RESUMO
Constant fishing industry innovations in response to consumer demands for novel, balanced healthy products exhibiting high nutritional value, as well as easy to prepare and ready to consume, have led to the emergence of new technologies. Among them, the development of products based on ground beef and fish mixtures are noteworthy. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop products from different ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet ratios, in the form of meatballs and nuggets, determining their proximate composition and physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The average dry matter percentage of the developed products was 29.20±2.30%, while mineral content was 1.45±0.55%, lipid pulp content, 3.70±0.30% and crude pulp protein, 16.60±2.04%. Total psychotropic counts remained below 102 CFU/g, for standard counting on aerobic microorganism plates. Histamine and sulfur-based compounds were not detected in any of the prepared samples. The purpose of the work proposal was to develop foods and technologies that can serve as standards, allowing for simple handling products that apply ground meat mixtures from different fish species to maintain adequate nutritional indices after processing.(AU)
A constante inovação da indústria pesqueira, em resposta às demandas dos consumidores por novos produtos saudáveis, com alto valor nutritivo, balanceados, de fácil preparo e prontos para consumo, levou ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, entre elas o desenvolvimento de produtos à base de mistura de carne moída de pescado. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho é desenvolver produtos a partir de carne moída de pescado de truta-arco-íris e tilápia, confeccionando almôndegas e nuggets em diferentes proporções, com determinação da composição centesimal e de suas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas. A matéria seca percentual média foi de 29,20±2,30%. Teores de matéria mineral nos produtos estão em 1,45±0,55%. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 3,70±0,30%, e os níveis de proteína bruta apresentados na polpa de 16,60±2,04%. A contagem de psicrotróficos totais manteve-se abaixo de 102 CFU/g, para contagem padrão em placas de micro-organismos aeróbicos. Nas amostras, não foram detectados níveis de histamina e de compostos à base de enxofre. A proposta de trabalho objetivou, por fim, desenvolver alimentos e tecnologias que possam servir como padrões, permitindo que produtos de manipulação simples e que utilizem misturas de carne moída de diferentes espécies de pescado mantenham índices nutricionais adequados após o processamento.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Indústria Pesqueira , Produtos Pesqueiros , Produtos da Carne , Tilápia , Oncorhynchus mykissRESUMO
Na pesca de arrasto, são inúmeras as espécies de peixe capturadas acidentalmente, compostas, em sua maioria, de espécimes de pequeno tamanho e baixo valor comercial, os quais recebem o nome de rejeito de pesca. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de dois produtos, almôndega e quibe de peixe, tendo como matéria- prima espécies consideradas capturas acidentais na modalidade de pesca de arrasto realizada no litoral do Rio de Janeiro. A identificação taxonômica das espécies teve como resultado as espécies pargo (Pagrus pagrus), castanha (Umbrina sp.), olho-de-cão (Priacanthus arenatus), congro-negro (Conger sp.), congro-rosa (Genypterus brasiliensis) e peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus). A matéria seca percentual na polpa foi de 31,20±1,30%, no quibe e na almôndega crus; os valores foram de 37,90±1,10 e 32,10±1,10, respectivamente. Nos produtos assados, os resultados foram 33,40±1,20 para o quibe e 34,20±1,00 para a almôndega. Os teores de cinzas na polpa foram 1,5% para o quibe e a almôndega crus; os valores de cinzas foram de 2,55±0,05 e 1,47±0,05, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, os resultados foram 1,87±0,05 para o quibe e 1,92±0,05 para a almôndega. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 4,80±0,30%. Com relação ao quibe e à almôndega crus, o percentual de lipídeos foi de 4,20±0,80 e 4,20±0,60, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, foi de 4,50±0,60 para o quibe e 4,40±0,60 para a almôndega. A proteína bruta apresentou, na polpa, um índice de 15,60±1,04%. Com relação ao quibe e à almôndega crus, 17,80±2,16 e 14,90±2,12, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, 15,10±2,10 em ambos. Os compostos nitrogenados solúveis, formadores do NNP, apresentaram valores de 285mg NNP/100g de polpa de pescado crua, 291mg NNP/100g no quibe cru e 294mg NNP/100g na almôndega crua. Os resultados da contagem total de psicrotróficos mantiveram-se abaixo de log 7,0UFC/g, para contagem padrão em placas de microrganismos aeróbicos. Não foi constatada a presença de coliformes fecais Salmonella e Staphylococcus aureus. Também não foram detectados níveis de histamina e compostos à base de enxofre nas amostras.(AU)
