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Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the female population because of the resistance of cancer cells to many anticancer drugs used. Curcumin has cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cells, although it has limited use due to its poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic elimination. The synthesis of metal complexes of curcumin and curcuminoids is a relevant topic in the search for more active and selective derivatives of these molecular scaffolds. However, solubility and bioavailability are concomitant disadvantages of these types of molecules. To overcome such drawbacks, the preparation of inclusion complexes offers a chemical and pharmacologically safe option for improving the aqueous solubility of organic molecules. Herein, we describe the preparation of the inclusion complex of dimethoxycurcumin magnesium complex (DiMeOC-Mg, (4)) with beta-cyclodextrin (DiMeOC-Mg-BCD, (5)) in the stoichiometric relationship 1:1. This new inclusion complex's solubility in aqueous media phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was improved by a factor of 6x over the free metal complex (4). Furthermore, 5 affects cell metabolic rate, cell morphology, cell migration, induced apoptosis, and downregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) expression levels on MD Anderson metastasis breast-231 cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Results of an antitumor assay in an in ovo model showed up to 30% inhibition of tumor growth for breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) when using (5) (0.650 mg/kg dose) and 17.29% inhibition with the free homoleptic metal complex (1.5 mg/kg dose, (4)). While the formulation of inclusion complexes from metal complexes of curcuminoids demonstrates its usefulness in improving the solubility and bioavailability of these metallodrugs, the new compound (5) exhibits excellent potential for use as a therapeutic agent in the battle against breast cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Curcumina , Curcumina/análogos & derivados , Magnésio , beta-Ciclodextrinas , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , Curcumina/farmacologia , Curcumina/química , Curcumina/farmacocinética , Humanos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Magnésio/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Solubilidade , Complexos de Coordenação/farmacologia , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Embrião de Galinha , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismoRESUMO
Due to the distinctive characteristics of probiotics, it is essential to pinpoint strains originating from diverse sources that prove efficacious in addressing a range of pathologies linked to dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Nine strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from two different sources of tepache kefir grains (KAS2, KAS3, KAS4, KAS7, KAL4, KBS2, KBS3, KBL1 and KBL3), and were categorized to the genus Lacticaseibacillus, Liquorilactobacillus, and Lentilactobacillus by 16S rRNA gene. Kinetic behaviors of these strains were evaluated in MRS medium, and their probiotic potential was performed: resistance to low pH, tolerance to pepsin, pancreatin, bile salts, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activity, and adhesion ability. KAS7 strain presented a higher growth rate (0.50 h-1) compared with KAS2 strain, who presented a lower growth rate (0.29 h-1). KBS2 strain was the only strain that survived the in vitro stomach simulation conditions (29.3%). Strain KBL1 demonstrated significantly higher viability (90.6%) in the in vitro intestine simulation conditions. Strain KAS2 demonstrated strong hydrophilic character with chloroform (85.6%) and xylol (57.6%) and a higher percentage of mucin adhesion (87.1%). However, strains KBS2 (84.8%) and KBL3 (89.5%) showed the highest autoaggregation values. In terms of adhesion to the intestinal epithelium in rats, strains KAS2, KAS3 and KAS4 showed values above 80%. The growth of the strains KAS2, KAS3, KAS4, KBS2, and KBL3 was inhibited by cefuroxime, cefotaxime, tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, and cephalothin. Strains KBS2 (41.9% and 33.5%) and KBL3 (42.5% and 32.8%) had the highest co-aggregation values with S. aureus and E. coli. The results obtained in this study indicate that lactic acid bacteria isolated from tepache can be considered as candidates for potentially probiotic bacteria, laying the foundations to evaluate their probiotic functionality in vivo and thus to be used in the formulation of functional foods.
