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Scientometrics enables us to comprehend the interests and trends in scientific knowledge production and dissemination. In this study, we evaluate the effects of gender, academic experience, location of residence, and graduate program score on the quantity of published articles, the number of citations and the H-index of researchers belonging to Brazilian graduate programs in Biodiversity. Variables related to the researchers were measured, and the relevance in explaining scientific production was examined using hierarchical models. In graduate programs, there were more men than females. The number of articles as first author and the H-index increase progressively through the researchers' career, while the number of citations increases at the beginning of their careers, stabilizing between 10 and 20 years, and increasing again after 30 years of career. We concluded that gender, academic experience, and graduate program score were the most important variables in explaining the scientific production of graduate programs in Biodiversity in Brazil.

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Abstract The unprecedented mining boom of the 1990s in Latin America may or may have not contributed to socioeconomic development in the region, but it has certainly been accompanied by increased socio-environmental conflicts. Economists and sociologists have developed taxonomies for such conflicts and have attempted to explain them based on theories of resource mobilization, rational options, social cohesion, and identity construction applied to settings of generally extreme poverty. This study developed and tested psychological hypotheses based on personal values, attribution theory, reputational concern of the firm, intergroup threat theory, and UV radiation theory entailing mining managers' reactions to socio-environmental conflicts in Peru and effects of latitude and altitude. Forty-three Corporate Social Responsibility managers of the 49 mining corporations registered in the Society of Mining, Petroleum, and Energy of Peru filled-in a 20-minute questionnaire in the presence of one of the investigators at company offices (December 2017). 100 % of respondents were male, most of them middle-aged. A 3-factor structure of political, economic, and ecological concerns sustained the attributions of cause whereas mine's surrounding populations were perceived as moral, incompetent, and positive; in balance, these perceptions represent favorable conditions for conflict resolution. However, contrary to expectations, firm's experience of socio-environmental conflicts was not associated with these outcomes. Rather, geography emerged as a moderator of the relationship between the level of socio-environmental conflict experienced and managers' perceptions of the surrounding populations. These results suggest that mining managers more affected by socio-environmental conflict strengthened racial stereotypes in response to the external challenge.

Resumen Los economistas discuten si la enorme expansión de la minería de los años 1990s en América Latina -generalmente a base de capital extranjero- ha contribuido o no al desarrollo socioeconómico de la región, pero en lo que ellos y otros científicos sociales están de acuerdo es en que tal expansión ha estado acompañada de crecientes conflictos socioambientales. Economistas, sociólogos, y antropólogos han desarrollado taxonomías de los conflictos y han intentado explicarlos usando teorías de movilización de recursos, opciones racionales, cohesión social, y construcción de identidad aplicadas a ambientes de extrema pobreza, como lo son generalmente los circundantes a las minas. Sin embargo, los estudios se han concentrado en los comportamientos de estas poblaciones. En este estudio la pregunta es cómo perciben los gerentes mineros peruanos el origen de los conflictos socioambientales. ¿Como causados por el deseo de las comunidades de preservar el ambiente, proteger sus fuentes de agua, mantener su estilo de vida, participar en los beneficios económicos de la mina, responder a una agenda política, corregir los errores ambientales verídicos o esperados de la mina? En segundo lugar, se desarrollan y se prueban hipótesis psicológicas sobre las reacciones de los gerentes ante conflictos socioambientales. Una hipótesis, basada en la teoría de la atribución y la de preocupación reputacional de la firma, fue que su percepción de los conflictos dependería de la medida en que sus minas experimentaron conflicto. Otra hipótesis, basada en la teoría de la amenaza intergrupal, fue que la percepción que tienen los gerentes de los atributos personales de las comunidades vecinas sería más negativa en función de la magnitud de los conflictos experimentados. Tercero, se predijo que las reacciones de los gerentes variarían en función de la latitud y altitud de las minas; la teoría de la radiación UV predice menor inteligencia de la población con la altura sobre el nivel del mar y con la distancia a la línea ecuatorial. Cuarenta y tres gerentes de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa de las 49 corporaciones mineras registradas en la Sociedad de Minería, Petróleo, y Energía del Perú llenaron un cuestionario de 20 minutos de duración en presencia de uno de los investigadores en sus oficinas (Diciembre 2017). En su totalidad, eran hombres, la mayoría de mediana edad. Una estructura de factores políticos, económicos y ecológicos sostuvo las atribuciones de causa de los conflictos; en efecto, pese al pequeño número de casos, el análisis confirmatorio de factores identificó consistentemente un factor político (políticos y organizaciones no-gubernamentales movilizan reclamos por daños supuestos o reales causados por las minas), un factor económico(reclamos de propiedad y aspiraciones de participación de las comunidades en los beneficios económicos de las minas ante la pasividad del gobierno), y un factor ecológico (preocupación por la conservación del ambiente y las fuentes de agua de las comunidades). Las poblaciones vecinas fueron caracterizadas por rasgos de personalidad que las tipificaban como morales, incompetentes y positivas. Estas percepciones son más positivas que las que tienen estudiantes universitarios respecto a la población peruana en general y representan condiciones favorables a la resolución de conflictos. Ni estos resultados ni las caracterizaciones de causas de los conflictos dependieron de la experiencia de conflicto de los gerentes. Esto se puede entender considerando que los contactos frecuentes que tienen los gerentes mineros entre sí probablemente promocionan la estandarización de sus visiones sociales. Por su parte, la geografía moderó la relación entre la experiencia de conflicto y las percepciones intergrupales, sugiriendo que los gerentes más afectados por los conflictos socioambientales fortalecieron sus estereotipos raciales en respuesta al desafío externo si estaban cerca de la línea ecuatorial o a gran altura sobre el nivel del mar.