Seafood products represent an important source of proteins and minerals as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, its consumption in Brazil is very low in comparison to other kinds of meat. This may due to lack of skill in its preparation, making immensurable the importance of the search for new ways to market it, such as ready-made or semi-ready to serve products. The trawl fishery method often accidentally captures a variety of species, composed basically of low commercial value and size. Such catches are called "second-hand catch". With this in mind, this paper has as its main objective de development of two products: fish meatball and kibe, using what is considered accidental catches in the trawl fishery industry done on Rio de Janeiro's offshore as the raw material. The taxonomic identification of the species resulted in the species, Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), Argentine croaker (Umbrina sp.), Atlantic bigeye (Priacanthus arenatus), Black cusk-eel (Conger sp.), Cusk-eel (Genypterus brasiliensis) and Blackfin goosefish (Lophius gastrophysus). The dry material of the raw product was 31.20±1.30%, in the raw meatball and kibbeh the values was 37.90±1.10 and 32.10±1.10, respectively, in the baked product the results was 33.40±1.20 and 34.20±1.00 (kibbeh and meatball). The ash content in the pulp was 1.5%, for the raw kibbeh and meatball, the amounts of ash were 2.55±0.05 and 1.47±0.05, respectively. For baked goods results were 1.87±0.05 for the kibbeh and 1.92±0.05 for the meatball. The measured lipid levels in the pulp was 4.80±0.30%. In respect, raw kibbeh and meatball, the percentage of lipids were 4.20±0.80 and 4.20±0.60, respectively. For baked goods was 4.50±0.60 for the kibbeh and 4.40±0.60 for the meatball. The protein level presented in the raw material was 15.60±1.04%, to the raw kibbeh and meatball was 17.80±2.16 and 14.90±2.12 and for the baked goods 15.10±2.10 both. Soluble nitrogen compounds shows values of 285mg/100g in the raw material, in the kibbeh NNP 291mg/100g and the meatball NNP 294mg/100g. The results of the total count of psychotropic remained below 7.0 log CFU/g, for standard count of aerobic microorganism plates. Fecal coliform bacteria, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus were not present . The levels of histamine and sulfur basic compounds (H2S) were not detected in the samples.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Indústria Pesqueira , Peixes/classificaçãoRESUMO
Na pesca de arrasto, são inúmeras as espécies de peixe capturadas acidentalmente, compostas, em sua maioria, de espécimes de pequeno tamanho e baixo valor comercial, os quais recebem o nome de rejeito de pesca. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de dois produtos, almôndega e quibe de peixe, tendo como matéria- prima espécies consideradas capturas acidentais na modalidade de pesca de arrasto realizada no litoral do Rio de Janeiro. A identificação taxonômica das espécies teve como resultado as espécies pargo (Pagrus pagrus), castanha (Umbrina sp.), olho-de-cão (Priacanthus arenatus), congro-negro (Conger sp.), congro-rosa (Genypterus brasiliensis) e peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus). A matéria seca percentual na polpa foi de 31,20±1,30%, no quibe e na almôndega crus; os valores foram de 37,90±1,10 e 32,10±1,10, respectivamente. Nos produtos assados, os resultados foram 33,40±1,20 para o quibe e 34,20±1,00 para a almôndega. Os teores de cinzas na polpa foram 1,5% para o quibe e a almôndega crus; os valores de cinzas foram de 2,55±0,05 e 1,47±0,05, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, os resultados foram 1,87±0,05 para o quibe e 1,92±0,05 para a almôndega. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 4,80±0,30%. Com relação ao quibe e à almôndega crus, o percentual de lipídeos foi de 4,20±0,80 e 4,20±0,60, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, foi de 4,50±0,60 para o quibe e 4,40±0,60 para a almôndega. A proteína bruta apresentou, na polpa, um índice de 15,60±1,04%. Com relação ao quibe e à almôndega crus, 17,80±2,16 e 14,90±2,12, respectivamente. Para os produtos assados, 15,10±2,10 em ambos. Os compostos nitrogenados solúveis, formadores do NNP, apresentaram valores de 285mg NNP/100g de polpa de pescado crua, 291mg NNP/100g no quibe cru e 294mg NNP/100g na almôndega crua. Os resultados da contagem total de psicrotróficos mantiveram-se abaixo de log 7,0UFC/g, para contagem padrão em placas de microrganismos aeróbicos. Não foi constatada a presença de coliformes fecais Salmonella e Staphylococcus aureus. Também não foram detectados níveis de histamina e compostos à base de enxofre nas amostras.(AU)