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Kefir , Lactobacillales , Probióticos , Animais , Ratos , Kefir/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Lactobacillaceae/genética , Probióticos/química , Lactobacillales/genéticaRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the major health diseases worldwide, one that requires immediate alternatives to allow treatments for DM to be more effective and less costly for patients and also for health-care systems. Recent approaches propose treatments for DM based on that; in addition to focusing on reducing hyperglycemia, they also consider multitargets, as in the case of plants. Among these, we find the plant known as chia to be highlighted, a crop native to Mexico and one cultivated in Mesoamerica from pre-Hispanic times. The present work contributes to the review of the antidiabetic effects of chia for the treatment of DM. The antidiabetic effects of chia are effective in different mechanisms involved in the complex pathogenesis of DM, including hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the inhibition of the enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase, as well as in the prevention of the risk of cardiovascular disease. The tests reviewed included 16 in vivo assays on rodent models, 13 clinical trials, and 4 in vitro tests. Furthermore, chia represents advantages over other natural products due to its availability and its acceptance and, in addition, as a component of the daily diet worldwide, especially due to its omega-3 fatty acids and its high concentration of dietary fiber. Thus, chia in the present work represents a source of antidiabetic agents that would perhaps be useful in novel clinical treatments.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Salvia , Humanos , alfa-Amilases , alfa-Glucosidases , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Salvia hispanica , SementesRESUMO
The crystal structure determination of metal complexes of curcuminoids is a relevant topic to assess their unequivocal molecular structure. We report herein the first two X-ray crystal structures of homoleptic metal complexes of a curcuminoid, namely Dimethoxycurcumin (DiMeOC), with gallium and indium. Such successful achievement can be attributed to the suppression of interactions from the phenolic groups, which favor an appropriate molecular setup, rendering Dimethoxycurcumin gallium ((DiMeOC)2-Ga) and Dimethoxycurcumin indium ((DiMeOC)3-In) crystals. Surprisingly, the conformation of ligands in the crystal structures shows differences in each metal complex. Thus, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex show two different conformers in the two molecules of the asymmetric unit. However, the ligands in the (DiMeOC)3-In complex exhibit three different conformations within the same molecule of the asymmetric unit, constituting the first such case described for an ML3 complex. The cytotoxic activity of the (DiMeOC)2-Ga complex is 4-fold higher than cisplatin against the K562 cell line and has comparable activity towards U251 and PC-3 cell lines. Interestingly, this complex exhibit three times lesser toxicity than cisplatin and even slightly lesser cytotoxicity than curcumin itself.
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Antineoplásicos , Complexos de Coordenação , Gálio , Gálio/farmacologia , Gálio/química , Complexos de Coordenação/farmacologia , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Cisplatino , Índio/química , Diarileptanoides , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ligantes , Antineoplásicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
CTCF is an architectonic protein that organizes the genome inside the nucleus in almost all eukaryotic cells. There is evidence that CTCF plays a critical role during spermatogenesis as its depletion produces abnormal sperm and infertility. However, defects produced by its depletion throughout spermatogenesis have not been fully characterized. In this work, we performed single cell RNA sequencing in spermatogenic cells with and without CTCF. We uncovered defects in transcriptional programs that explain the severity of the damage in the produced sperm. In the early stages of spermatogenesis, transcriptional alterations are mild. As germ cells go through the specialization stage or spermiogenesis, transcriptional profiles become more altered. We found morphology defects in spermatids that support the alterations in their transcriptional profiles. Altogether, our study sheds light on the contribution of CTCF to the phenotype of male gametes and provides a fundamental description of its role at different stages of spermiogenesis.
