RESUMO
Gut bacteria help dung beetles metabolize nutrients contained and synthesize those unavailable in their food, depending on the ecological scenario in which they develop. However, less is known about the influence of environmental and behavioral factors on the taxonomic composition of bacterial gut communities in Scarabaeinae beetles. To address this research topic, we analyzed 13 tropical dung beetle species in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, to understand how the beetle tribe, habitat, food preference, food relocation, and parental care influence the composition of gut bacterial communities. We found that the beetle tribe is the primary factor impacting the taxonomic composition of gut bacterial communities. Among them, Deltochilini displayed the highest variability in diversity due to the different combinations of habitat and food preferences among its species. On the other hand, the other tribes studied did not exhibit such variable combinations. Habitat emerged as the second most influential factor, with forest-dwelling beetles displaying higher diversity. This can be attributed to the heterogeneous environments within tropical forests, which offer a greater diversity of food resources. In contrast, grassland beetles, living in more homogeneous environments and relying on cow feces as their main food source, exhibited lower diversity. Our findings suggest a correlation between bacterial diversity and food resource availability in complex habitats, such as tropical forests, which offer a wider array of food sources compared to simpler environments like grasslands.
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Dung beetles are holometabolous insects that feed on herbivorous mammal dung and provide services to the ecosystem including nutrient cycling and soil fertilization. It has been suggested that organisms developing on incomplete diets such as dungs require the association with microorganisms for the synthesis and utilization of nutrients. We describe the diversity and composition of the gut-microbiota during the life cycle of the dung beetle Copris incertus using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that C. incertus gut contained a broad diversity of bacterial groups (1,699 OTUs and 302 genera). The taxonomic composition varied during the beetle life cycle, with the predominance of some bacterial genera in a specific developmental stage (Mothers: Enterobacter and Serratia; Eggs: Nocardioides and Hydrogenophaga; Larval and pupal stages: Dysgonomonas and Parabacteroides; offspring: Ochrobactrum). The beta diversity evidenced similarities among developmental stages, clustering (i) the adult stages (mother, male and female offsprings), (ii) intermediate developmental (larvae and pupa), and (iii) initial stage (egg). Microbiota differences could be attributed to dietary specialization or/and morpho-physiological factors involved in the transition from a developmental stage to the next. The predicted functional profile (PICRUSt2 analysis) for the development bacterial core of the level 3 categories, indicated grouping by developmental stage. Only 36 categories were significant in the SIMPER analysis, including the metabolic categories of amino acids and antibiotic synthesis, which were enriched in the larval and pupal stages; both categories are involved in the metamorphosis process. At the gene level, we found significant differences only in the KOs encoding functions related to nitrogen fixation, uric acid metabolism, and plant cell wall degradation for all developmental stages. Nitrogen fixation and plant cell wall degradation were enriched in the intermediate stages and uric acid metabolism was enriched in mothers. The data reported here suggested the influence of the maternal microbiota in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of the offspring.
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We report a female patient with craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) who in addition showed other cranial and extracranial midline defects including partial corpus callosum agenesis, ocular melanocytosis, pigmentary glaucoma, duplex collecting system, uterus didelphys, and septate vagina. She was found to have a novel pathogenic variant in exon 5 of EFNB1, c.646G>T (p.Glu216*) predicted to cause premature protein truncation. From our review, we found at least 39 published CFNS patients with extracranial midline defects, comprising congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defects, umbilical hernia, hypospadias, and less frequently, sacrococcygeal teratomas, and internal genital anomalies in females. These findings support that the EFNB1 mutations have systemic consequences disrupting morphogenetic events at the extracranial midline. Though these are not rigorously included as midline defects, we found at least 10 CFNS patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, all females. Additionally, uterus didelphys and ocular melanocytosis observed in our patient are proposed also as a previously unreported EFNB1-related midline defects. In addition, this case may be useful for considering the intentional search for genitourinary anomalies in future patients with CFNS, which will be helpful to define their frequency in this entity.