Seafood products represent an important source of proteins and minerals as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, its consumption in Brazil is very low in comparison to other kinds of meat. This may due to lack of skill in its preparation, making immensurable the importance of the search for new ways to market it, such as ready-made or semi-ready to serve products. The trawl fishery method often accidentally captures a variety of species, composed basically of low commercial value and size. Such catches are called "second-hand catch". With this in mind, this paper has as its main objective de development of two products: fish meatball and kibe, using what is considered accidental catches in the trawl fishery industry done on Rio de Janeiro's offshore as the raw material. The taxonomic identification of the species resulted in the species, Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), Argentine croaker (Umbrina sp.), Atlantic bigeye (Priacanthus arenatus), Black cusk-eel (Conger sp.), Cusk-eel (Genypterus brasiliensis) and Blackfin goosefish (Lophius gastrophysus). The dry material of the raw product was 31.20±1.30%, in the raw meatball and kibbeh the values was 37.90±1.10 and 32.10±1.10, respectively, in the baked product the results was 33.40±1.20 and 34.20±1.00 (kibbeh and meatball). The ash content in the pulp was 1.5%, for the raw kibbeh and meatball, the amounts of ash were 2.55±0.05 and 1.47±0.05, respectively. For baked goods results were 1.87±0.05 for the kibbeh and 1.92±0.05 for the meatball. The measured lipid levels in the pulp was 4.80±0.30%. In respect, raw kibbeh and meatball, the percentage of lipids were 4.20±0.80 and 4.20±0.60, respectively. For baked goods was 4.50±0.60 for the kibbeh and 4.40±0.60 for the meatball. The protein level presented in the raw material was 15.60±1.04%, to the raw kibbeh and meatball was 17.80±2.16 and 14.90±2.12 and for the baked goods 15.10±2.10 both. Soluble nitrogen compounds shows values of 285mg/100g in the raw material, in the kibbeh NNP 291mg/100g and the meatball NNP 294mg/100g. The results of the total count of psychotropic remained below 7.0 log CFU/g, for standard count of aerobic microorganism plates. Fecal coliform bacteria, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus were not present . The levels of histamine and sulfur basic compounds (H2S) were not detected in the samples.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/classificação , Indústria PesqueiraRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: LV dysfunction develops early in hypertension, even previously to left ventricular remodeling. AIMS: To determine the frequency of morphologic and functional heart abnormalities associated to abnormal modified Tei Index in untreated hypertensive (HBP) patients (p) with preserved ejection fraction (pEF). METHODS: Case-control study. Three groups: (1) HBP without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); (2) HBP with LVH; (3) non-HBP controls. Ejection fraction >54 % identified pEF. LVH measured by Devereux method. Systolic and diastolic functions assessed by standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler. 2013 ESH/ESC Hypertension Guidelines normal values were considered. Tei index measured at the lateral and septal LV walls in apical 4-chamber view by tissue Doppler, value >0.40 considered abnormal. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: multifactorial ANOVA test adjusted by sex and age, p < 0.05 statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 14 controls, 88 HBP p without LVH, and 19 HBP p with LVH. The HBP p sample mean age was 58.7 ± 13.5 years and 52 (44.1 %) were males. Mean Tei Index was 0.35 ± 0.03 in controls; 0.42 ± 0.05 in HBP without LVH; and 0.42 ± 0.06 in HBP with LVH (p < 0.025). Abnormal Tei Index was present in 2p (14.3 %) controls; 64 p (72.7 %) HBP without LVH; and 15 p (78.9 %) HBP with LVH (p < 0.0009). Tissue Doppler's wave was 8.4 ± 0.9 cm/s in controls; 8 ± 1.6 cm/s in HBP without LVH and 7.8 ± 1.1 cm/s in HBP with LVH. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Left ventricular dysfunction is frequent in HBP p, even without LVH; (2) modified tissue Doppler Tei index is a useful tool for the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Remodelação Ventricular , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia Doppler em Cores , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Aspergillus fumigatus, a well-known human and animal pathogen causing aspergillosis, has been historically identified by morphological and microscopic features. However, recent studies have shown that species identification on the basis of morphology alone is problematic. The aim of this work was to confirm the taxonomic state at specie level of a set of clinical (human and animal) and animal environment A. fumigatus strains identified by morphological criteria applying a PCR-RFLP assay by an in silico and in situ analysis with three restriction enzymes. The A. fumigatus gliotoxin-producing ability was also determined. Previous