methodological quality assessment (MQA). RESULTS: The agreement level between the reviewers was 85.3 %. Discrepancies were solved in a consensus meeting. The MQA showed a total score in the quality index between 40 and 90 % and a mean quality of 55 %. Further, in a random-effects model, data from each trial were pooled and weighted by the inverse of the total variance. Physical training was associated with a significant reduction in pro-oxidant parameters (standard mean difference [SMD] -1.08; 95 % confidence interval [CI] -1.57 to -0.58; p < 0.001) and an increase in antioxidant capacity (SMD 1.45; 95 % CI 0.83-2.06; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The pooled analysis revealed that regardless of intensity, volume, type of exercise, and studied population, the antioxidant indicators tended to increase and pro-oxidant indicators tended to decrease after training. Therefore, we conclude that exercise training seems to induce an antioxidant effect. Thus, it is suggested that people practice some kind of exercise to balance the redox state, regardless of their health status, to improve health-related outcomes.

Assuntos

Antioxidantes , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Nível de Saúde , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, systemic arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death and non-communicable cardiovascular disease. A major factor contributing to this disease is a sedentary lifestyle. However, physical exercise, such as martial arts, may be an option for blood pressure (BP) control. The magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is associated with a prolonged decrease in BP in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to verify the effects of a Contact Karate (CK) session on BP responses during a post-exercise recovery period in young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two male CK athletes volunteered (28.2 ± 6.7 years; 77.0 ± 5.7 kg; and 176.0 ± 4.7 cm) and underwent one CK session (50 minutes) and a control session in which no exercise was performed and the individuals remain seated during the whole time. BP was measured during rest (before sessions), as well as on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minutes of the post-exercise recovery. RESULTS: The systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower at the post-exercise period compared to pre-exercise rest (P < 0.05), with the largest reductions being observed at the 60th minutes of recovery [SBP (rest: 125.9 ± 4.7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 111.7 ± 5.4 mmHg); DBP (rest: 78.8 ± .7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 69.8 ± 2.7 mmHg)] and at the same periods of post-exercise recovery of the control session. CONCLUSIONS: A single CK session can promote a decrease in BP for at least 60 minutes after performing this type of exercise in young adults.

RESUMO

The maximal lactate steady state is the gold standard for evaluating aerobic capacity; however, it is time-consuming. The lactate minimum protocol is an easier alternative, but is not feasible and still expensive. This study investigated whether the rating of perceived exertion of 13 is an accurate predictor of lactate minimum and maximal lactate steady state intensities. Eleven physically active men performed three tests: (1) incremental exercise with workloads based on rating of perceived exertion of 10, 13, and 16 (experimental protocol - denominated RPE-13 test), (2) lactate minimum, and (3) maximal lactate steady state. No differences were observed among participants' workloads corresponding to rating of perceived exertion 13, lactate minimum, and maximal lactate steady state intensities. Thus, the workload associated with the rating of perceived exertion of 13 was equivalent to the other two protocols investigated.

Assuntos

Ergometria/métodos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise is recommended for glycemic and weight control in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but exercise intensity that increase post-exercise fat oxidation has not been established yet. It is expected that high-intensity exercise induce higher absolute oxidations and rates of oxidation of CHO (during) and fat (after) in normoglycemic, but in hyperglycemic it is unclear. AIM: To compare the effects of exercise intensity on CHO and fat oxidation during and after exercise in individuals with T2D. METHODS: Eleven persons with T2D, randomly underwent three experimental sessions 72 hours apart: 1) 20 minute of high-intensity exercise (120% of lactate threshold (LT) - 120%LT), 2) 20 minute of moderate-intensity exercise (80% of LT - 80%LT), and 3) 20 minute of control session (CON) - no exercise was performed and the individuals remained seated during the whole time. Percentages of CHO and fat contribution and CHO and fat oxidation rate (mg/min) were analyzed during and after sessions. RESULTS: The rate of CHO oxidation during exercise was significantly higher during 120%LT in relation to 80%LT and CON (18.2 ± 5.6 vs. 9.5 ± 2.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 mg∙min-1), the absolute rate of fat oxidation was significantly higher in 120%LT compared to 80%LT and CON during exercise (13.5 ± 3.3, 9.5 ± 2.2, and 0.7 ± 0.2 mg∙min-1, respectively, p < 0.05). During the post-exercise oxygen consumption recovery period, only the 120%LT had higher fat oxidation (94.5% vs. 68.1%, p < 0.05), when compared to CON. Both exercise sessions equally elicited a lowered glycaemia during the post-exercise period, but CHO oxidation was lower after 120%LT than CON (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 mg∙min-1, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher intensity elicited an elevated CHO oxidation rate during exercise and a higher percentage of fat utilization during the post-exercise recovery period compared to moderate-intensity exercise and control sessions. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: High-intensity aerobic exercise, even of short duration, may benefit individuals with T2D on the substrate oxidation related to the body fat. Exercise can be an important tool for the prevention and management of T2D due to its effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reduction of body fat, and control of blood glucose.

