RESUMO
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. The connection between parasitic diseases and conditions that depress the immune system, such as the use of immunosuppressive drugs, has been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cyclosporine A (CsA) on the intensity of infection, humoral response and gene transcription of interleukins IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis. To this end, mice were divided into two groups treated with CsA (G1: 10 mg/Kg and G2: 50 mg/kg), the G3 and G4 group received PBS. After the last administration of the drug or PBS (orally every 48 hours for 15 days), groups G1, G2 and G3 were inoculated with 1200 eggs of T. canis. Was collected blood samples on days zero, 15 and 30 days post-inoculation (PI), for ELISA test and the mice were euthanized 30 days PI. The organs and striated muscle tissue were collected for the recovery of larvae. The splenocytes were analyzed by RT-PCR. The intensity of infection in the mice treated with 50 mg/kg of CsA was 65.5% higher than in the control group (p=0.001). An analysis of the kinetics of anti-Toxocara antibody revealed that the groups treated with CsA showed significantly higher mean levels of antibodies on day 15 PI. The transcription of the three tested interleukins showed no statistical difference between G2 and G3 (control). It was concluded that the immunosuppression triggered by CsA (50 mg/Kg) favored the establishment of a larger number of T. canis larvae without, however, altering immunoglobulin production and IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 transcription on day 30 PI.
Assuntos
Toxocara canis , Toxocaríase , Animais , Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Imunoglobulinas , Interleucina-10 , Interleucina-12 , Interleucina-4 , Larva , Camundongos , Toxocaríase/parasitologiaRESUMO
Approximately 20,000 species of flowering plant offer mainly pollen to their pollinators, generally bees. Stamen dimorphism, a floral trait commonly present in some pollen flowers, is thought to be associated with exclusive pollen provision for highly effective bee pollinators. Notwithstanding, little is known about how stamen dimorphism is related to other floral morphological traits and, consequently, plant-pollinator interactions at the community scale. Here we investigated the relationship between stamen dimorphism and other floral morphological traits, as well as the interactions with pollinators in plants of Melastomataceae. We characterized each plant species as stamen dimorphic or stamen isomorphic according to differences in size and shape between stamen sets. Data on interactions between the plants and their bee pollinators were analysed as quantitative bipartite networks. We found that petal and style size and shape were correlated to stamen dimorphism. Stamen dimorphic species present larger flowers and less variable style shapes than stamen isomorphic species. Furthermore, stamen dimorphism is associated with higher richness of visiting bees, i.e. higher ecological generalization. During the evolutionary history of Melastomataceae, the dependence on pollinators for fruit set has possibly favoured the evolution of larger flowers with dimorphic stamens, which in turn are able to make use of a larger spectrum of pollen-collecting bees, leading to ecological generalization.
Assuntos
Flores/anatomia & histologia , Melastomataceae , Polinização , Animais , Abelhas , PólenRESUMO
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. The connection between parasitic diseases and conditions that depress the immune system, such as the use of immunosuppressive drugs, has been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cyclosporine A (CsA) on the intensity of infection, humoral response and gene transcription of interleukins IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis. To this end, mice were divided into two groups treated with CsA (G1: 10 mg/Kg and G2: 50 mg/kg), the G3 and G4 group received PBS. After the last administration of the drug or PBS (orally every 48 hours for 15 days), groups G1, G2 and G3 were inoculated with 1200 eggs of T. canis. Was collected blood samples on days zero, 15 and 30 days post-inoculation (PI), for ELISA test and the mice were euthanized 30 days PI. The organs and striated muscle tissue were collected for the recovery of larvae. The splenocytes were analyzed by RT-PCR. The intensity of infection in the mice treated with 50 mg/kg of CsA was 65.5% higher than in the control group (p=0.001). An analysis of the kinetics of anti-Toxocara antibody revealed that the groups treated with CsA showed significantly higher mean levels of antibodies on day 15 PI. The transcription of the three tested interleukins showed no statistical difference between G2 and G3 (control). It was concluded that the immunosuppression triggered by CsA (50 mg/Kg) favored the establishment of a larger number of T. canis larvae without, however, altering immunoglobulin production and IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 transcription on day 30 PI.