to the in situ PCR-RFLP analysis, an in silico assay with BccI, MspI and Sau3AI restriction enzymes was carried out. After that, these enzymes were used for in situ assay. All A. fumigatus strains isolated from corn silage, human aspergillosis and bovine mastitis and high per cent of the strains isolated from cereals, animal feedstuff and sorghum silage were able to produce high gliotoxin levels. Also, all these strains identified by morphological criteria as A. fumigatus, regardless of its isolation source, had band patterns according to A. fumigatus sensu stricto by PCR-RFLP markers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Aspergillus fumigatus is a well-known human and animal pathogen causing aspergillosis. In this study, clinical (human and animal) and animal environment strains were able to produce high gliotoxin levels and had band profiles according to A. fumigatus sensu stricto by PCR-RFLP markers. The results obtained here suggest that strains involved in human and animal aspergillosis could come from the animal environment in which A. fumigatus is frequently found. Its presence in animal environments could affect animal health and productivity; in addition, there are risks of contamination for rural workers during handling and storage of animal feedstuffs.
Assuntos
Aspergilose/microbiologia , Aspergilose/veterinária , Aspergillus fumigatus/classificação , Grão Comestível/microbiologia , Gliotoxina/metabolismo , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Silagem/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergillus fumigatus/genética , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolismo , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
The present revision shows the early and current knowledge in the field of silage fungi and mycotoxins explaining the relevance of fungi and mycotoxins in silage. The problem does not end in animal disease or production losses as mycotoxins in feed can lead to the presence of their metabolic products in dairy products, which will be eventually affecting human health, mainly infants. Silage is green forage preserved by lactic fermentation under anaerobic conditions. This ecosystem maintains its quality and nutritional value depending on interactions among physical, chemical and biological agents. Forages used for ensilage are naturally in contact with yeasts and filamentous fungi, and the contamination often occurs in the field and can also occur during harvesting, transport, storage. Moreover, postharvest poor management can lead to a rapid spoilage. Studies on fungal contamination of dairy cattle feed have shown how corn silage influences the contamination degree of feed supplied to livestock. Increasing knowledge in this area will help elucidate the influence that this microbiota exerts on production and/or degradation of mycotoxins present in silage. Some of these fungi, although opportunist pathogens, are relevant epidemiologically and represent a high risk of contamination to farm workers who handle them improperly.
Assuntos
Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Silagem/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Fungos/metabolismo , Micotoxicose/veterinária , Micotoxinas/metabolismoRESUMO
In their invasive ranges, Argentine ant populations often form one geographically vast supercolony, genetically and chemically uniform within which there is no intraspecific aggression. Here we present regional patterns of intraspecific aggression, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and population genetics of 18 nesting sites across Corsica and the French mainland. Aggression tests confirm the presence of a third European supercolony, the Corsican supercolony, which exhibits moderate to high levels of aggression, depending on nesting sites, with the Main supercolony, and invariably high levels of aggression with the Catalonian supercolony. The chemical analyses corroborated the behavioural data, with workers of the Corsican supercolony showing moderate differences in CHCs compared to workers of the European Main supercolony and strong differences compared to workers of the Catalonian supercolony. Interestingly, there were also clear genetic differences between workers of the Catalonian supercolony and the two other supercolonies at both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, but only very weak genetic differentiation between nesting sites of the Corsican and Main supercolonies (F(ST) = 0.06). A detailed comparison of the genetic composition of supercolonies also revealed that, if one of the last two supercolonies derived from the other, it is the Main supercolony that derived from the Corsican supercolony rather than the reverse. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of conducting more qualitative and quantitative analyses of the level of aggression between supercolonies, which has to be correlated with genetic and chemical data.