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Small farm producers' sustenance depends on their alpaca herds and the production of fiber. Genetic improvement of fiber characteristics would increase their economic benefits and quality of life. The incorporation of molecular marker technology could overcome current limitations for the implementation of genetic improvement programs. Hence, the aim of this project was the generation of an alpaca single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray. A sample of 150 Huacaya alpacas from four farms, two each in Puno and Cerro de Pasco were used for SNP discovery by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Reduced representation libraries, two per animal, were produced after DNA digestion with ApeK1 and double digestion with Pst1-Msp1. Ten alpaca genomes, sequenced at depths between 12× to 30×, and the VicPac3.1 reference genome were used for read alignments. Bioinformatics analysis discovered 76,508 SNPs included in the microarray. Candidate genes SNPs (302) for fiber quality and color are also included. The microarray SNPs cover 90.5% of the genome length with a density of about 39 ± 2.51 SNPs/Mb of DNA at an average interval of 26.45 ± 18.57 kbp. The performance was evaluated by genotyping 30 family trios and comparing them to their pedigrees, as well as comparing microarray to GBS genotypes. Concordance values of 0.93 and 0.94 for ApeK1 and Pst1-Msp1 generated SNPs were observed. Similarly, 290 fiber quality and color candidate gene SNPs were validated. Availability of this microarray will facilitate genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection and, in time, genomic selection.

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Resumen En alpacas los fenotipos del color de vellón tienen diferentes terminologías que induce a una confusión dentro del color marrón y sus tonalidades, el que requiere de una mejor descripción y cuantificación. En consecuencia los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar el color de fibra e identificar los PNSs informativos del gen MC1R (receptor 1 de melanocortina) en alpacas marrones y negras. Un fenotipo vicuña (n=14) y cuatro fenotipos de alpacas (n=79), marrón claro, marrón oscuro, marrón-negro y negro fueron evaluados por colorimetría. El vellón de vicuña mostró mayor luminosidad (47.74) e intensidad de color (24.33) respecto a las alpacas marrones. Los valores obtenidos de CIE L*a*b* (luminosidad e intensidad) sugieren valores bajos en alpacas eumelánicas y altos en alpacas feomelánicas. En vicuña y alpaca la secuencia codificante del gen MC1R tiene un solo exón de 954 pb, las vicuñas no mostraron la deleción (c.224_227del). Sin embargo, esta deleción se ha observado en los tres fenotipos de alpaca (marrón claro, marrón oscuro y negro), al igual que los cinco PNSs no sinónimos que ya fueron descritos en otras poblaciones, c.82A>G, c.259G>A, c.376G>A, c.587T>C, c.901C>T (p.T28A, p.M87V, p.G126S, p.F196S y p.R301C). Para las dos especies, se identificaron un total de ocho haplotipos definidos por los cinco PNSs. No se observaron asociaciones entre los fenotipos de color y los PNSs: c.259G>A, c.376G>A y c.901C>T (p>0.05), probablemente debido a la influencia de otros genes como el ASIP en la expresión del color. Nuestros resultados, así como los estudios previos evidenciaron regiones altamente conservadas en la secuencia codificante del gen MC1R.