A toxocaríase é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial. A conexão entre doenças parasitárias e condições que deprimem o sistema imunológico, como o uso de drogas imunossupressoras, tem sido estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Ciclosporina A (CsA) na intensidade da infecção, resposta humoral e transcrição gênica das interleucinas IL-4, IL-10 e IL-12 em camundongos experimentalmente infectados com Toxocara canis. Para tanto, os camundongos foram divididos em dois grupos tratados com CsA (G1: 10 mg/Kg e G2: 50 mg/kg), os grupos G3 e G4 receberam PBS. Após a última administração da droga ou PBS (via oral a cada 48 horas por 15 dias), os grupos G1, G2 e G3 foram inoculados com 1200 ovos de T. canis. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue nos dias zero, 15 e 30 dias pós-inoculação (PI), para teste de ELISA e os camundongos foram eutanasiados 30 dias PI. Os órgãos e tecido muscular estriado foram coletados para a recuperação das larvas. Os esplenócitos foram analisados por RT-PCR. A intensidade da infecção nos camundongos tratados com 50 mg/kg de CsA foi 65,5% maior do que no grupo controle (p=0,001). Uma análise da cinética do anticorpo anti-Toxocara revelou que os grupos tratados com CsA apresentaram níveis médios de anticorpos significativamente maiores no dia 15 PI. A transcrição das três interleucinas testadas não apresentou diferença estatística entre G2 e G3 (controle). Concluiu-se que a imunossupressão desencadeada pela CsA (50 mg/Kg) favoreceu o estabelecimento de um maior número de larvas de T. canis sem, no entanto, alterar a produção de imunoglobulinas e a transcrição de IL-4, IL-10 e IL-12 no dia 30 PI.
Assuntos
Zoonoses , Ciclosporina , Toxocara canis , CamundongosRESUMO
We describe two cases of diaphragmatic endometriosis treated using the robotic assisted laparoscopic approach, in which an incidental tension pneumothorax occurred during the initial inspection and assessment of diaphragmatic lesions. We demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis of this complication and report successful resolution using the thoracic drainage technique. In case one, after the pneumoperitoneum was installed, during the cavity assessment and inspection, small endometriotic lesions were observed in the tendon portion of the diaphragmatic surface. We observed a sudden increase in maximum airway pressures and a reduction in tidal volume, associated with arterial hypotension and hemodynamic instability and bulging of the diaphragm, which led to the diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax. In case two, diaphragmatic endometriotic lesions were also observed after hepatic mobilisation and following visualisation of the endometriotic lesions, an abrupt decrease in the capnography values was observed, consistent with hypertensive pneumothorax. In both cases, even after deflation of the abdominal cavity, hemodynamic instability persisted. We treated both cases with thoracic drainage, which immediately normalised respiratory parameters and resulted in hemodynamic stabilisation, and the surgical procedures were continued. During laparoscopic procedures for the treatment of diaphragmatic endometriosis, the endometriotic lesions can behave as communication hole in the tendon portion of the diaphragmatic surface and the changes in ventilatory patterns and haemodynamic instability should alert the medical team to the development of an incidental tension pneumothorax. The early identification of this complication in both cases allowed rapid intervention for chest drainage and allowed the surgical procedure to continue.
RESUMO
AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the vaccine immune response in ewes supplemented with Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T during a period of 5-day supplementation before vaccination against a recombinant Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (rETX). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ewes were vaccinated with 200 µg of rETX adjuvanted with 10% aluminium hydroxide. The treat group was orally supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T (3 × 108 viable spores) for 5 days prior to the first and second vaccination. Ewes supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T showed higher neutralizing antibody titres than the non-supplemented ewes (P < 0·05), with an increase in serum levels for total IgG anti-rETX by 3·2-fold (P < 0·0001), and for both IgG isotypes IgG1 and IgG2 by 2·1-fold and 2·3-fold (P < 0·01), respectively, compared with the control group. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ewes in the supplemented group had a higher (P < 0·05) cytokine mRNA transcription levels for IL-2 (6·4-fold increase), IFN-γ (2·9-fold increase) and transcription factor Bcl6 (2·3-fold increase) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a 5 days of supplementation with B. toyonensis BCT-7112T prior vaccination is sufficient to significantly improve the humoral immune response of ewes against C. perfringens recombinant ETX vaccine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These findings open a new perspective in the utilization of B. toyonensis BCT-7112T as an immunomodulator since a 5 days period of probiotic supplementation is sufficient to improve the vaccine immune response.