Assuntos
Agressão , Formigas/fisiologia , Variação Genética , Hidrocarbonetos/análise , Espécies Introduzidas , Animais , Formigas/genética , Europa (Continente) , França , Genética Populacional , Repetições de Microssatélites , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine total fungal counts and the relative density of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species in silage samples intended for bovines before and after fermentation as well as to monitor the natural occurrence of gliotoxin in silage samples (pre- and postfermentation). METHODS AND METHODS: The survey was performed in farms located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States in Brazil. In addition, the ability of A. fumigatus strains and related species strains to produce gliotoxin was also evaluated. A total of 300 samples were taken, immediately after opening of the silo (3-5 months) and during the ensiling period. Fungal counts were done by the surface-spread method. Gliotoxin production ability of isolates and natural contamination were determined by HPLC. RESULTS: All postfermented samples had a total number of moulds exceeding 1 × 10(4) CFU g(-1), with Aspergillus sp. as the most prevalent genus. Frequency of strains, among A. fumigatus and related species, was able to produce gliotoxin was similar in pre- and postfermented samples, except for sorghum, which showed differences between both kinds of samples. The highest toxin levels were produced by strains isolated from postfermented samples. More than 50% of the samples showed gliotoxin contamination levels that exceeded concentrations known to induce immunosuppressive and apoptotic effects in cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that care should be taken because gliotoxin contamination in feedstuffs could affect productivity and also present a health risk for herds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Gliotoxin was found at quite important concentrations levels in pre- and postfermented substrates and its presence could therefore probably affect the productivity and health of herds. Current conservation and management practices do not avoid contamination with A. fumigatus on silage. Therefore, farm workers should be adequately protected during its handling.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/microbiologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolamento & purificação , Gliotoxina/isolamento & purificação , Silagem/microbiologia , Sorghum/microbiologia , Zea mays/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidade , Brasil , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Grão Comestível/efeitos dos fármacos , Fermentação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
The aim of the study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) present in brewers grains pre- and poststored intended for bovine intensive rearing. Poststored (80%) samples had counts higher than 1 × 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU/g). Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were isolated at high frequencies. Aspergillus flavus was the prevalent isolated species. Prestored (70%) and poststored (100%) samples showed AFB1 levels over the recommended limits (20 µ g/Kg), and OTA levels were below the recommended limits (50 µ g/Kg) while pre- and poststored samples did not show FB1 and DON natural contamination levels. The presence of mycotoxins in this substrate indicates the existence of contamination. Regular monitoring of feeds is required in order to prevent chronic and acute toxic syndromes related to this kind of contamination.
RESUMO
A Artrite Encefalite Caprina é uma enfermidade de caráter multissistêmico afetando animais de qualquer idade e sexo; causado por um Lentivirus caprino pertencente ao grupo de Lentivirus de Pequenos Ruminantes. Os sintomas conhecidos são leucoencefalomielite, pneumonia intersticial crônica, artrite e mastite intersticial endurativa. Foi descrito que machos soropositivos apresentavam sêmen infectado pelo Lentivirus e processo inflamatório gradual do testículo. A detecção em amostras de sêmen pelas técnicas de PCR e nested-PCR são caracterizadas como métodos de altas especificidade e sensibilidade provendo resultados rápidos. O objetivo do estudo foi detectar, por meio da técnica molecular de PCR e nested-PCR, a presença de DNA pró-viral do Lentivirus caprino em amostras de sêmen de reprodutores criados no Estado de São Paulo. Das 17 amostras, cinco (29,4%) apresentaram a detecção do vírus provando que há a presença de partículas virais no sêmen dos caprinos reprodutores soropositivos a Atrite Encefalite Caprina estudados.
Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by a lentivirus and may affect animals of any age or sex. The major symptoms are leukoencephalomyelitis, chronic interstitial pneumonia, arthritis and hardening interstitial mastitis. It has been reported that the testicles of infected animals present infected semen and a gradual inflammatory process. For the detection of the agent in semen samples, PCR and nested PCR techniques are characterized as methods with high specificity and sensibility that provide fast results. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in the semen of caprine males in São Paulo State, Brazil, by the PCR and nested PCR molecular techniques. Five (29.4%) of the 17 samples presented positivity for the detection of the virus, proving the presence of viral particles in the semen of male goats seropositive for caprine arthritis encephalitis in this study.
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminantes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Análise do Sêmen/veterináriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by a lentivirus and may affect animals of any age or sex. The major symptoms are leukoencephalomyelitis, chronic interstitial pneumonia, arthritis and hardening interstitial mastitis. It has been reported that the testicles of infected animals present infected semen and a gradual inflammatory process. For the detection of the agent in semen samples, PCR and nested PCR techniques are characterized as methods with high specificity and sensibility that provide fast results. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in the semen of caprine males in São Paulo State, Brazil, by the PCR and nested PCR molecular techniques. Five (29.4%) of the 17 samples presented positivity for the detection of the virus, proving the presence of viral particles in the semen of male goats seropositive for caprine arthritis encephalitis in this study.
