RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is commonly associated with the risk of criminal recidivism. Knowing more about the factors associated with this pattern of behaviour can help with the design of effective prevention strategies. The purpose of this article is to establish if there are differences in socio-criminogenic variables of a group of criminals sentenced for the first time and with APSD compared to another group of first-time offenders who do not present this disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical observation study of 70 men classified into 2 groups according to the presence of ASPD TPA (n=47; age: 29.98±7.8 years) or absence of ASPD (n=23; age: 32.35±8.7 years). RESULTS: The inmates with ASPD showed higher frequencies of current consumption of psychoactive substances (31.9%), criminal associations and simultaneous use of psychoactive substances (70.2%), having committed the crime under the effects of a psychoactive substance (55.3%), not having the possibility of distancing themselves from criminal associations (83%) and a lack of legal resources for proceedings for defence and release (76.6%). DISCUSSION: This sample contains a group of variables called dynamic that are more commonly present amongst first time offenders with ASPD; said variables have been associated as major predictors of recidivism. Given that they are regarded as dynamic, they may well be modifiable.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Criminosos/psicologia , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colômbia , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
Using calcium salts instead of lime allows for an ecological nixtamalization of maize grains, where the negative contamination impact of the traditional lime nixtamalization is reduced. This work assessed the effects of calcium carbonate (0.0-2.0%w/w CaCO3) on the morphology, crystallinity, rheology and hydrolysis of gelatinized maize starch dispersions (GMSD). Microscopy analysis showed that CaCO3 changed the morphology of insoluble remnants (ghosts) and decreased the degree of syneresis. Analysis of particle size distribution showed a slight shift to smaller sizes as the CaCO3 was increased. Also, X-ray patterns indicated that crystallinity achieved a minimum value at CaCO3 concentration in the range of 1%w/w. GMSD with higher CaCO3 concentrations exhibited higher thixotropy area and complex viscoelastic behavior that was frequency dependent. A possible mechanism involved in the starch chain modification by CaCO3 is that starch may act as a weak acid ion exchanger capable of exchanging alcoholic group protons for cations (Ca(+2)).
Assuntos
Carbonato de Cálcio/química , Amido/química , Zea mays/química , Gelatina , Hidrólise , ReologiaRESUMO
The electrochemical properties of gelatinized starch dispersions (GSD; 5% w/w) from different botanical sources were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests over a platinum surface. The phenomenological modelling of EIS data using equivalent circuits indicated that after gelatinization the electrical resistance was determined mainly by the resistance of insoluble material (i.e., ghosts). Sonication of the GSD disrupted the ghost microstructure, and produced an increase in electrical conductivity by reducing the resistance of the insoluble material. The CV data showed three oxidation peaks at potentials where glucose solutions displayed oxidation waves. It is postulated that hydrolysis at the bulk and electrocatalyzed oxidation on the Pt-surface are reactions involved in the starch transformation. Starches peak intensity increased with the amylose content, suggesting that the amylose-rich matrix played an important role in the charge transfer in the electrolytic system.
Assuntos
Amido/química , Espectroscopia Dielétrica , Oxirredução , PlatinaRESUMO
Maize starch was lime-cooked at 92 °C with 0.0-0.40% w/w Ca(OH)2. Optical micrographs showed that lime disrupted the integrity of insoluble remnants (ghosts) and increased the degree of syneresis of the gelatinized starch dispersions (GSD). The particle size distribution was monomodal, shifting to smaller sizes and narrower distributions with increasing lime concentration. X-ray patterns and FTIR spectra showed that crystallinity decreased to a minimum at lime concentration of 0.20% w/w. Lime-treated GSD exhibited thixotropic and viscoelastic behaviour. In the linear viscoelastic region the storage modulus was higher than the loss modulus, but a crossover between these moduli occurred in the non-linear viscoelastic region. The viscoelastic properties decreased with increased lime concentration. The electrochemical properties suggested that the amylopectin-rich remnants and the released amylose contained in the continuous matrix was firstly attacked by calcium ions at low lime levels (<0.20% w/w), disrupting the starch gel microstructure.