Assuntos
Bacillus , Toxinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Probióticos , Ovinos/imunologia , Animais , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Feminino , Imunidade Humoral , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunomodulação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Vacinação , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
Tantilla is one of the most diverse genera among colubrids, with 67 species arranged in six phenotypically recognized species groups. Tantilla boipiranga is the most recently described species within the T. melanocephala group, and it was described based on a small type series, collected in the rupestrian grasslands of south-eastern Brazil. The morphological diversity and the phylogenetic affinity of this species remain poorly known. Here, based on the assessment of recently collected specimens in combination with results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis, we evaluate the morphological variation within T. boipiranga and its phylogenetic position. Our analyses confirm T. boipiranga as genetically distinct from its generic counterparts, and diagnosable based on a combination of colour pattern, meristic counts, and hemipenial morphology. However, contrary to its original description, the hemipenial ornamentation does not differen-tiate T. boipiranga from the highly variable T. melanocephala. In our phylogenetic analysis, T. boipiranga is retrieved as a monophyletic group, nested within the diversity of T. melanocephala and sister to a clade composed by specimens from south-eastern Brazil. Tantilla melanocephala is recovered as a highly diverse lineage, indicating the possible presence of undescribed species. Additionally, our analysis indicates that the T. coronata and T. planiceps species group are mono-phyletic, while the T. taeniata species group is paraphyletic and the only sampled species for the T. calamarina group is nested within the T. melanocephala group. Our results suggest that the phenotypic evolution within the genus is probably more complex than previously recognized, and some colouration patterns used to define the groups can in fact represent phenotypical convergences. Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis suggests a strong signal of geographical structure in the tree topology. Three main geographical lineages were found, a North American, a South American and a Central Ameri-can. The first two lineages were recovered as monophyletic, while the latter is paraphyletic, with Central American species positioned as sister groups of both, the North American and the South American clades. Although a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis is needed, our study strongly indicates the existence of hidden diversity within the T. melanocephala group and that Tantilla represents an ideal model to evaluate the validity of phenotypical groups in snake systematics and to study the driven mechanisms of morphological evolution.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate infrared beak trimming versus hot-blade beak trimming on performance, organ and bone development of laying pullets, using 240 birds, at 0-16 weeks of age, from two strains (white layer - Hy-Line W36 and brown layer - Hy-Line Brown). Infrared debeaking was performed on the first day of life in the hatchery, whereas hot-blade beak trimming was performed at eight days of age. Zootechnical performance at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age was analyzed. At the end of the trial, one Bird per experimental unit was euthanized for liver, gizzard, proventriculus, heart and small intestine relative weight evaluation. Both tibiotarsus were collected to measure bone breaking resistance, bone mineral content and bone densitometry. There was higher body weight and feed intake in both bird strains submitted to infrared beak trimming. Additionally, hot-blade white layers presented lower body development and feed intake. The debeaking methods did not influence relative organ weights or tibiotarsus parameters evaluated. We conclude that the infrared beak trimming method promotes better pullet body development than the conventional hot-blade method, improving feed intake, without compromising organ and bone development, being a more adequate debeaking method to be used in layer production.(AU)
Para avaliar a debicagem infravermelha versus a debicagem pelo método da lâmina quente no desempenho, no desenvolvimento de órgãos e na qualidade óssea de poedeiras em recria, foram utilizadas 240 aves, entre zero e 16 semanas de idade, em duas linhagens (branca - Hy-Line W36 e vermelha - Hy-Line Brown). A debicagem por infravermelho foi realizada no primeiro dia de vida no incubatório, enquanto a debicagem com lâmina quente foi realizada aos oito dias de idade. Analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico na sexta, nona, 12ª e 15ª semanas de idade. No final do estudo, uma ave por unidade experimental foi eutanasiada para avaliação do peso relativo do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo, do coração e do intestino delgado, e ossos do tibiotarso foram coletados para avaliação da resistência à ruptura, do conteúdo mineral e da densitometria óssea. Houve maior peso corporal e consumo alimentar nas aves pertencentes às duas linhagens quando submetidas à debicagem por infravermelho, sem haver influência sobre o peso relativo dos órgãos e a qualidade óssea. Conclui-se que o método de debicagem por radiação infravermelha promove melhor desenvolvimento corporal das frangas em relação à debicagem por lâmina quente, melhorando consumo de ração, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento de órgãos e ossos, sendo mais adequada para utilização na avicultura de postura comercial.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bico , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Amputação Cirúrgica/veterinária , Bem-Estar do Animal , Densitometria/veterinária , Agroindústria/métodosRESUMO