RESUMO A Artrite Encefalite Caprina é uma enfermidade de caráter multissistêmico afetando animais de qualquer idade e sexo; causado por um Lentivirus caprino pertencente ao grupo de Lentivirus de Pequenos Ruminantes. Os sintomas conhecidos são leucoencefalomielite, pneumonia intersticial crônica, artrite e mastite intersticial endurativa. Foi descrito que machos soropositivos apresentavam sêmen infectado pelo Lentivirus e processo inflamatório gradual do testículo. A detecção em amostras de sêmen pelas técnicas de PCR e nested-PCR são caracterizadas como métodos de altas especificidade e sensibilidade provendo resultados rápidos. O objetivo do estudo foi detectar, por meio da técnica molecular de PCR e nested-PCR, a presença de DNA pró-viral do Lentivirus caprino em amostras de sêmen de reprodutores criados no Estado de São Paulo. Das 17 amostras, cinco (29,4%) apresentaram a detecção do vírus provando que há a presença de partículas virais no sêmen dos caprinos reprodutores soropositivos a Atrite Encefalite Caprina estudados.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Penicillium citreonigrum and citreoviridin present in rice samples from Maranhão State, Brazil, where an outbreak of beriberi was reported and 32 deaths occurred (7% of the notified cases died in 2006). The ability of P. citreonigrum to produce citreoviridin was assessed, and a total of 420 samples of 21 different kinds of rice were collected. Mycobiota isolation and identification, the ability of citreoviridin strains to produce toxin, and the natural occurrence of citreoviridin were established. Rice samples were found to have high fungal counts and showed increasing levels from 2004 to 2007 harvest years. The most frequent genus was Aspergillus followed by Penicillium and Cladosporium. Ten out of eleven strains of P. citreonigrum were able to produce citreoviridin. Three rice samples had levels of citreoviridin ranging from 12 to 96.7 ng g(-1), and two bran samples had levels of 128 and 254 ng g(-1). These samples contaminated with P. citreonigrum and citreoviridin were involved in the beriberi cases from Maranhão State. Monitoring rice for mycotoxins in areas where this substrate is the basic food is crucial to prevent outbreaks like the one reported in this study, to improve management practice, and to diminish exposure risk of humans to these harmful toxins.
Assuntos
Aurovertinas/metabolismo , Beriberi/epidemiologia , Oryza , Penicillium/metabolismo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Surtos de Doenças , HumanosRESUMO
Mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a hazard to human and animal health due to potential transmission to meat and milk. Barley by-products are alternative feeding supplies for animal production. The aims of this assay were to study the mycobiota of feedstuffs and finished swine feed, to determine the ability of Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) and to evaluate OTA occurrence in these substrates. Corn, brewers' grains and finished swine feed samples were collected from different factories. Fungal counts were higher than 2.8x10(4)CFU g(-1). Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera were isolated at high levels. A 23.7% of the isolates produced 9-116 microg kg(-1) of OTA in vitro. Corn samples (44%) were contaminated with 42-224 microg kg(-1) of OTA. Finished feed (31%) and brewers' grains samples (13%) were contaminated with 36-120 microg kg(-1) and 28-139 microg kg(-1) of OTA, respectively. This is the first scientific report on contamination by OTA-producer molds and OTA in swine feedstuffs from Brazil. The presence of OTA in raw materials and finished feed requires periodic monitoring to prevent mycotoxicoses in animal production, reduce economic losses and minimize hazards to human health.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Ocratoxinas/química , Suínos , Animais , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Brasil , Ocratoxinas/metabolismo , Penicillium/metabolismo , Água/químicaRESUMO
A artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) é uma doença infecciosa multissistêmica causada por um Lentivirus, que pode infectar animais de idade e sexo variados. Os principais sinais clínicos são leucoencefalomielite, pneumonia intersticial crônica, artrite e mastite indurativa intersticial. Foi descrito que cabras infectadas apresentavam endurecimento gradativo e difuso do parênquima glandular e com a presença de vários nódulos de consistência dura, além de apresentarem diminuição na produção leiteira e alterações físico-químicas no leite. O exame de amostras de leite pelas técnicas de PCR e nested-PCR para detecção da CAE é caracterizada como métodos com alta especificidade e sensibilidade, oferecendo resultados rápidos. A técnica possibilita identificar vírus em amostras com virus não viável. Nesse estudo, 72 amostras de leite de cabras sororreagentes ao teste de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA) foram avaliadas. Utilizou-se para a produção de DNA primers específicos o gene Pol. As técnicas de PCR e nested-PCR foram conduzidas para amplificar fragmentos genômicos correspondentes ao gene Pol. Catorze amostras (19,4%) apresentaram formação de banda positiva na altura de 600 pb para PCR, e 16 amostras (22,2%) para nested-PCR na altura de 278 pb. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica foi adequada para detectar o DNA pró-viral em amostras de leite e pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta complementar no estudo da transmissão natural do vírus pela ingestão do leite de cabras sororreagentes a CAE.