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Aims: To evaluate the prevalence and type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), together with associated risk factors, among Cuban COVID-19 patients treated with chloroquine (CQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), or interferon α2b (IFN α2b), according to the Cuban protocol. Materials and Methods: A prospective descriptive analysis of ADRs was performed on 200 COVID-19 patients who were admitted consecutively to three hospitals in Havana and Pinar del Río from April to July 2020. Information on demographics, ADRs, outcomes, behavioral, and health-related factors was collected using a validated questionnaire and clinical records. Each potential ADR case was assessed for causality based on the WHO-UMC algorithm, concomitant drug influences, and the presence of any drug-drug interactions (DDI). Results: The total frequency of ADRs was 55%, with predominantly gastrointestinal disorders and general symptoms (23% vs 20%). 95.1% of ADRs occurred within 10 days after treatment and 42 potential DDI in 55.5% of patients (61/110) were observed. The prevalence of ADRs was: 44%, 30.4%, and 26.4% for IFN α2b, LPV/r, and CQ, respectively. Sex (odds ratio (OR): 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.211-0.742), age (OR: 2.36 (95% CI: 1.02-5.44)), and underlying diseases (OR: 0.12 (95% CI: 0.06-0.23)) were independently associated factors for ADRs (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The frequency of ADRs and potential DDI was high compared to their use during nonpandemic times (e.g., for malaria, HIV, or inflammatory diseases). The safety profile of these drugs when used for COVID-19 treatment showed similar characteristics. Comorbidities, age >37 years old, and female sex were associated with ADRs.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic disorder of unknown etiology. Hyperandrogenism (HA) is the main diagnostic criteria for PCOS, in addition to being a risk factor for developing several disorders throughout the patient's life, including pregnancy. However, the impact on offspring is little known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of maternal HA on glucose metabolism and hepatic lipid accumulation in adult offspring. We used Balb/c mice treated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 20 consecutive days. The ovary of DHEA-treated mice showed hemorrhagic bodies, an increased number of atretic follicles, and greater expression of genes related to meiotic cell cycle and DNA repair. The DHEA offspring (O-DHEA) had low birth weight, and some pups showed malformations. However, O-DHEA individuals gained weight rapidly, and the differences between them and the control group became significantly greater in adulthood. Moreover, O-DHEA presented higher serum glucose after a 6 h fast and a larger area under glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance test curves. Oil Red O staining showed a more significant accumulation of fat in the liver but no changes in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. In summary, our results show that HA, induced by DHEA, affects gene expression in oocyte, which in turn generates defects in embryonic development, insulin resistance, and alteration in hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in O-DHEA, thereby increasing the risk of developing metabolic diseases.
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Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuamente en la fisiología de los organismos. Como parte de la respuesta de las células inmunitarias frente a los patógenos podrían aumentar y producir distrés oxidativo, citotoxicidad y daño de los órganos. El reconocimiento de las implicaciones moleculares de las ERONS todavía es un campo de investigación en desarrollo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones. Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas. Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido. Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.
Introduction: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen/sulfur species (RONSS) are continuously generated in the physiology of organisms. As part of the immune cell response to pathogens, they may increase and lead to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and organ damage. Recognizing the molecular implications of RONSS is still a developing field of research. Objective: To describe the molecular aspects related to oxidative metabolism and some pathogens (viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi) in relation to infections. Methods: Based on the search criteria, 520 documents were identified in LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed and Infomed databases, using the search engines Google and Google Scholar. Of these, 78 documents published from 1980 to 2021 in Spanish or English and organized into seven subtopics were analyzed. Information, analysis and synthesis: Infectious agents and the host interact to produce RONSS that can overcome antioxidant defense systems influencing on oxidative stress. Biological processes associated with the redox state are related to the transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB. Both generate a cellular response between susceptibility and resistance to infectious agents, thus they can initiate or accelerate pathophysiological processes in the organism. In general, the redox response in infectious pathophysiology is interconnected with metabolic reprogramming, antimicrobial and inflammatory responses, and cellular or tissue dysfunction. Conclusions: Molecular redox events may be involved in various infectious diseases, where different associated responses or disorders mediate.