A set of 23 steroidal 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogues were studied using quantum-chemical method (B3LYP/6-31 G*) and multivariate analyses (PCA, HCA, KNN and SIMCA) in order to calculate the properties and correlate them with antimalarial activity (log RA) against Plasmodium falciparum clone D-6 from Sierra Leone. PCA results indicated 99.94% of the total variance and it was possible to divide the compounds into two classes: less and more active. Descriptors responsible for separating were: highest occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO), bond length (O1-O2), Mulliken electronegativity (χ) and Bond information content (BIC0). We use HCA, KNN and SIMCA to explain relationships between molecular properties and biological activity of a training set and to predict antimalarial activity (log RA) of 13 compounds (#24-36) with unknown biological activity. We apply molecular docking simulations to identify intermolecular interactions with a selected biological target. The results obtained in multivariate analysis aided in the understanding of the activity of the new compound's design (#24-36). Thus, through chemometric analyses and docking molecular study, we propose theoretical synthetic routes for the most promising compounds 28, 30, 32 and 36 that can proceed to synthesis steps and in vitro and in vivo assays.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Tetraoxanos/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Helminths have developed complex mechanisms to suppress the host immune response. These mechanisms may impair the host vaccine response. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Toxocara spp. infection on the vaccine immune response to bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5). First, 30 heifers received two doses of an experimental BoHV-5 vaccine. At 42nd days after the primo vaccination the vaccine efficacy was evaluated, and the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. Second, 20 Balb/c mice were divided into two groups, one infected with T. canis and the other without infection. After infection, both groups received two doses of vaccine. The vaccine immune response was assessed by BoHV-5 serum neutralization and splenic cytokines transcription by qPCR. All heifers positive for Toxocara spp. (40%) showed BoHV-5 SN titer ≤1:32, whereas heifers negative for Toxocara spp. (60%) had BoHV-5 SN titer ≥1: 128. Infected T. canis mice showed BoHV-5 SN titer ≤1:2, whereas mice not infected with T. canis BoHV-5 SN titer ≥1:8. Splenocytes from control mice stimulated with BoHV-5 had a significant (p < .05) mRNA transcription for the cytokines IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23, whereas the same cytokines were down-regulated in T. canis infected mice. These results suggest that Toxocara spp. infection may impair BoHV-5 immunization and should be considered for efficient herd immunization.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesvirus Bovino 5 , Toxocara canis , Toxocaríase/patologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Baço , Toxocaríase/imunologia , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
O herpesvírus equídeo 1 (EHV-1) apresenta distribuição mundial e causa graves prejuízos à equideocultura. É agente de surtos de doença respiratória, reprodutiva e neurológica, em equídeos jovens e adultos. A glicoproteína D (gD) do envelope viral é essencial para ligação e penetração em células permissivas e direcionamento do sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, induz respostas imunes humorais e celulares, sendo um antígeno apropriado para ser utilizado em vacinas e imunodiagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar e caracterizar a gD do EHV-1 em Pichia pastoris para posterior utilização como antígeno em técnicas de imunodiagnóstico e formulação de vacinas recombinantes. Uma sequência de DNA que codifica uma forma truncada da gDEHV-1 foi clonada no vetor pPICZαA de expressão em P. pastoris. Obteve-se uma proteína de ~41 kDa, como esperado. A proteína apresentou glicosilação entre 4 kDa e 16 kDa, demonstrada por deglicosilação enzimática. A proteína recombinante foi caracterizada antigenicamente e imunogenicamente por Western blot, utilizando-se anticorpos policlonais equinos anti-EHV-1, e por ELISA indireto em modelo murino, demonstrando que a gD recombinante manteve epítopos similares aos da proteína nativa. Esses resultados sugerem que a gDEHV-1 é um antígeno promissor para uso como imunobiológico no controle do EHV-1.(AU)