The caprine arthritis encephalitis is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by a Lentivirus may affect animals at all ages and sex. The major symptoms are leukoencephalomyelitis, cronical interstitial pneumonia, arthritis and hardening interstitial mastitis. It was described that mammary glands from infected goats had a gradual non inflammatory diffuse nodular hardening, and also decreased milk production and abnormal physical-chemical milk parameters. The detection on milk samples by PCR and nested-PCR techniques are characterized as methods with high specificity and sensibility that provides fast results. The techniques are able to identify nucleic acids on samples with no living virus. In this study, 72 milk samples from infected and seroreagent to IDAG test animals were evaluated. DNA generation with specifics primers Pol gene, PCR and nested-PCR was conducted for individual amplification from a genomic fragment corresponding to the Pol gene. Fourteen samples (19, 4%) presented positive by PCR at 600 bp length bands and 16 samples (22, 2%) by nested-PCR at 278 bp length bands. The results show that PCR and nested-PCR tecniques were able to detect pro-viral DNA in goat milk samples and may be used as a complementary means of Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis diagnosis.
Assuntos
Animais , Cabras/virologia , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/isolamento & purificação , Leite/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Lentivirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Aspergillus flavus/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Aflatoxinas/biossíntese , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Brasil , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Micotoxinas/biossínteseRESUMO
Feed contamination can lead to nutrient losses and detrimental effects on animal health and production. The purposes of this study were to investigate the mycobiota in equine mixed feeds and to determine natural contamination with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Fungal enumeration of equine feed samples was done. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was applied to quantify AFB1 and FB1. A comparison between ELISA and HPLC was carried out. Feed mould counts ranged from <1 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(5) cfu/g. The most frequent genus isolated was Aspergillus (40.54%), followed by Penicillium (18.38%) and Fusarium (16.22%). The most prevalent Aspergillus sp. was A. flavus (36%). AFB1 values ranged between 0.01 and 99.4 microg/kg. FB(1) levels ranged between 0.01 and 7.49 microg/kg. HPLC and ELISA methods showed positive correlation for AFB1 and FB1 determinations (r = 0.9851 and r = 0.9791, respectively). The ELISA analytical method was efficient for AFB1 and FB1 detection. The scarcity of studies on natural fungal contamination and on the presence of AFB1 and FB1 in materials used as equine feed ingredients highlights the value and contribution of this study.
Assuntos
Aflatoxina B1/análise , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Fumonisinas/análise , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Aflatoxina B1/intoxicação , Animais , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Fumonisinas/intoxicação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/metabolismo , Doenças dos Cavalos/metabolismo , Cavalos , Penicillium/isolamento & purificação , Penicillium/metabolismoRESUMO
We use genetic divergence at 16 microsatellite loci to investigate how geographical features of the Galápagos landscape structure island populations of Darwin's finches. We compare the three most genetically divergent groups of Darwin's finches comprising morphologically and ecologically similar allopatric populations: the cactus finches (Geospiza scandens and Geospiza conirostris), the sharp-beaked ground finches (Geospiza difficilis) and the warbler finches (Certhidea olivacea and Certhidea fusca). Evidence of reduced genetic diversity due to drift was limited to warbler finches on small, peripheral islands. Evidence of low levels of recent interisland migration was widespread throughout all three groups. The hypothesis of distance-limited dispersal received the strongest support in cactus and sharp-beaked ground finches as evidenced by patterns of isolation by distance, while warbler finches showed a weaker relationship. Support for the hypothesis that gene flow constrains morphological divergence was only found in one of eight comparisons within these groups. Among warbler finches, genetic divergence was relatively high while phenotypic divergence was low, implicating stabilizing selection rather than constraint due to gene flow. We conclude that the adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches has occurred in the presence of ongoing but low levels of gene flow caused by distance-dependent interisland dispersal. Gene flow does not constrain phenotypic divergence, but may augment genetic variation and facilitate evolution due to natural selection. Both microsatellites and mtDNA agree in that subsets of peripheral populations of two older groups are genetically more similar to other species that underwent dramatic morphological change. The apparent decoupling of morphological and molecular evolution may be accounted for by a modification of Lack's two-stage model of speciation: relative ecological stasis in allopatry followed by secondary contact, ecological interactions and asymmetric phenotypic divergence.
