RESUMO
We estimated the rate of extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs) in waved albatrosses (Phoebastria irrorata) on Isla Española, Galápagos, Ecuador, using multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting. Waved albatrosses are socially monogamous, long-lived seabirds whose main population is on Española. Aggressive extra-pair copulation (EPC) attempts have been observed in the breeding colony during the days preceding egg-laying. Our genetic analyses of 16 families (single chicks and their attending parents) revealed evidence of EPFs in four families. In all cases males were the excluded parent. These data suggest that waved albatrosses have an unusually high rate of EPF relative to taxa with similar life histories. Future behavioural observations will determine the extent to which forced vs. unforced EPCs contribute to this high EPF rate.
Assuntos
Aves/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Aves/fisiologia , Primers do DNA/genética , Equador , Feminino , Fertilização/genética , Masculino , Paternidade , Comportamento Sexual AnimalAssuntos
Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/economia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Dengue/epidemiologia , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Entomologia , Humanos , Medicina , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública , Especialização , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/epidemiologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Twenty-four patients with acute visceral leishmaniasis and leukopenia (< 1500 neutrophils/mm3) due to Leishmania chagasi were studied, 4 in an open-label pilot study and 20 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 5 micrograms/kg daily, or placebo for 10 days, plus 10-20 mg/kg pentavalent antimony daily for 20 days. In GM-CSF recipients, neutrophil counts increased threefold and fourfold over baseline at 5 and 10 days, respectively, and were significantly higher than those in placebo recipients (P < .02). Eosinophil and monocyte counts were significantly increase in GM-CSF recipients at 10 days (P < or = .03). Secondary infections occurred in 3 GM-CSF and in 8 placebo recipients (P = .04). All patients had complete resolution of their leishmaniasis at 3 months. Few adverse events were recorded. GM-CSF, 5 micrograms/kg daily for 10 days, was safe, rapidly reversed neutropenia, and reduced the number of secondary infections in patients with leishmaniasis.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Antimônio/economia , Antimônio/uso terapêutico , Antiprotozoários/economia , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Medula Óssea/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Meglumina/economia , Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Neutropenia/complicações , Neutropenia/etiologia , Compostos Organometálicos/economia , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Projetos Piloto , Proteínas Recombinantes/economia , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
The efficacy of GM-CSF was investigated in 20 neutropenic patients (< 1500 neutrophils/microliters) with acute visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi. Patients were randomized to receive either GM-CSF, 5 micrograms/kg daily (intravenously or subcutaneously), or placebo for ten days, in combination with pentavalent antimony, 10-20 mg/kg daily for 20 days. Neutrophil counts were significantly greater on days 5 and 10 of treatment in the GM-CSF group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.02). Eosinophil and monocyte counts were also significantly increased in the GM-CSF group at day 10 (p < or = 0.03). Interestingly, at day 30, platelet counts were significantly increased in the GM-CSF group on days 5 and 10 (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Patients in the GM-CSF group experienced fewer secondary bacterial or viral infections than placebo patients. Infections occurred in only three patients given GM-CSF compared with eight patients given placebo (p < 0.04). All patients had complete resolution of disease symptoms at three months. Few adverse events were recorded. GM-CSF given subcutaneously at a dose of 5 micrograms/kg daily for ten days was well tolerated, reversed neutropenia rapidly and reduced the number of secondary infections in patients with leishmaniasis.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/uso terapêutico , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiprotozoários/administração & dosagem , Antiprotozoários/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/administração & dosagem , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/efeitos adversos , Testes Hematológicos , Humanos , Leishmaniose Visceral/fisiopatologia , Meglumina/administração & dosagem , Meglumina/efeitos adversos , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutropenia/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/etiologia , Compostos Organometálicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Organometálicos/efeitos adversos , Superinfecção/etiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Seventy-nine patients with cutaneous (62) or mucosal (17) infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil, were followed for at least 4 years after initiating treatment with antimony. Cutaneous relapses occurred in 6/62 (10%), mucosal relapse after cutaneous infection in 2/62 (3%), and mucosal relapse after mucosal disease in 2/17 (17%). It is concluded that relapse (cutaneous and mucosal) is rare after adequate antimony therapy and that no definite prediction of relapse (clinical, serological or by skin reaction) is possible.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniose/tratamento farmacológico , Meglumina/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antimônio/uso terapêutico , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Recidiva , Úlcera Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A five-year prospective study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil revealed an annual incidence of disease of 8.1 per 1000 inhabitants and a prevalence of 14.9%. The disease fluctuated as a series of mini-epidemics. Most disease occurred in individuals who were 10-30 years of age. Mucosal disease occurred in 2.7% of patients with primary lesions and occurred a median of six years after this lesion. Disease was more common in males, in those with either large or multiple antecedent skin lesions, and in those with incomplete antimony therapy for the primary lesions. An ELISA was positive in 85% of those tested during the first two years after the primary lesion and remained positive for five to 40 years in 27% of patients. Skin testing was positive in 96% of patients with recent lesions and remained positive in 70% of patients. All patients with mucosal disease had positive serological and skin tests.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Mucocutânea/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Animais , Anticorpos/análise , Brasil , Criança , Vetores de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmaniose Mucocutânea/imunologia , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Testes Cutâneos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