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has a worldwide distribution and causes serious damage to horse breeding. It is an agent of respiratory, reproductive and neurological disease outbreaks in young and adult equids. Viral envelope glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for binding and penetration into permissive cells and targeting the host immune system, inducing humoral and cellular immune responses, and is an appropriate antigen for use in vaccines and immunodiagnostics. The objective of this work was to express in Pichia pastoris and to characterize EHV-1 gD for later use as an antigen in immunodiagnostic techniques and formulation of recombinant vaccines. A DNA sequence encoding a truncated form of gDEHV-1 has been cloned into the P. pastoris expression vector pPICZαA. A protein of ~41 kDa was obtained as expected. The protein presented glycosylation between 4 kDa and 16 kDa, demonstrated by enzymatic deglycosylation. The recombinant protein was antigenically and immunogenically characterized by Western blot using equine polyclonal anti-EHV-1 antibodies, and by indirect ELISA in a murine model, demonstrating that the recombinant gD maintained epitopes similar to those of the native protein. These results suggest that gDEHV-1 is a promising antigen for use as an immunobiological in the control of EHV-1.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pichia/isolamento & purificação , Glicoproteínas , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Cavalos/virologiaRESUMO
O herpesvírus equídeo 1 (EHV-1) apresenta distribuição mundial e causa graves prejuízos à equideocultura. É agente de surtos de doença respiratória, reprodutiva e neurológica, em equídeos jovens e adultos. A glicoproteína D (gD) do envelope viral é essencial para ligação e penetração em células permissivas e direcionamento do sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, induz respostas imunes humorais e celulares, sendo um antígeno apropriado para ser utilizado em vacinas e imunodiagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar e caracterizar a gD do EHV-1 em Pichia pastoris para posterior utilização como antígeno em técnicas de imunodiagnóstico e formulação de vacinas recombinantes. Uma sequência de DNA que codifica uma forma truncada da gDEHV-1 foi clonada no vetor pPICZαA de expressão em P. pastoris. Obteve-se uma proteína de ~41 kDa, como esperado. A proteína apresentou glicosilação entre 4 kDa e 16 kDa, demonstrada por deglicosilação enzimática. A proteína recombinante foi caracterizada antigenicamente e imunogenicamente por Western blot, utilizando-se anticorpos policlonais equinos anti-EHV-1, e por ELISA indireto em modelo murino, demonstrando que a gD recombinante manteve epítopos similares aos da proteína nativa. Esses resultados sugerem que a gDEHV-1 é um antígeno promissor para uso como imunobiológico no controle do EHV-1.(AU)
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has a worldwide distribution and causes serious damage to horse breeding. It is an agent of respiratory, reproductive and neurological disease outbreaks in young and adult equids. Viral envelope glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for binding and penetration into permissive cells and targeting the host immune system, inducing humoral and cellular immune responses, and is an appropriate antigen for use in vaccines and immunodiagnostics. The objective of this work was to express in Pichia pastoris and to characterize EHV-1 gD for later use as an antigen in immunodiagnostic techniques and formulation of recombinant vaccines. A DNA sequence encoding a truncated form of gDEHV-1 has been cloned into the P. pastoris expression vector pPICZαA. A protein of ~41 kDa was obtained as expected. The protein presented glycosylation between 4 kDa and 16 kDa, demonstrated by enzymatic deglycosylation. The recombinant protein was antigenically and immunogenically characterized by Western blot using equine polyclonal anti-EHV-1 antibodies, and by indirect ELISA in a murine model, demonstrating that the recombinant gD maintained epitopes similar to those of the native protein. These results suggest that gDEHV-1 is a promising antigen for use as an immunobiological in the control of EHV-1.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pichia/isolamento & purificação , Glicoproteínas , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Cavalos/virologiaRESUMO
Studies aiming at the development and evaluation of alternative methods to minimise losses caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus are extremely important. Such research is essential, given the high morbidity rates among sheep and the significant mortality rates of lambs, allied to the low efficacy of commercial products for the control of this parasite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YT001 - YEASTECH) on the control of H. contortus and its modulation of the immune response in experimentally infected sheep. Eighteen sheep were divided into two groups. Group 1, the control group, comprised animals infected with H. contortus and supplemented with distilled water, while Group 2, the treated group, consisted of animals infected and supplemented with S. cerevisiae (400 million cfu/day of suspension for 49 days). The following parasitological parameters were evaluated: number of eggs per gram of faeces, number of infective larvae (L3) recovered per faecal culture, and parasitic load of the abomasum. The following immunological parameters were quantified: immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the mucous secretions and serum IgG; cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10; number of eosinophils in the abomasal mucosa and groups of cells positive for the markers: MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+, WC4, CD5+CD4+, CD8+CD11b+ and CD5+WC1 by whole blood flow cytometry. The results revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the number of larvae and significantly higher serum IgG levels (P<0.05) in the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae. The supplemented animals showed significantly larger numbers of eosinophils (P<0.05), as well as more cells positive for MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+ than the control animals. This study confirmed the beneficial action of S. cerevisiae on the host immune response to H. contortus, as evidenced mainly by the smaller number of L3 recovered from the faeces of sheep supplemented with S. cerevisiae.