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HumanosRESUMO
Introducción: La enfermedad del Zika es causada por el virus de igual nombre, un arbovirus transmitido principalmente por la picadura del mosquito Aedes. Existe riesgo de reintroducción y circulación autóctona del virus Zika en Cuba, por tanto, constituye una problemática vigente. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento clínico de la infección por virus Zika en pacientes ingresados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK). Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal con componente analítico, en pacientes con diagnóstico de Zika ingresados en el IPK en el periodo de noviembre de 2016 a mayo de 2017. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, biomédicas y microbiológicas. Resultados: En los pacientes confirmados con virus Zika, las manifestaciones clínicas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) fueron prurito y adenomegalias; con una duración de la erupción cutánea significativamente superior. En cuanto a los estudios de confirmación mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, la muestra de orina tuvo valores de positividad significativamente superiores a las de suero desde el comienzo del cuadro clínico. Conclusiones: Los casos autóctonos de Zika estudiados presentaron un cuadro clínico donde predominaron el prurito y las adenomegalias. Esto permitió realizar un diagnóstico presuntivo y diferencial ante otros pacientes con síndrome febril. El diagnóstico microbiológico para confirmación de esta arbovirosis fue realizado mediante técnicas moleculares. En la mayoría de los casos las muestras de orina demostraron ser de gran utilidad desde los primeros días luego de la fecha de inicio de los síntomas.
Introduction: Zika is caused by the virus of the same name, an arbovirus transmitted mainly by the bite of the Aedes mosquito. The risk of reintroduction and autochthonous circulation of Zika virus in Cuba remains; therefore, it is considered a current problem. Objective: To characterize the clinical behavior of Zika virus infection in patients admitted to the Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK). Methods: It was conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytic component in patients with a diagnosis of Zika admitted to IPK from November 2016 to May 2017. Sociodemographic, clinical, biomedical and microbiological variables were analyzed. Results: In patients confirmed with Zika virus, the main clinical manifestations (p≤ 0.05) were pruritus and adenomegaly; with significantly longer duration of rash. Regarding confirmation studies by real-time polymerase chain reaction, the urine sample had significantly higher positivity values than the serum samples from the onset of the clinical picture. Conclusions: Pruritus and adenomegaly prevailed in the autochthonous cases of Zika under study. This allowed conducting a presumptive and differentiated diagnosis to other patients with a febrile syndrome. The microbiological diagnosis to confirm this arbovirus was performed by molecular methods. In the majority of cases, the urine samples were very useful from the first days after the onset of the symptoms.
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HumanosRESUMO
The halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii belongs to the CTG-Ser1 clade of fungal species that use the CUG codon to translate as leucine or serine. The ambiguous decoding of the CUG codon is relevant for expanding protein diversity, but little is known about the role of leucine-serine ambiguity in cellular adaptations to extreme environments. Here, we examine sequences and structures of tRNACAG from the CTG-Ser1 clade yeasts, finding that D. hansenii conserves the elements to translate ambiguously. Then, we show that D. hansenii has tolerance to conditions of salinity, acidity, alkalinity, and oxidative stress associated with phenotypic and ultrastructural changes. In these conditions, we found differential expression in both the logarithmic and stationary growth phases of tRNASer, tRNALeu, tRNACAG, LeuRS, and SerRS genes that could be involved in the adaptive process of this yeast. Finally, we compare the proteomic isoelectric points and hydropathy profiles, detecting that the most important variations among the physicochemical characteristics of D. hansenii proteins are in their hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with the medium. We propose that the ambiguous translation, i.e., leucylation or serynation, on translation of the CUG-encoded residues, could be linked to adaptation processes in extreme environments.
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In Mexico, Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious health problem, and although the current pharmacological treatments for DM such as insulin and oral hypoglycemics are available, the Mexican population continues to use medicinal plants in the treatment of DM. The antidiabetic properties of the plant species that belong to the Cucurbitaceae family has already been recognized worldwide. Since Mexico is one of the most important centers of diversity of Cucurbitaceae, the present work contributes to the review of the most used species of Cucurbitaceae in the treatment of DM in Mexico. The reviewed species (Cucurbita ficifolia, C. maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo, Ibervillea sonorae, Sechium edule, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, and C. sativus) revealed that the antidiabetic effects exerted are effective in a number of mechanisms involved in the complex pathogenesis of DM: hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, protective effects on diverse organs and cells, as well as in the control of dyslipidemias; furthermore, the select species of the Cucurbitaceae family could also be essential components of diets for the control of DM in patients with the disease. Thus, the Cucurbitaceae species selected in the present work represent a source of antidiabetic agents that perhaps establish the bases for novel clinical treatments.