Abstract In alpacas color fleece phenotypes have different terminologies that induces confusion within the brown color and its shades, it requires a better description and quantification. Consequently, the aims of the study were to quantify the color of fiber and identify the informational SNPs in the MC1R gene (melanocortin 1 receptor) in brown and black alpacas. A vicuña phenotype (n=14) and four alpaca phenotypes (n=79), light brown, dark brown, brown-black and black were evaluated by colorimetry. The vicuña fleece showed greater lightness (47.74) and color intensity (24.33) compared to brown alpacas. The CIE L*a*b* values (lightness and intensity) suggest low values in eumelanic alpacas and high in pheomelanic alpacas. In vicuña and alpaca, the coding sequence of the MC1R gene has a single exon of 954 bp, in vicuñas the deletion (c.224_227del) was not observed. However, this deletion was observed in three alpaca phenotypes (light brown, dark brown and black), as well as the five non-synonymous SNPs described in other populations, c.82A>G, c.259G>A, c.376G>A, c.587T>C, c.901C>T (p.T28A, p.M87V, p.G126S, p.F196S, and p.R301C). Eight haplotypes defined by the five SNPs were identified in both species. The associations between color phenotypes and SNPs were not observed (p>0.05), probably due to the influence of other genes such as ASIP on color expression. Our results as well as previous studies showed highly conserved regions in the coding sequence of the MC1R gene.

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The hypothesis that employees with experience in the public sector differ in personality aspects from those with less or no experience, suggested by the concept of person- organization fit, was tested among 711 participants in executive extension courses of a Peruvian university who filled-in the Big Five Aspect Scales. Whereas significant differences in various personality aspects were observed along age and between males and females, public sector experience only predicted greater Openness. Women outperformed men in Openness and a significant gender x time in public sector interaction revealed that prediction of Openness from the public-sector experience was more pronounced among men. The findings suggest that, in the population studied, little personality differences are attributable to experience in the public sector. Studies are needed to evaluate the external validity of the findings.

El concepto de ajuste persona-organización sugiere que empleados con experiencia en el sector público difieren en aspectos de la personalidad de aquellos con escasa o ninguna experiencia. Cuando se puso a prueba esta hipótesis entre 711 participantes en cursos de extensión para ejecutivos de una universidad peruana, se observó diferencias significativas en las Escalas de Aspectos de los Cinco Grandes entre hombres y mujeres y según la edad, pero la experiencia en el sector público solo predijo mayor Apertura. Las mujeres presentaron mayor Apertura que los hombres y una interacción significativa de género x tiempo en el sector público reveló que la predicción de Apertura desde la experiencia en el sector público era más pronunciada entre los hombres. Los hallazgos sugieren que, en la población estudiada, pocas diferencias de personalidad son atribuibles a la experiencia en el sector público. Se necesita estudios que evalúen la validez externa de los hallazgos.

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Research on gender power in contraceptive use has focused on whether women have an active role in household decision-making (the participation model) or on the extent of their control of domestic decisions (the control model); it has also addressed the joint effects of power, age, education and work. Findings published in this journal (Woldemicael, 2009) suggest a third power model according to which wives make joint decisions with their husbands on important domestic areas and autonomous decisions on secondary matters (the egalitarian model). In analyses of Demographic and Health Survey data sets from 46 countries, the egalitarian model explained contraceptive use better than the control and participation models in 19 out of 20 countries outside sub-Saharan Africa; its superiority was less overwhelming in this sub-continent. Power effects on contraceptive use that depend on women's education, age and work for cash are larger in sub-Saharan Africa than in other world regions, whereas independent power effects differ little regionally, suggesting the action of a personality factor. Situational specification of decision importance and direct measurement of women's assertiveness are needed to improve the explanation of contraceptive behaviour.