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/microbiologia , Hemoncose/veterinária , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/terapia , Ovinos/imunologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Citocinas/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/imunologia , Hemoncose/terapia , Haemonchus , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
1. Divergence in outcomes from studies on the effects of litter materials on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality in broilers has led to a need for a meta-analysis to quantify their effects.2. A systematic search of published quantitative research relating to wood shavings and alternative bedding litters was conducted using databases.3. Means, standard deviations and sample sizes were extracted from each study. The response variables were analysed using the standardised mean difference (SMD, control treatment minus alternative litters).4. The literature demonstrated that alternative materials have no impact on feed intake in broilers, compared to wood shavings (SMD = 0.064, 95% CI = -0.101-0.229, P = 0.44).5. There was a positive overall effect of wood shavings on body weight (SMD = 0.253, 95% CI = 0.073-0.433, P = 0.006), feed conversion (SMD = -0.169, 95% CI = -0.327 - -0.012, P = 0.03) and mortality (SMD = -1.069, 95% CI = -1.983 - -0.155, P = 0.02) of broilers, compared to other litter types.6. Subgroup meta-analysis revealed that straw, when used as an alternative litter material to wood shavings, may be responsible for lower body weight (SMD = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.162-1.146, P = 0.009), worse feed conversion (SMD = -0.487, 95% CI = -0.828 - -0.145, P = 0.005) and higher mortality rates of broilers (SMD = -3.25, 95% CI = -5.681 - -0.819, P = 0.009). Rice husks impaired body weight compared to wood shavings (SMD = 0.535, 95% CI = 0.065-1.004, P = 0.02).7. It was concluded that different litter types do not affect the broilers' feed intake. Conversely, broilers kept on straw showed lower body weights, worse feed conversion and higher mortality rates, in comparison to wood shavings. Rice husks decreased body weight compared to wood shavings.
Assuntos
Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Abrigo para Animais , Animais , Peso Corporal , Ingestão de AlimentosRESUMO
The present study was carried out in the poultry sector of UNOESC Xanxerê to evaluate the effect of various inclusion levels of seaweed (Schizotrichium ssp.) in the diet of broiler chickens in terms of performance, carcass yield, organ profiles and fatty acids levels in meat. We studied 480 one-day-old Cobb chicks, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and six replicates containing 20 birds each, totaling 24 experimental units. At 7, 21 and 35 days of age, the birds were weighed for performance evaluation (live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality). At 35 days of age, one chicken per experimental unit was sacrificed for evaluation of carcass yield and its parts, together with isolation of the left thigh for analysis of the fatty acid profile. The inclusion of seaweed in the diet did not alter the characteristics of performance or yield in carcass and organs; however, the supplement changed the profile of fatty acids of the meat, enriching the omega-3 series, primarily DHA. We conclude that marine algae of the genus Schizotrichium can be added to rations without compromising the development of the birds to improve the profile of fatty acids in the meat.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Carne/análise , MicroalgasRESUMO
The present study was carried out in the poultry sector of UNOESC Xanxerê to evaluate the effect of various inclusion levels of seaweed (Schizotrichium ssp.) in the diet of broiler chickens in terms of performance, carcass yield, organ profiles and fatty acids levels in meat. We studied 480 one-day-old Cobb chicks, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and six replicates containing 20 birds each, totaling 24 experimental units. At 7, 21 and 35 days of age, the birds were weighed for performance evaluation (live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality). At 35 days of age, one chicken per experimental unit was sacrificed for evaluation of carcass yield and its parts, together with isolation of the left thigh for analysis of the fatty acid profile. The inclusion of seaweed in the diet did not alter the characteristics of performance or yield in carcass and organs; however, the supplement changed the profile of fatty acids of the meat, enriching the omega-3 series, primarily DHA. We conclude that marine algae of the genus Schizotrichium can be added to rations without compromising the development of the birds to improve the profile of fatty acids in the meat.