RESUMO

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) results in several metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, clinically characterized by hyperglycaemia due to lower glucose uptake and oxidation. Physical exercise is an effective intervention for glycaemic control. However, the effects of exercising at different intensities have not yet been addressed. The present study analysed the effects of 8 weeks of training performed at different exercise intensities on type 4 glucose transporters (GLUT4) content and glycaemic control of T2D (ob/ob) and non-diabetic mice (ob/OB). The animals were divided into six groups, with four groups being subjected either to low-intensity (ob/obL and ob/OBL: 3% body weight, three times/week/40 min) or high-intensity (ob/obH and ob/OBH: 6% body weight, three times per week per 20 min) swimming training. An incremental swimming test was performed to measure aerobic fitness. After the training intervention period, glycaemia and the content of GLUT4 were quantified. Although both training intensities were beneficial, the high-intensity regimen induced a more significant improvement in GLUT4 levels and glycaemic profile compared with sedentary controls (p < 0.05). Only animals in the high-intensity exercise group improved aerobic fitness. Thus, our study shows that high-intensity training was more effective for increasing GLUT4 content and glycaemia reduction in insulin-resistant mice, perhaps because of a higher metabolic demand imposed by this form of exercise.

Assuntos

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Terapia por Exercício , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Jejum/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Obesos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Exercise is effective in reducing glycemia, especially when it is performed in the postprandial period. However, no consensus exists in the literature about the effect of exercise on postprandial glucose control when it is performed before carbohydrate consumption. AIMS: The main aim was to determine whether 20 min of exercise performed prior to carbohydrate consumption reduces postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses. A secondary aim was to analyze the effectiveness of short-term (10 min) exercise bout with respect to postprandial glycemia reduction. METHODS: Nine individuals with type 2 diabetes (54.9 ± 1.7 years; 30.7 ± 1.8 kg/m2; glycemia level of 167.0 ±10.6 mg/dL) participated in the study and underwent the following procedures: (a) an incremental test to determine the lactate threshold; (b) an exercise session for 20 minutes at moderate intensity (90% of the lactate threshold); and c) a control session. The last two sessions were randomized, and the participants were monitored during 135 minutes of post-exercise recovery. A standard meal was consumed two hours before the experimental procedures started. A dextrose solution was administered at 45 minutes of post-exercise recovery while monitoring glucose and insulin concentrations. At 135 min of post-exercise recovery, eight of the participants performed an additional 10-min exercise bout following induced hyperglycemia. RESULTS: Exercise reduced glycemia (-46.6 ± 7.9 mg/dL) and the insulin/glucose ratio (from 1.73 ± 0.59 to 0.93 ± 0.22 µU/mL/mmol/L) during the first 45 minutes of post-exercise recovery. Glycemia was significantly increased after carbohydrate consumption, reaching its peak value at 105 minutes of post-exercise recovery (261.8 ± 15.8 mg/dL) or control (281.3 ± 13.4 mg/dL). There was no effect of the previous exercise in attenuating glycemia or reducing the area under the curve for glucose and insulin after carbohydrate consumption. However, the effectiveness of exercise in reducing glycemia was shown again when it was performed at the end of the experimental session, even in case of only a 10-min exercise (reduction of -44.5 ± 4.9 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty minutes of moderate exercise does not alter the kinetics or the area under the curve in terms of glycemia and insulinemia after subsequent carbohydrate consumption. However, moderate exercise, even if performed for only 10-20 minutes, is effective in reducing postprandial glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Moderate-intensity exercise, even of short duration, may benefit individuals with type 2 diabetes on blood glucose control. A fast reduction in postprandial glycemia can be obtained with only ten minutes of exercise that, in turn, may ameliorate some of complications associated with the disease.

RESUMO

This paper describes the methodology used to translate the MCMI-III into Brazilian Portuguese and presents results from a reliability study conducted in Brazil with the translated instrument. The sample was comprised of 222 Brazilian college students. Test-retest correlations between first and second testings (over a period of 7 to 14 days) ranged from .70 to .93 across 27 scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from .54 to .87. The procedures described in this paper represent preliminary steps in the development of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MCMI-III. Further studies are needed to obtain reliability data with a clinical sample, evaluate the diagnostic validity of the scales, and derive appropriate base rates for the Brazilian population.