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Cucurbitaceae , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina , MéxicoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Snakebite envenoming is a public health problem of high impact in Central America. Bothrops asper, known as barba amarilla, terciopelo, and equis, is the snake species responsible for most snakebites in Central America. In this region, there is a long-standing tradition on the use of plants in the management of snakebites, especially in indigenous communities. Ethnomedical use of Eryngium foetidum L., Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass. and Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. to treat snakebite envenoming has been reported in Belice, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Extracts of the leaves of these plants have shown anti-venom activities in in vitro assays in previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the ability of organic fractions from these three plants to inhibit enzymatic activities associated with toxicity of the venom of B. asper, and to study, by docking analysis, the interaction of metalloproteinase and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from B. asper venom with secondary metabolites previously described in these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organic fractions were obtained from these three plant species and their ability to neutralize proteolytic, PLA2 and in vitro coagulant activities of B. asper venom was assessed. A phytochemical analysis was carried out in these fractions. The interaction of secondary metabolites previously described in these plants with three toxins from B. asper venom (a metalloproteinase, a PLA2 and a PLA2 homologue) was investigated by docking analysis. RESULTS: The inhibitory activity of plants was mainly concentrated in their polar fractions. Acetonic fraction from P. dioica was the most active against PLA2 activity, while the acetonic fraction of E. foetidum completely inhibited the proteolytic activity of the venom. Coagulant activity was partially inhibited only by the acetone and ethyl acetate fractions of P. dioica. Phytochemical analysis of the most bioactive fractions identified flavonoids, saponins, essential oils, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins and sesquiterpene lactones. Docking analysis revealed high affinity interactions of several secondary metabolites of these plants with residues in the vicinity of the catalytic site of these enzymes and, in the case of PLA2 homologue myotoxin II, in the hydrophobic channel. CONCLUSIONS: Various fractions from these plants have inhibitory activity against enzymatic actions of B. asper venom which are directly associated with toxicological effects. Docking analysis showed structural evidence of the interaction of secondary metabolites with three toxins. These observations provide support to the potential of these plants to inhibit relevant toxic components of this snake venom.
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Antivenenos/farmacologia , Venenos de Crotalídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antivenenos/isolamento & purificação , Asteraceae/química , Bothrops , América Central , Eryngium/química , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Pimenta/química , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is cited as a serious worldwide health problem that occupies second place in causes of annual mortality in Mexico. Among Mexican flora, nearly 300 plant species have been employed as hypoglycemic in popular use. Thus, their study entertains great relevance In this context, this work contributes a clear and timely review of the plant species utilized in Traditional Mexican Medicine and experimental biological models in which not only have the hypoglycemic properties of the extracts and the isolated compounds been considered, but also the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, taking into account an integral focus based on the complex mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of DM. Among the species reviewed, we highlight Psacalium decompositum (Asteraceae), due to the potent hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of the sesquiterpenes identified as majority compounds isolated from the root, such as cacalol and cacalone that also possess the capacity of increasing insulin levels. In this manner, the present manuscript attempts to contribute necessary information for the future study of bioactive molecules that are useful in the treatment of DM, as well as also being a contribution to the knowledge and diffusion of Mexican Traditional Medicine.