Assuntos
Tentilhões/genética , Adaptação Biológica/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bico/anatomia & histologia , Citocromos b/química , Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Equador , Evolução Molecular , Tentilhões/anatomia & histologia , Variação Genética/fisiologia , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Dinâmica Populacional , Seleção Genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Some ants have an extraordinary unicolonial social organization, whereby individuals mix freely among physically separated nests. Recently, it was shown that the European population of Linepithema humile consisted of two enormous unicolonial supercolonies. Workers of the same supercolony are never aggressive to each other. In contrast, aggressiveness is invariably high between workers from different supercolonies. Here we investigated whether gene flow occurs between two supercolonies. We identified a contact zone in which we sampled 46 nests. For each nest, aggression tests were conducted against workers from reference nests from both supercolonies. Workers were always very aggressive towards workers of one of the supercolonies but not to workers of the other. Thus, all nests could be clearly assigned to one of the two supercolonies. For 22 of the 46 nests, we genotyped 15-16 workers at five microsatellite loci. A four-level hierarchical analysis of variance revealed very strong genetic differentiation between the two supercolonies (F(SUPERCOLONY-TOTAL) = 0.541) and low differentiation between sectors (i.e. group of nests connected together with trails) within supercolonies (F(SECTOR-SUPERCOLONY) = 0.064). The very high differentiation between the two supercolonies indicates a lack of ongoing gene flow, a conclusion further bolstered by the finding that the two supercolonies share no common alleles at two of the five microsatellite loci. A Bayesian clustering method also revealed the occurrence of two distinct clusters. These clusters exactly match the grouping obtained by aggression tests. None of the 332 genotyped individuals were admixed despite the fact that some nests of the two supercolonies were separated by less than 30 m. These results demonstrate that the two supercolonies have completely separate gene pools.
Assuntos
Agressão/fisiologia , Formigas/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Análise de Variância , Animais , Formigas/fisiologia , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Espanha , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
WOLBACHIA are maternally inherited bacteria, which are very common in arthropods and nematodes. Wolbachia infection may affect host reproduction through feminisation, parthenogenesis, male-killing, cytoplasmic incompatibility and increased fecundity. Previous studies showing discrepancies between the phylogenies of Wolbachia and its arthropod hosts indicate that infection is frequently lost, but the causes of symbiont extinction have so far remained elusive. Here, we report data showing that colonisation of new habitats is a possible mechanism leading to the loss of infection. The presence and prevalence of Wolbachia were studied in three native and eight introduced populations of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile. The screening shows that the symbiont is common in the three native L. humile populations analysed. In contrast, Wolbachia was detected in only one of the introduced populations. The loss of infection associated with colonisation of new habitats may result from drift (founder effect) or altered selection pressures in the new habitat. Furthermore, a molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the Wolbachia wsp gene indicates that L. humile has been infected by a single strain. Horizontal transmission of the symbiont may be important in ants as suggested by the sequence similarity of strains in the three genera Linepithema, Acromyrmex, and Solenopsis native from South and Central America.
Assuntos
Formigas/genética , Formigas/microbiologia , Filogenia , Seleção Genética , Wolbachia/genética , Wolbachia/patogenicidade , Animais , Argentina , Meio Ambiente , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
We report the isolation of P. shigelloides in the stools of a child with acute diarrhea living in the surroundings of Buenos Aires who usually drank untreated water. P. shigelloides has been implicated as an etiological agent in many sporadic cases of diarrhea, probably associated with drinking untreated water, eating uncooked seafood or foreign travel.