During an epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region of Brazil, new perspectives emerged on a subclinical form of the disease. A group of 86 children with antibody to Leishmania were identified. None of these children had a history of leishmaniasis. The children were segregated into four groups: One group remained asymptomatic (n = 20), whereas another developed classic kala-azar within weeks of the index serology (n = 15). The remaining 51 patients initially had subclinical disease; 13 (25%) of these patients progressed to classic kala-azar (mean, five months). The others (75%) resolved their illness after a prolonged period (mean, 35 months). The initial illness in the subclinical group was characterized by hepatomegaly, frequent splenomegaly, intermittent cough, diarrhea, and low-grade fever. Malaise and poor weight gain were common. Giemsa-stained smears and cultures of bone marrow aspirates were usually negative for Leishmania in the absence of symptoms of classic kala-azar.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Visceral/fisiopatologia , Anticorpos/análise , Brasil , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Leishmania donovani/imunologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , MasculinoRESUMO
The epidemiology, clinical patterns, and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis were prospectively studied in an endemic area of Brazil. The prevalence of disease was 3.1% for children less than 15 years of age, and the annual incidence was 4.3 cases per 1,000 children. The number of children with disease fluctuated yearly and seasonally, and distribution of the disease varied within the endemic area. Risk factors included young age (median, three years) and malnutrition before the onset of disease. Intestinal parasitism, recent migration into the area, and house location within the area did not influence the progression of infection to disease. Serological testing indicated that 7.5% of children were infected with Leishmania each year and that the ratio of disease to infection was 1:18.5 for the whole area and 1:6.5 for the section with the highest prevalence of disease. Early diagnosis and therapy altered clinical patterns of the disease.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Anticorpos/análise , Antígenos de Protozoários , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Leishmania donovani/imunologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/etiologia , Masculino , Distúrbios Nutricionais/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Risco , Esquistossomose/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
Three cases are described showing that Leishmania donovani can cause progressive disease in immunocompromised hosts. The first patient was receiving corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis and the second corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide for proliferative glomerulonephritis; in the third patient, leishmaniasis occurred after a long episode of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and salmonella bacteraemia which was treated with chloramphenicol. In two cases, the patients had moved away from areas of L donovani transmission many years before the progressive disease occurred, consistent with long-term survival of the organism in normal hosts. L donovani should be added to the growing list of opportunistic microbial infections.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica , Leishmaniose Visceral/parasitologia , Adulto , Formação de Anticorpos , Brasil , Criança , Colite Ulcerativa/parasitologia , Feminino , Glomerulonefrite/parasitologia , Humanos , Leishmania donovani/imunologia , Leishmania donovani/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose/imunologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Infecções por Salmonella/complicações , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This study was designed to evaluate the ELISA for diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) using antigen prepared from different Leishmania isolates and from a strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Two Leishmania donovani chagasi isolates from Bahia and Maranhão (both states of northern Brazil), one L. donovani from Sudan, one L. mexicana amazonensis isolate, and one T. cruzi isolate were used. A total of 375 sera were tested, including 119 from AVL patients, 96 from nonleishmaniasis hospitalized patients, 20 from healthy persons, 30 from patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, 28 from patients with Chagas' disease, 20 from patients with tuberculosis, 21 from leprosy patients, 27 from schistosomiasis patients and 14 from patients with systemic mycoses. The antigens prepared from L. d. chagasi (Bahia) and L. m. amazonensis showed the highest sensitivity (98% and 99%, respectively) for detecting antibodies in sera from AVL patients. However, the specificity of L. d. chagasi (Bahia) antigen was better than that of L. m. amazonensis (96% vs. 86%). Comparison among the three L. donovani isolates demonstrated that the antigen prepared with the isolate from the same area where the sera originated yielded higher mean absorbance than the others. By using spectrophotometric absorbance values it was possible to use a single dilution of serum (between 1/100-1/400) since a clear separation was seen between AVL patients and controls. No patients with the other diseases who were tested gave positive results. We suggest that ELISA can be a very convenient, sensitive, and specific test for diagnosis of AVL when soluble antigen, preferably from an isolate from the test area, is used.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Anticorpos/análise , Antígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Leishmania donovani/imunologia , Leishmaniose Mucocutânea/diagnóstico , Testes SorológicosAssuntos
Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Anfotericina B , Antimônio , Leishmaniose MucocutâneaRESUMO
En 1975 se inicio un programa de colaboracion internacional para establecer un centro de estudio y control de las enfermedades transmisibles en el nordeste de Brasil El presente articulo constituye una evaluacion preliminar de ese programa
Assuntos
Humanos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/instrumentação , Cooperação Internacional , Brasil , Clima Tropical/efeitos adversos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Laboratórios/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Two new chromosome complements of Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are described making a total of five different karyotypes observed in this subspecies inhabiting Panama and the northwestern part of Colombia, South America. Detailed comparisons of the G-banded chromosomes of these five karyotypes suggest that the polymorphism of chromosome numbers 56 and 55 in Panamanian Aotus and 54, 53, and 52 in Colombian Aotus stems primarily from a Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B13 and B14 (or A1). A second Robertsonian translocation mechanism involving pairs B28 and B29 (or A2) constitutes the karyotypic differences between the two chromosomal races.