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Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Psacalium/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Neurolaena lobata es utilizada tradicionalmente en Centroamérica para tratar la mordedura de serpiente, pero su efectividad para contrarrestar el envenenamiento producido por Bothrops asper ha sido poco estudiada. Se evaluó la capacidad del extracto etanólico de sus hojas para inhibir las actividades proteolítica, fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2; evaluada como hemólisis indirecta) y coagulante del veneno in vitro. El material vegetal fue colectado en Izabal, Guatemala, secado, se hicieron extracciones con etanol y se evaluó la presencia de actividades proteolítica, PLA2 y coagulante in-trínsecas en ensayos de concentración-actividad. Los efectos inhibitorios de la actividad proteolítica y PLA2 del veneno se evaluaron después de pre-incubar concentraciones variables del extracto con concentraciones fijas de veneno. La inhibición de la actividad coagulante del veneno no fue evaluada porque el extracto presentó actividad anticoagulante intrínseca dependiente de la concentración. El extracto inhibió completamente las actividades proteolítica (CE50 = 15.7 µg/µl) y PLA2 (CE50 = 32.5 µg/µl) del veneno. El análisis fitoquímico utilizando ensayos macro y semimicrométricos de cromatografía en capa fina, demostró la presencia de flavonoides, cumarinas, saponinas, taninos, sesquiterpenlactonas y aceites esenciales en el extracto. Su efecto sobre las proteínas del veneno se evaluó por electroforesis SDS-PAGE, mostrando cambios en el patrón electroforético atribuidos a la formación de complejos moleculares con los metabo-litos del extracto. Los resultados indican que el extracto podría inhibir los efectos tóxicos del veneno inducidos por las metaloproteinasas dependientes de zinc (SVMPs) y PLA2s, pero podría afectar las alteraciones en la coagulación, coadyuvando en la desfibrinogenación inducida por el veneno.
Neurolaena lobata has been used by traditional healers in Central America to treat snakebite, but its ability to neutralize Bothrops asper envenomations needs to be proved. This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of N. lobata against proteolytic, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and coagulant activities of the venom in vitro. Leaves were collected in Izabal, Guatemala, dried, extracted with ethanol and concentration-response assays were conducted to detect intrinsic proteolytic, PLA2 (evaluated as indirect hemolysis) and coagulant activities. Assays for anti-proteolytic and anti-PLA2 activities were performed after pre-incubation of several amounts of extract with a fixed concentration of venom. Inhibition assay for the coagulant effect of the venom was not tested because pre-incubation of thrombin with the extract prolonged the clotting time of plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. Proteolytic (EC50 = 15.7 µg/µl) and PLA2 (EC50 = 32.5 µg/µl) activities of the venom resulted completely inhibited by the extract. Phytochemical profiles, determined by micrometric assays and semi microanalysis by thin layer chro-matography, showed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, tannins, sesquiterpene lactones and essential oils in the extract. SDS-PAGE was used to assess the action of the extract on the venom proteins. Results showed changes in the electrophoretic profile, probably due to the formation of insoluble complexes with plant specialized metabolites. These findings demonstrated that the extract could be able to inhibit toxic effects triggered by zinc-dependent snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) y PLA2s but might aggravate the alterations induced by the venom in coagulation.
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Humanos , Animais , Antivenenos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Bothrops , Venenos de Crotalídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Fosfolipase A2/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta , Etanol/uso terapêutico , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Guatemala , Medicina TradicionalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection generates sustained inflammation with increased reactive oxygen species production. The pathogenic impact of systemic oxidative stress is known to influence drug treatment and follow-up. The aim of this case-control study was to compare the redox status in HCV-HIV co-infected with respect to HIV-infected individuals and to explore the relation between redox and HIV follow-up variables. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were drawn from 330 individuals divided into three groups: HIV, HCV-HIV and presumable healthy subjects. Redox, hematological, hemochemical, immunologic and virological indexes were determined. RESULTS: Both HIV groups had significant differences in global indexes of damage and antioxidant status (p<0.05) with respect to the supposedly healthy individual group. HCV-HIV group showed a significantly higher damage (total hydroperoxide and advanced oxidation protein products) compared to the control and HIV groups (p<0.05). The overall modification of the redox indexes showed that 72% of individuals with simultaneous detrimental differences were related to HCV-HIV condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurs in the HIV condition and also during HCV-HIV co-infection, with different molecular changes of follow-up indexes. Redox indexes diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of HCV-HIV co-infection.