Assuntos
Animais , Carne/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Galinhas/metabolismo , MicroalgasAssuntos
Calpaína/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Mutação , Paraplegia Espástica Hereditária/diagnóstico , Paraplegia Espástica Hereditária/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Consanguinidade , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) como ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina. Foi avaliada a presença de anticorpos anti-Streptococcus equi subsp. equi em equinos com doença clínica de garrotilho, portadores assintomáticos e potros vacinados. Equinos doentes demonstraram absorbâncias médias superiores (P<0,05) às médias observadas nas demais categorias examinadas. Equinos portadores assintomáticos apresentaram valores médios de absorbância superiores (P<0,05) aos animais com cultura negativa. Logo após a vacinação, potros apresentaram elevação nos níveis de anticorpos, seguida de um decréscimo nos níveis 90 dias após a segunda vacinação. O "Cell ELISA" foi eficiente para a detecção de anticorpos em equinos expostos a antígenos de S. equi, diferenciando-se de infecções por S. zooepidemicus. O "Cell ELISA" mostrou-se uma alternativa clínica para o diagnóstico indireto da adenite equina, diferenciando-se, entre equinos assintomáticos, os potenciais portadores da infecção. Os resultados observados em potros vacinados confirmam o potencial de utilização desse teste como ferramenta em programas de vacinação contra garrotilho pelo monitoramento de rebanhos pós-vacinação. Esses resultados sugerem que o "Cell ELISA" é uma promissora ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina.(AU)
This study reports the development and evaluation of the use of "Cell ELISA" as a tool for clinical interpretation for the control of strangles. The presence of anti-S. equi antibodies was evaluated in horses with strangles, in asymptomatic carriers and in vaccinated foals. Equine positive for strangle showed higher average of absorbance (P<0.05) when compared with the average for the other categories of horses studied. Asymptomatic S. equi equine carriers had higher average of absorbance (P<0.05) than equines with negative culture. After vaccination, foals presented an increase in antibody levels, followed by a decrease in antibody levels 90 days post the second vaccination. The "Cell ELISA" was efficient for the detection of antibodies in horses exposed to S. equi antigens, differentiating infections with S. zooepidemicus. Thus, the test might be a clinical tool for indirect diagnosis of the strangles, differentiating, between the asymptomatic horses, the potential carriers of infection. The results observed in vaccinated foals confirm the potential use of this test as an auxiliary instrument for strangles vaccination programs based in the serological monitoring of the herd after immunization. These results suggest that the "Cell ELISA" is a promising auxiliary tool in the control of equine adenitis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos/imunologia , Cavalos/microbiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Streptococcus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) como ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina. Foi avaliada a presença de anticorpos anti-Streptococcus equi subsp. equi em equinos com doença clínica de garrotilho, portadores assintomáticos e potros vacinados. Equinos doentes demonstraram absorbâncias médias superiores (P<0,05) às médias observadas nas demais categorias examinadas. Equinos portadores assintomáticos apresentaram valores médios de absorbância superiores (P<0,05) aos animais com cultura negativa. Logo após a vacinação, potros apresentaram elevação nos níveis de anticorpos, seguida de um decréscimo nos níveis 90 dias após a segunda vacinação. O "Cell ELISA" foi eficiente para a detecção de anticorpos em equinos expostos a antígenos de S. equi, diferenciando-se de infecções por S. zooepidemicus. O "Cell ELISA" mostrou-se uma alternativa clínica para o diagnóstico indireto da adenite equina, diferenciando-se, entre equinos assintomáticos, os potenciais portadores da infecção. Os resultados observados em potros vacinados confirmam o potencial de utilização desse teste como ferramenta em programas de vacinação contra garrotilho pelo monitoramento de rebanhos pós-vacinação. Esses resultados sugerem que o "Cell ELISA" é uma promissora ferramenta auxiliar no controle da adenite equina.(AU)