Assuntos
Compostos de Cálcio/química , Óxidos/química , Amido/química , Zea mays/química , Cromatografia em Gel , Culinária , Elasticidade , Tamanho da Partícula , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The acid hydrolysis of native corn starch at 35 °C was monitored during 15 days. After this time, the residual solids were about 37.0 ± 3.0%. First-order kinetics described the hydrolysis data, giving a constant rate of kH = 0.18 ± 0.012 days(-1). Amylose content presented a sharp decrement of about 85% and X-ray diffraction results indicated a gradual increase in crystallinity during the first 3 days. SEM micrographs showed that hydrolysis disrupted granule morphology from an initial regular shape to increasingly irregular shapes. Fractal analysis of SEM images revealed an increase in surface roughness. Fast changes in the thermal effects were caused by molecular rearrangements after fast hydrolysis of amylose in the amorphous regions in the first day. Steady shear rate and oscillatory tests showed a sharp decrease of the apparent viscosity and an increase of the damping factor (tan(δ)) caused by amylose degradation.
RESUMO
Banana starches (BS) were isolated from Enano, Morado, Valery and Macho cultivars. The BS possessed B-type crystallinity and an amylose content varying from 19.32 to 26.35%. Granules had an oval morphology with different major-to-minor axis ratios, exhibiting both mono- and bi-modal distributions and mean particle sizes varying from 32.5 to 45 µm. BS displayed zeta-potential values ranging between -32.25 and -17.32 mV, and formed gels of incipient to moderate stability. The enthalpy of gelatinization of BS affected the crystalline order stability within the granules. In-vitro digestibility tests showed fractions as high as 68% of resistant starch. Rheological oscillatory tests at 1 Hz showed that BS dispersions (7.0%, w/w) exhibited Type III behaviour, attributed to the formation of a continuous phase complex three-dimensional amylose gel reinforced by swollen starch granules acting as fillers. Amylose content and granules morphology were the main factors influencing the BS properties.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Químicos , Digestão , Musa/química , Reologia , Amido/química , Amido/metabolismo , Temperatura , Indústria Alimentícia , Humanos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
Plantain native starch was hydrolysed with sulphuric acid for twenty days. Hydrolysis kinetics was described by a logistic function, with a zero-order rate during the first seven days, followed by a slower kinetics dynamics at longer times. X-ray diffraction results revealed a that gradual increase in crystallinity occurred during the first seven days, followed by a decrease to values similar to those found in the native starch. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested a sharp structure transition by the seventh day probably due to a molecular rearrangement of the starch blocklets and inhomogeneous erosion of the amorphous regions and semi crystalline lamellae. Scanning electron micrographs showed that starch granules morphology was continually degraded from an initial oval-like shape to irregular shapes due to aggregation effects. Granule size distribution broadened as hydrolysis time proceeded probably due to fragmentation and agglomeration phenomena of the hydrolysed starch granules.
Assuntos
Plantago , Amido/química , Ácidos Sulfúricos/química , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Cristalização , Frutas , Hidrólise , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Tamanho da Partícula , Amido/ultraestrutura , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Se presenta una propuesta metodológica estructurada con base en los Diagramas de Flujo de Datos (DFD), con la finalidad de evaluar el deterioro agroecológico y ambiental de una región dada, utilizando una metodología multifuncional y participativa, basada en el conocimiento local que poseen las comunidades que habitan en ella. La premisa básica que orienta esta metodología es considerar al ser humano no solo como un productor sino como un receptor de los impactos (efectos) provenientes de su entorno físico, biológico y social, considerando que parte importante de los impactos negativos que recibe son consecuencia de sus propias acciones (causas), situación que condiciona su calidad de vida. La información básica utilizada en esta propuesta metodológica fue extraída de tres proyectos de investigación en la cuenca del río Motatán, en los estados Mérida y Trujillo, Venezuela; específicamente en las subcuencas Alto Motatán, Monaicito, Escuque y La Palma. Esta sistematización de procesos, basada en los instrumentos Matriz Causa-Efecto; Matriz Problema-Solución y en el procedimiento para realizar el Análisis Global del Deterioro Agroecológico y Ambiental, constituye una alternativa para llevar a cabo, en forma rápida, sencilla, a bajo costo y con la participación de las comunidades, este tipo de evaluaciones.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Riscos Ambientais , Bacias Hidrográficas , Meio Ambiente , VenezuelaRESUMO
This article describes a distant curricular methodology of the Universidad del Valle Nursing Department. With such a modality over 500 professionals were able to reach the nursing licenciateship degree, without leaving their jobs and working in different cities of the country. The backgrounds offered refer to the programs of the southwestern region in Colombia and the results of the evaluation, which made it possible to provide a new nursing curriculum, more in accordance with the needs both of the community and of the region and the country. Two main factors are emphasized which underly the educational model: learning while rendering services and solving medical care problems of the institution, and at the same time fulfilling the quality level of the learning model for stimulating creativity, critical discussion, facilitating the active work of the learners. Finally, a summary is made of the method used and the results in terms of the model experimentation and implementation in five universities around the country.