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Infecções por HIV/metabolismo , Hepatite C Crônica/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Adulto , Produtos da Oxidação Avançada de Proteínas/metabolismo , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Catalase/metabolismo , Coinfecção , Feminino , Glutationa/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxidantes/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Carga ViralRESUMO
INTRODUCTION Approximately 73% of persons with HIV who receive antiretroviral therapy in Cuba are in viral suppression. The non-response of the remaining 27% could be due to several factors including adverse drug reactions and HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs, as well as social factors and idiosyncratic characteristics of each patient. Genetic information explains from 20% to 95% of a drug's effects and variations in response. Considering optimization of therapeutic efficacy in our country, genetic factors of the host should be identified. OBJECTIVE Identify polymorphisms affecting genetic variability of responses to antiretroviral drugs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was conducted (of original articles, published theses, clinical reports and bibliographic review studies, from 2000 to 2018, in Spanish and English listed in MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PharmGKB and Google Scholar) with the following key words: pharmacogenetics, human immunodeficiency virus, anti-retroviral agents, genetic polymorphism, genetic techniques, pharmacogenomic variants. DEVELOPMENT The review identified 77 relevant publications meeting specific quality criteria. A summary table was built with data collected on antiretroviral drugs, genes and proteins involved in polymorphic variations, their associated effects and relevant scientific references. Information was included on polymorphisms related to 12 antiretroviral drugs used in HIV therapy. Polymorphisms determine variations in proteins involved in drug transport and metabolism and in elements of immunity. Relevant pharmacogenetic biomarkers recognized by drug regulatory agencies were identified. CONCLUSIONS The study identified genetic variations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with 12 antiretroviral drugs. In most cases, no statistically significant causal association was found. Identifying polymorphic variations is a medium- and long-term objective that requires statistical support and adoption of strategies to optimize antiretroviral therapy. An approach combining plasma-level monitoring and pharmacogenetic analysis is recommended to optimize therapy for HIV patients. KEYWORDS Pharmacogenetics, HIV, anti-retroviral agents, antiretroviral therapy, genetic polymorphism, genetic techniques, pharmacogenomic variants.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/genética , Testes Farmacogenômicos/métodos , Medicina de Precisão , HumanosRESUMO
Numerous chemical compounds isolated from medicinal plants have anti-tumor properties, the effects of which on human cancer cells are currently under study. Here, the chemical transformation of glaucolide B were performed to produce a hirsutinolide. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of 5ß-hydroxy-hirsutinolide and its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor and non-tumor cells (lymphocyte cultures and the normal HaCaT cell line) (1a) are reported. We ascertained that compound 1a exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of SK-Lu-1, MDA-MB-231 and CaSki cells in a dose-dependent manner at IC50 values of 15, 18 and 30⯵g/ml, respectively. The proliferation of lymphocyte cells treated with 1a was inhibited at a range from 14 to 28%, but the HaCaT cell line was not affected, suggesting that compound 1a has a selective action. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by detecting the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in supernatants from tumor and non-tumor cells. The 1a compound exhibited low or null cytotoxic activity in both cell types. The presence of apoptotic bodies and active caspase-3 in tumor cell lines treated with compound 1a are suggestive of apoptotic cell death. Notably, flow cytometry evaluation did not detect the presence of active caspase-3 on lymphocytes treated with this compound. Our results suggest that 5ß-hydroxy-hirsutinolide is a molecule with antiproliferative activity and low cytotoxic activity in tumor and non-tumor cells; this induces apoptotic cell death in tumor cell lines through selective action. Hence, this lactone could be considered a molecule worthy of study as an anti-tumor agent with therapeutic potential.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Bentonita/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Efectuar una revisión de los conocimientos sobre la Farmacovigilancia, el suministro de información sobre sospechas de RAM, que es tanto un deber moral para el médico y otros profesionales de salud como un aspecto de la atención al paciente y la infranotificación de estos reportes. Material y métodos: La revisión fue realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, los motores de búsqueda Google y Google Scholar donde se colocaron palabras claves para la búsqueda de la información en artículos originales, tesis, otros artículos de revisión bibliográfica y revistas de elevado índice de citación publicados desde 1937 a 2017, en los idiomas español o inglés. Resultados: Se identificaron 100 artículos, de los cuales 30 fueron seleccionados como útiles verificados para actualizar los conceptos relacionados con las disciplinas de Farmacovigilancia. En la práctica clínica existen varios factores que pueden dificultar la detección de las RAM y como consecuencia contribuir a la infranotificación. Conclusiones: La infranotificación en Farmacovigilancia es una realidad mundial, observándose que la mayoría de las publicaciones analizadas que proceden de Europa (Alemania, España y Reino Unido) y en países de América Latina como Colombia, reconocen bajos índices de notificación.