This study reports the development and evaluation of the use of "Cell ELISA" as a tool for clinical interpretation for the control of strangles. The presence of anti-S. equi antibodies was evaluated in horses with strangles, in asymptomatic carriers and in vaccinated foals. Equine positive for strangle showed higher average of absorbance (P<0.05) when compared with the average for the other categories of horses studied. Asymptomatic S. equi equine carriers had higher average of absorbance (P<0.05) than equines with negative culture. After vaccination, foals presented an increase in antibody levels, followed by a decrease in antibody levels 90 days post the second vaccination. The "Cell ELISA" was efficient for the detection of antibodies in horses exposed to S. equi antigens, differentiating infections with S. zooepidemicus. Thus, the test might be a clinical tool for indirect diagnosis of the strangles, differentiating, between the asymptomatic horses, the potential carriers of infection. The results observed in vaccinated foals confirm the potential use of this test as an auxiliary instrument for strangles vaccination programs based in the serological monitoring of the herd after immunization. These results suggest that the "Cell ELISA" is a promising auxiliary tool in the control of equine adenitis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Streptococcus/patogenicidade , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Cavalos/imunologia , Cavalos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Probiotics modulate the immune response and can increase the effectiveness of vaccines. Bacillus toyonensis is widely used as a probiotic in animal feed. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of B. toyonensis administration on the immune response to an experimental recombinant vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) in mice. Mice were vaccinated with BoHV-5 recombinant glycoprotein D and supplemented with the probiotic B. toyonensis in two regimes: one group received the probiotic only during seven days prior to the initial vaccination while the second group was given the probiotic throughout the experimental period of seven weeks. Animals supplemented with probiotic B. toyonensis in two regimes showed an increase in total immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1 and IgG2a levels in serum, in addition to higher titres of antibodies capable of neutralising the BoHV-5 virus than non-supplemented animals (P<0.05). Splenocytes from the supplemented mice had higher mRNA transcription levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12. These results show that the use of this probiotic may significantly contribute to the response elicited by recombinant vaccines, especially those that rely on increasing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses for efficacy. Further, the data support an immunomodulatory effect for probiotic B. toyonensis and imply that enhance effect on the immune response against a BoHV-5 recombinant vaccine in mice.
Assuntos
Bacillus/imunologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/imunologia , Vacinas contra Herpesvirus/imunologia , Imunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Probióticos/farmacologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Citocinas/genética , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Vacinas contra Herpesvirus/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
There have been significant efforts towards the development of more efficient vaccines for animal health. A strategy that may be used to improve vaccine efficacy is the use of probiotics to enhance the immune response of the host, leading to increased immunogenicity of antigen preparations. Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an example of an important animal pathogen for which vaccines have provided only limited protection. In this study, we examined the use of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) as a potential adjuvant to improve vaccine efficiency. We found that the supplemented animals exhibited an enhanced systemic IgG antibody response toward a Th1 response in favor of IgG2a and increased mRNA expression levels of the cytokines IFN-y, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-10 in the spleen. These results suggest that Sb supplementation may provide a promising means for improving the efficiency of vaccines, particularly those that rely on a cell-mediated immune response.(AU)
Esforços significativos têm sido realizados para o desenvolvimento de vacinas mais eficientes em saúde animal. Uma estratégia que pode ser usado para melhorar a eficácia da vacina é o uso de probióticos para melhorar a resposta imune do hospedeiro, conduzindo ao aumento da imunogenicidade de preparações de antígenos. Herpesvírus bovino 5 (BoHV-5) é um exemplo de um importante patógeno animal para os quais vacinas têm fornecido apenas uma protecção limitada. Neste estudo, examinou-se o uso do probiótico Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) como um adjuvante potencial para melhorar a eficiência da vacina. Verificou-se que os animais suplementados apresentaram uma produção de anticorpos IgG superior e com desvio para Th1 em favor de IgG2, além do aumento dos níveis de expressão de mRNA para as citocinas IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17 e IL-10. Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementação de Sb pode fornecer um meio promissor para melhorar a eficiência de vacinas, particularmente aquelas que dependem de uma resposta imune mediada por células.(AU)