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BACKGROUND: Introducing a new method into family planning programs requires careful attention to ensure it meets an actual need and has a positive effect on program goals. The Standard Days Method® is a fertility awareness-based method of family planning that is being introduced into family planning programs in countries around the world. It is different from other methods offered by programs, and may bring new couples into family planning, and increase contraceptive prevalence. The study assesses the effect on contraceptive use and prevalence of Introducing Standard Days Method into existing family planning services in whole regions of India, Peru, and Rwanda. METHODS: In collaboration with the Ministry of Health, health providers were given a contraceptive update on all methods, then trained in counseling on Standard Days Method. Efforts were made to promote demand in the context of informed choice. Routine monthly service statistics in control and intervention areas were used to assess the effect of Standard Days Method introduction at the clinic level; baseline and endline household-based surveys were undertaken to obtain results at the community level (n > 3400 women at endline). RESULTS: Demand for the method is evident in countries with different levels of contraceptive prevalence. The method attracts couples new to family planning, and introducing it into services may increase overall contraceptive prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Introducing Standard Days Method into existing family planning has the potential of benefiting men and women in diverse settings and populations. This study illustrates the critical role of evidence in scaling up a health innovation.

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Durante los últimos años, y debido a mejores oportunidades laborales, educativas y mayor información sobre planeamiento familiar, se ha observado que la edad en la que las parejas deciden tener hijos ha aumentado considerablemente. En la actualidad la edad de la madre es el principal factor de riesgo conocido para embarazos con aneuploidías cromosómicas. Sin embargo, no existe una probabilidad exacta ni se conoce la causa principal de esto. Por este motivo, existe una necesidad de entender mejor los mecanismos que conllevan a este incremento en las aneuploidías en mujeres mayores. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es examinar los datos recolectados hasta el momento y poder determinar la probabilidad más cercana a la realidad, así como también, revisar las posibles causas del efecto de la edad materna en el aumento de las aneuploidías cromosómicas. Con esto esperamos poder brindar mayor información a parejas que planean empezar una familia y/o a parejas que estén considerando iniciar ciclos de fertilización asistida y que se encuentren dentro del grupo considerado de edad materna avanzada (mayores de 35 años).

Over the last decades, there has been a clear tendency in couples planning to have children later in life. Better educational and career opportunities and broad availability of contraception have been some of the contributing factors in couples postponing the beginning of a family. Advanced maternal age (AMA) is currently considered the main risk factor for chromosome aneuploidies, but there is no exact number as to the probability of actually producing aneuploid embryos or a mayor reason for this to happen. The object of this review is to address the recent findings and to near down the probability of actually producing aneuploid embryos in AMA women. Also we will try to elucidate the actual reason as to why this is happening and how it is related to the age of the mother. We hope these findings will help couples that are thinking about starting a family and couples that are starting or thinking about IVF treatment.

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A nonrandomized experiment carried out in Jharkhand, India, shows how the effects of interventions designed to improve access to family-planning methods can be erroneously regarded as trivial when contraceptive use is utilized as dependent variable, ignoring women's need for contraception. Significant effects of the intervention were observed on met need (i.e., contraceptive use by women who need contraception) but not on contraceptive use (i.e., contraceptive use by women who may or may not need contraception). Met need captures the woman's success in overcoming barriers to access to family planning, whereas contraceptive use confounds this construct with risk of pregnancy and fertility desires. Exceptions to this rule are identified.

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Providers underutilize evidence-based practice guidelines as they prescribe contraceptives. To discern biases in guideline utilization by 172 providers of three countries, this study used observations from simulated clients trained to choose oral contraceptives. Providers implemented less than one third of the guideline set, but they addressed, more frequently than other guidelines, items categorized as essential by expert opinion (p < .01). Indian providers emphasized instructions on method use in 9-minute consultations, Rwandan providers emphasized contraindications in 29-minute sessions, and Peruvian providers did not emphasize any single guideline category. Providers should use job aids to improve guideline utilization. Those pressed for time need an evidence-based, rather than arbitrary, selection of essential guidelines that optimizes client outcomes. Practice-based research must be generated to meet this need.

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This article presents an evaluation framework developed to assess the first-level effects of introducing the Standard Days Method (SDM) in Peru Ministry of Health clinics. Four questions are asked: 1) To what extent do providers routinely achieve SDM service delivery standards? 2) Is the time invested in SDM delivery consistent with program norms? 3) How does SDM delivery compare with delivery of established methods? and 4) How does SDM introduction affect delivery of established methods? A study at 62 clinics demonstrated the framework's usefulness. The Standard Days Method introduction had positive overall effects on the quality of care but provider training needed adjustments.