Assuntos
Bacharelado em Enfermagem , Modelos de Enfermagem , Cuba , Currículo , UniversidadesRESUMO
Se estudiaron 133 pacientes con cataratas congénitas o idiopáticas (94 pacientes con edades entre 1 mes y 14 años, 10 pacientes con edades entre 16 y 50 años y en 29 pacientes no se registró la edad) y 18 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de galactosemia clásica. Se cuantificaron las actividades de la galactokinasa (GALK) y de la uridil transferasa de la galactosa 1-fosfato (GALT) eritrocitarias. No se identificaron individuos con deficiencia total de GALK o GALT. En el grupo de pacientes con cataratas con edades entre 1 mes y 14 años, 3 (3.19//) y 4 (4.25//) mostraron niveles de GALK y GALT en el rango correspondiente a los heterocigotos respectivamente. En comparación con la incidencia esperada de heterocigotos en la población general (0.2 por ciento para GALK y 0.8 por ciento para GALT) encontramos un incremento significativo de individuos con niveles reducidos de enzimas del metabolismo de la galactosa. Se discute la posibilidad de que los estados galactosémicos heterocigotos constituyen un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de cataratas y sus implicaciones terapéuticas
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Catarata/etiologia , Galactose/metabolismo , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo/complicaçõesRESUMO
133 patients with congenital or idiopathic cataracts were studied (94 patients had ages between 1 month and 14 years; 10 patients had ages between 16 and 50 years and 29 patients did not have an age registry) along with 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic galactosemia. The activity of galactokinase (GALAK) and that of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) was measured. There were no individuals with a total deficiency of GALK or GALT. The cataract patients of ages between 1 monthly and 14 years, 3 (3.19%) and 4 (4.25%) showed GALK and GALT levels in the range corresponding to the respective heterozygotes. As compared with the expected incidence of heterozygotes in the general population (0.2% for GALK and 0.8% for GALT) we found a significant rise of individuals with low levels of enzymes for the metabolism of galactose. The possibility that heterozygote galactosemic states contribute a risk factor in the development of cataracts and its therapeutic implications are discussed.
Assuntos
Catarata/etiologia , Galactoquinase/deficiência , Galactose/metabolismo , Galactosemias/diagnóstico , UTP-Hexose-1-Fosfato Uridililtransferase/deficiência , Adolescente , Adulto , Catarata/congênito , Catarata/enzimologia , Catarata/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Galactoquinase/sangue , Galactosemias/complicações , Galactosemias/epidemiologia , Galactosemias/genética , Frequência do Gene , Triagem de Portadores Genéticos , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , UTP-Hexose-1-Fosfato Uridililtransferase/sangueRESUMO
In Cali, Colombia, a study was done to test and apply a model for the evaluation of out-of-school training programs in nursing in comparison with classroom programs. The article describes the evaluation model, which starts with the admission factors, considers how they are changed in the process, and compares the results by measuring the effects obtained against the established objectives. The information on admission factors was obtained by means of a questionnaire on health, a survey of teachers, pairing tests for students, and records of input/cost ratios; the source of information on the process was the tests of academic performance in the three courses provided in the design, the evaluation forms, and the student records. The academic records, a survey of graduates and a form for monitoring nursing activities were the three instruments used to measure the effects of the program. The conclusion of the study was that the objectives of the program were attained. Tested experimentally, the model of out-of-school nursing training was found to offer instruction of quality that is helpful to the learning process. The evaluation of the process made it possible both to identify and to solve the curricular, learning and administrative problems. The learning modules have been adapted for the wider diversity of students brought in by expansion of the program. Meanwhile, the instruments for the collection of data for the evaluation have been simplified on the basis of the experimental study.
Assuntos
Educação Continuada em Enfermagem , Instruções Programadas como Assunto/métodos , Colômbia , Currículo , Avaliação Educacional , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
A brief review is given of the Supplementary Licentiate Program in Nursing at a Distance offered by the Nursing Departament of the Valle University, Cali, Colombia. The purpose of the Program is to allow general nurses to pursue studies without leaving their place of work, using an experimental education model; if the results are good, it will be extended to other levels of nursing training. The methodology describes the administrative process resultant from the already completed planning stage, and the gains made to date.