Assuntos
Agenesia do Corpo Caloso/genética , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Efrina-B1/genética , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/genética , Agenesia do Corpo Caloso/diagnóstico por imagem , Agenesia do Corpo Caloso/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/diagnóstico por imagem , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/patologia , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/patologia , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mutação/genética , Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/patologiaRESUMO
The Yunis-Varón syndrome (YVS) represents a rare autosomal recessive syndrome of easy recognition characterized by cleidocraneal dysplasia, absence of thumbs and halluces, distal aphalangia, ectodermal anomalies, and poor outcome. Here, we report two sisters with YVS who also had papillo-macular atrophic chorioretinopathy with "salt-and-pepper" appearance that could not be attributed to environmental or metabolic causes. Our best hypothesis is that the ocular findings in our two patients are part of the phenotypic manifestations of YVS. We suggest that an extensive ophthalmologic examination should be carried out in all children with YVS in order to define the frequency and nature of the ocular findings in these patients.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Anormalidades do Olho/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Displasia Cleidocraniana/diagnóstico , Displasia Ectodérmica/diagnóstico , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Genes Recessivos , Humanos , Lactente , Cariotipagem , Deformidades Congênitas dos Membros/diagnóstico , Micrognatismo/diagnóstico , IrmãosRESUMO
At two temperate pasturelands in northern Mexico, we explored possible competition for food and space under pats during the simultaneous nesting periods of the univoltine species Dichotomius colonicus (Say), Phanaeus quadridens (Say), and Copris sierrensis Matthews. To simulate unlimited resources, 50 5-kg cow dung pats were placed at regular distance intervals in each pastureland. After building trenches around the pats, the number and depth of each nest, as well as larval development status, were documented once for a period of 1-8 mo. Analyses of variance and association tests were used to make a between-site comparison of dung pat occupation, nests occupied per species, nests per dung pat, and nest depth below each pat. The proportion of pats occupied by each species differed significantly between sites. C. sierrensis colonizing most pats at one site and D. colonicus at the other. There were no differences between sites in the frequency of pats occupied by more than one species. The association test and Ochiai index showed that each species colonized dung pats independently. The results suggest that pat occupation depended on their location by beetles and the relative abundance of each species. The species tended to dig nests at different depths, possibly reducing interspecific competition for space. It can therefore be concluded that, when food resources seem to be unlimited, they are shared following a "lottery dynamic" model if there is spatial differentiation among species.
Assuntos
Besouros , Comportamento Competitivo , Ecossistema , Comportamento de Nidação , Animais , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Larva , Masculino , México , Pupa , ReproduçãoAssuntos
Agenesia do Corpo Caloso , Aqueduto do Mesencéfalo/anormalidades , Craniossinostoses/diagnóstico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Dedos/anormalidades , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico , Tórax/anormalidades , Craniossinostoses/diagnóstico por imagem , Craniossinostoses/genética , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hidrocefalia/genética , Lactente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Radiografia , SíndromeRESUMO
Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is an autosomal recessive bone dysplasia (OMIM #601559) characterized by bowing of long bones, camptodactyly, respiratory insufficiency, hyperthermic episodes, and neonatal death from hyperthermia or apnea. We describe two female siblings with SWS born from consanguineous Gypsy parents. For a further delineation of SWS, we report hypothyroidism and ectopic thyroid as part of its phenotypic spectrum. Molecular study in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene (OMIM *151 443) demonstrated the presence of a mutation. We observed that in one of our patients, oropharyngeal disruption in the swallowing process caused repetitive aspiration pneumonias, life-threatening events, and finally death. We emphasize that these features represent dysautonomic manifestations of SWS, and are probably related to pharyngoesophageal dyskinesia due to abnormal autonomic control of the anterior rami of cervical roots C1-C5.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos de Deglutição/mortalidade , Morbidade , Orofaringe/fisiopatologia , Osteocondrodisplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Pré-Escolar , Consanguinidade , Transtornos de Deglutição/congênito , Face/anormalidades , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Genes Recessivos , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/fisiopatologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Osteocondrodisplasias/genética , Osteocondrodisplasias/patologia , Disautonomias Primárias/congênito , Radiografia , Insuficiência Respiratória/genética , Irmãos , Síndrome , Glândula Tireoide/anormalidadesRESUMO
The dung incorporation activity of three species of coprophagous beetle macrofauna (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), Dichotomius colonicus (Say), Phanaeus quadridens (Say), and Copris klugi sierrensis Matthews, was studied on a hectare of pastureland on "La Michilía" Biosphere Reserve. In total, 223 specimens of the three species were recorded. On the basis of abundance, the dominant species was D. colonicus. A substantial percentage (31% in September and 51% in October) of dung pats remained on the surface, untouched by beetles. Most of the specimens observed (92%) were found amassing dung in galleries. The dung accumulation capacity of D. colonicus varied from 5 to 135 g of dung (dry weight)/pair, whereas C. klugi sierrensis amassed an average of 24.3 +/- 8.5 g/pair and P. quadridens amassed an average of 12 +/- 2.5 g/pair. Based on dung burying efficiency, D. colonicus was considered the most beneficial of the three species in the study area. It dug deeper, wider galleries and incorporated the largest amount of dung into the soil.
Assuntos
Besouros/fisiologia , Esterco , Animais , Comportamento Animal , México , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do Ano , SoloRESUMO
Se comunica la experiencia en relación a las intervenciones quirúrgicas realizadas en los pacientes mayores de 65 años, durante un período de 2 años (mayo 1986-abril 1988). Se realizaron 1.335 intervenciones, siendo 198 en ancianos (14,8%). Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de 167 pacientes en los que se realizó 187 procedimientos. Destaca la alta frecuencia de la cirugía sobre hígado y vía biliar (38,5%); y la alta incidencia de pacientes con alguna neoplasia maligna (26 pacientes= 15,6%). El 74,3% de los pacientes fueron intervenidos en forma electiva, procurando una mejor condición operatoria. La morbilidad postoperatoria fue casi de un 50%, siendo la infección de la herida operatoria la más frecuente. La mortalidad operatoria fue baja (2,4%). Se hace hincapié en el buen manejo clínico de los pacientes, para lograr un buen resultado quirúrgico