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Favorable client perceptions of provider's interpersonal behavior in contraceptive delivery, documented in clinic exit questionnaires, appear to contradict results from qualitative evaluations and are attributed to clients' courtesy bias. In this study, trained simulated clients requested services from Ministry of Health providers in three countries. Providers excelled in courteousness/respect in Peru and Rwanda; in India, providers were less courteous and respectful when the simulated clients chose the pill. Privacy and two-way communication were less prevalent in all three countries. The findings challenge the courtesy bias interpretation. Global results from qualitative studies may have expressed the views of the minority of clients who are not treated well by providers.

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This study investigated the effects of introducing a family planning counseling model at clinics of Peru's Ministry of Health. Providers trained in the model presented greater quality of care and longer counseling sessions than did controls. The main effects, however, were misleading. Nearly all of the quality improvements were contributed by 37% of the trained providers; they had already been better performers at the pretest and complied with the new counseling model's requirement of job aid use at the posttest. The recognition that a majority of trained providers did not profit from training posed a challenge that led to improvements in the model. Training x Trainee Interactions should be explored in evaluations.

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The balanced counseling strategy developed in Peru improved family planning care and clients' knowledge of their contraceptive method choice, but few providers adopted it. To expand its use, an algorithm was introduced and training, job aids, and reinforcement were supplied to Ministry of Health providers, most of whom were paraprofessionals, from two areas (40 clinics) in Guatemala. Mystery clients made pretest and post-test visits to these clinics and to providers from a nonequivalent control group (40 clinics). The results showed that the strategy was used in 85 percent of the controlled consultations at the experimental clinics. Use of the strategy improved quality of care regardless of the provider's performance at baseline and regardless of ethnic or regional differences. Counseling session length increased by nine minutes, but real-client load did not change. Guatemalan clients can be expected to benefit from the strategy. The increased session length has not yet caused problems, but it may pose policy dilemmas in the future.

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Contiene artículos relacionados al uso y abuso de la PBC en el Perú, dimensiones de la demanda, aspectos de la oferta y acciones frente al problema

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Se evaluó mediante cuestionarios individuales y entrevistas grupales una campaña de TV en preparación que fue apresentada a través de carteles a grupos de nueve sujetos. Participaron nueve grupos homogêneos de varones de 8 a 12, 15 a 19 y 20 a 24 años de edad de tres estratos socioeconómicos, y seis grupos complementarios de mujeres de 15 a 19 años, padres de familia y especialistas. Se concluyó que la campaña llamará la atención y será bien acogida por el público, involucrando especialmente a los hombres de 15 a 19 años. Sin embargo, varias dificuldades fueron advertidas y se recomendó limitar la campaña a un anuncio (Manzana) o, como mínimo, prescindir de dos (Fresas, Uva) e introducir cambios sustanciales en el texto verbal de los restantes

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Se realizó un análisis secundario de los resultados del estudio epidemiológico de Jutkowitz, Arellano, Castro de la Mata, Davis, Elinson, Jerí, Shaycoft, y Timaná (1986) en el Perú urbano para determinar si existe una gradiente norte-sur del uso de sustancias psicoactivas, seleccionándose para el análisis las sustancias más usadas (alcohol, tabaco, y hoja de coca). La hipótesis fue confirmada tanto por los datos de prevalencia de vida como de uso actual; en la costa y en la sierra; y respecto a cada sustancia individual, exceptuando el uso actual de alcohol en la costa. Se propuso una teoría psicoevolutiva según la cual la menor cercanía de la madre sureña causaría en el niño las carencias afectivas que inducen en la adultez al mayor consumo de drogas. La excepción a la regla fue atribuida a un factor econômico de producción alcohólica regional

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Se puso a prueba la teoría de León (1986) según la cual el público peruano concibe la existencia de diferentes motivos para el uso de los distintos tipos de sustancias psicoactivas. El estudio 1 solicitó a 50 maestros calificar motivos respecto a grupos de sustancias. En el estudio 2, 148 maestros escogieron un motivo para cada sustancia individual. Un modelo tridimensional surgió de los datos, teniendo a la hoja de coca en el extremo de eficiencia, el alcohol en el de extraversión, y las drogas (marihuana, PBC, etc.) en el de sensaciones

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