Assuntos

Idioma , Inventário de Personalidade/normas , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudantes/psicologia , Traduções , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

Endophenotypes are neurobiological markers cosegregating and associated with illness. These biomarkers represent a promising strategy to dissect ADHD biological causes. This study was aimed at contrasting the genetics of neuropsychological tasks for intelligence, attention, memory, visual-motor skills, and executive function in children from multigenerational and extended pedigrees that cluster ADHD in a genetic isolate. In a sample of 288 children and adolescents, 194 (67.4%) ADHD affected and 94 (32.6%) unaffected, a battery of neuropsychological tests was utilized to assess the association between genetic transmission and the ADHD phenotype. We found significant differences between affected and unaffected children in the WISC block design, PIQ and FSIQ, continuous vigilance, and visual-motor skills, and these variables exhibited a significant heritability. Given the association between these neuropsychological variables and ADHD, and also the high genetic component underlying their transmission in the studied pedigrees, we suggest that these variables be considered as potential cognitive endophenotypes suitable as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in future studies of linkage and association.

Assuntos

Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Cognição , Endofenótipos , Família/psicologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Adolescente , Adulto , Atenção , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Função Executiva , Feminino , Humanos , Inteligência , Masculino , Memória , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Linhagem , Sensibilidade e Especificidade

RESUMO

Rainfall serves as a powerful driving force, shifting temporal abundance and prevalence patterns in parasites and free-living aquatic organisms in tropical environments. However, there is a lack of sound evidence showing the temporal scales at which rainfall influences infection parameters of parasites in the tropics either directly by affecting the parasite life cycle or indirectly by modifying host population abundance. In the present study, we demonstrate that changes in rainfall patterns lead to changes in the proportion of infected hosts with several parasite species, causing immediate or lagged favourable conditions for an increase in levels of infection. However, the temporal scale of the influence of rainfall varied depending on the ecological characteristics of aquatic ecosystems. Despite the environmental heterogeneity and stochastic events (storms and hurricanes) which affect the study sites, the proportion of infected hosts shows frequency cycles on a yearly scale, suggesting that environmental changes are within the range of variability that naturally occur at the study sites. We propose that the incorporation of stochastic events into long-term predictive models is crucial for understanding the potential effects of global climate change on infection parameters of tropical parasites.

Assuntos

Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Gastrópodes/parasitologia , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Chuva , Animais , Prevalência , Fatores de Tempo , Clima Tropical

RESUMO

Warfarin is the most prescribed oral anticoagulant worldwide. Because of the complexity of warfarin therapy, we attempted to dissect genetic from bioenvironmental factors influencing warfarin dose responses in individuals of a genetic isolate of Hispanic ancestry. A total of 191 patients with standard values of international normalized ratio were recruited. Three groups with a significantly different warfarin dose response were identified, that is, sensitive (2.28 +/- 0.50 mg/d), intermediate (4.2 +/- 0.76 mg/d), and resistant (7.40 +/- 1.54 mg/d; Tukey test, P < .001). Age had a significant inverse correlation with warfarin dose (P < .001; effective dose diminished 0.56 mg/d/decade). Required doses were higher for individuals with CYP2C9 variants containing the allele *1 compared to those individuals with variants composed of other alleles (P = .006). Similarly, individuals with VKORC1-1639GG and VKORC1-1639GA genotypes also required higher doses compared to the AA genotype (P < .001). Evaluation of potential gene-gene interactions between CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms showed significant differences in dosing for CYP2C9 genotypes within the VKORC1-1639G/A subgroup (P = .013). A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that 38.2% of the warfarin dose response variance was accounted for by a model involving age (20.9%), VKORC1-1639G/A (11.3%), and CYP2C9*1, *2, and *3 variants (7.1%). These results corroborate previous findings on warfarin pharmacogenetics and define a contrastable gene-bioenvironment interaction model suited to be used in Hispanic populations.

Assuntos

Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Trombose , Varfarina/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Anticoagulantes/farmacocinética , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Trombose/etnologia , Trombose/genética , Trombose/prevenção & controle , Vitamina K Epóxido Redutases , Varfarina/farmacocinética

RESUMO

Introduction: Better understanding of psychosocial and health care needs of complex HIV/AIDS patients may facilitate disease management and virologic control. Objectives: To examine the behavioral, psychosocial, and co-morbid characteristics of HIV/AIDS illness in men and women being followed at a tertiary health care center in Colombia. Methods: A sample of HIV+ patients, 114 men and 29 women, was selected for review of clinical records. Results: Men were older (40 vs. 32 yrs.) and more likely to be employed (83 vs. 50%). Of those reporting sexual preference, 33% of men and 100% of women indicated being heterosexual. A higher percentage of men (34%) had CD4 count < 200 cells/mm2 when compared with the women (21%). More men than women had opportunistic infections (75 vs. 48%) and more men tended to be on complex medication regimens (68 vs. 48%). Viral load data was available for 53% of the cases, half of which had > 400 copies/ml. Only 40% of patients attended every scheduled 3-month visit. Less than one-quarter (22%) of the sample was diagnosed by a psychiatrist with a mental disorder and only a small proportion (one-fifth) had a psychiatric follow-up. Conclusions: Our study reveals several important findings among this sample of HIV patients attending a tertiary care private hospital in Cali: (1) the epidemic is rising among women, (2) undetected and under-treated psychiatric illness is highly prevalent, and (3) adherence to scheduled clinical visits is low among patients with a viral load >400 copies/ml. Thus, integrating psychosocial care with behavioral interventions to improve adherence is warranted to counteract these critical issues. An important weakness of this study was that clinical records did not include complete documentation of all variables...

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Introducción: Una mejor comprensión de las necesidades psicosociales y de salud de pacientes con VIH/sida de mayor complejidad puede facilitar su manejo y control virológico. Objetivo: Estudiar las características de comportamiento, psicosociales y de comorbilidad en la enfermedad por VIH/sida en hombres y mujeres de un centro de atención nivel tres en Colombia. Método: Revisión de una muestra de pacientes con VIH+ de 114 hombres y 29 mujeres y de sus historias clínicas. Resultados: Los hombres eran de mayor edad (40 vs. 32 años) y estaban empleados (83% vs. 50%). En los que reportaron preferencia sexual, 33% de los hombres y 100% de las mujeres refirieron heterosexualidad. Un mayor porcentaje de hombres (34%) que de mujeres (21%) tuvo un recuento de CD4 <200 células/mm2. Más hombres tenían infecciones oportunistas (75% vs. 48%) y estaban en tratamientos médicos de mayor complejidad (68% vs. 48%). Datos de carga viral estaban disponibles en el 53% de los casos. Solamente 40% asistieron a cada una de las citas trimestrales. El 22% tenía un diagnóstico de enfermedad mental realizado por un psiquiatra, y sólo una quinta parte, seguimiento por psiquiatra. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio revela tres hallazgos importantes para la población que acude a un hospital privado de nivel tres en la ciudad de Cali: (i) la epidemia está aumentando en mujeres, (ii) la enfermedad psiquiátrica no detectada y no tratada es altamente prevalente y (iii) la adherencia a las visitas programadas fue baja en los pacientes con carga viral >400 copias/ml. Por lo tanto, para mejorar adherencia es prioritario integrar el cuidado psicosocial con las intervenciones sobre el comportamiento y así controlar estos críticos aspectos...

Assuntos

Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV , Epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais , Medicina Psicossomática

RESUMO

Non-communicable chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, make up a large portion of total world-wide mortality, and are becoming more prevalent in developing countries. These diseases have taken on a larger importance, as fertility rates in many developing countries are still rising and contributing to the overall planetary population. Chronic diseases are typically due to poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, and subsequent unhealthy body composition. However, achieving a healthy weight and then sustaining weight loss can reduce obesity-related disorders and improve the risk profile for chronic disease. Weight control through an improved diet style and higher levels of caloric expenditure can also improve the quality of life for people with diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and mental health, although the specific recommendations for the disease may vary slightly. These benefits will last for a long time if the modifications are sustained. Understanding the effects that various diets and physical activity modes and patterns have on healthy weight maintenance will ultimately prove beneficial for people who are otherwise at risk for a variety of chronic diseases.

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Enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, tales como síndrome metabólico, disfunción cardiovascular, diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad, componen una gran proporción de la mortalidad mundial y se están volviendo más prevalentes en países en vía de desarrollo. Estas enfermedades han cobrado importancia debido a que la rata de fertilidad en muchos países subdesarrollados continúa aumentando, contribuyendo a la población mundial. Las enfermedades crónicas se deben generalmente a la presencia de hábitos alimenticios deficientes e inactividad física, con una composición corporal poco saludable como consecuencia. Sin embargo, alcanzar un peso saludable y después sostener la pérdida de peso puede reducir los trastornos relacionados con la obesidad y mejorar el perfil de riesgo para enfermedad crónica. El control de peso a través de un estilo dietario mejorado y mayores niveles de gasto calórico también puede mejorar la calidad de vida de personas con diabetes, VIH/sida y enfermedad mental, aunque las recomendaciones específicas para cada trastorno pueden variar levemente. Estos beneficios serán duraderos si las modificaciones se mantienen. Comprender los efectos que tienen diversas dietas y patrones de actividad física sobre la manutención de un peso saludable beneficiará a personas que de otro modo estarían en riesgo de sufrir una variedad de enfermedades crónicas.