Abstract Object: The article proposes a pharmacovigilance knowledge review, the provisión of information on suspicion of AMR, which is both a moral duty for the doctor and other health professionals and an aspect of patient care and the underreporting of them. Materials and methods: The review was carried out in the databases LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed and Infomed, the Google search engines and Google Scholar where keywords were placed for the search of the information in original articles, theses, other articles of bibliographic review and high citation index journals published from 1937 to 2017, in Spanish or English. Results: Consequently 100 articles were identified, 30 of which were selected as verified tools to update the concepts related to Pharmacovigilance discipline. There are several factors in clinical practice that can hinder the detection of ADR and it could contribute to under-reporting. Conclusión: In pharmacovigilance the under-reporting is a global reality, noting that most of the analyzed publications come from Europe (Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and in Latin American countries such as Colombia, recognize low reporting rates.
Resumo Objetivo: O artigo propõe uma revisao de literatura sobre farmacovigilancia, fornecendo informações sobre suspeitas de RAM, que é um dever moral para os médicos e outros profissionais de saúde como um aspecto da assistencia ao doente e subnotificação desses relatórios. Materiais e métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, nos motores de busca Google e Google Scholar, onde foram colocadas as palavras-chave para encontrar as informações em artigos originais, teses, outros artigos de revisão bibliográfica e de revistas de alto índice de citação publicados de 1937 a 2017, em espanhol ou inglês. Resultados: Foram identificados 100 artigos, dos quais 30 foram selecionados como instrumentos importantes para atualização dos conceitos relacionados á disciplina de farmacovigilancia. Na prática clínica, existem vários fatores que podem dificultar a detecção de RAM e, consequentemente, contribuir para uma subnotificação Conclusão: Na farmacovigilãncia, a subnotificação é uma realidade mundial, observando que a maioria das publicações analisadas provenientes da Europa (Alemanha, Espanha e Reino Unido) e dos países latino-americanos como a Colõmbia, reconhecem baixos índices de notificação.
Résumé Objectif: Procéder á une revue de littérature des connaissances sur la pharmacovigilance et la fourniture d'informations sur la suspicion de Réactions Indésirables aux Médicaments (RIM), qui est autant un devoir moral pour le médecin et pour d'autres professionnels de la santé qu'un aspect des soins aux patients, ainsi que sur la sous-déclaration. Matériaux et méthodes: La revue a été réalisée á l'aide des bases de données LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed et INFOMED, et des moteurs de recherche Google et Google Scholar, en utilisant des mots clés pour chercher des informations dans des articles originaux, théses, articles de revue de littérature et revues ayant des indices de citations élevés, publiés entre 1937 et 2017, en espagnol ou en anglais. Résultats: 100 articles ont été identifiés, dont 30 ont été sélectionnés comme utiles pour actualiser les concepts en relation avec les disciplines impliquées dans la pharmacovigilance. Dans la pratique clinique, plusieurs facteurs peuvent entraver la détection des RIM et, par conséquent, contribuer á la sous-déclaration. Conclusions: La sous-déclaration en pharmacovigilance est une réalité mondiale. Dans la plupart des publications analysées provenant d'Europe (Allemagne, Espagne et Royaume-Uni) et des pays d'Amérique latine comme la Colombie, on a pu observer la reconnaissance d'un faible taux de déclaration.
RESUMO
Quercetagetin and patuletin were extracted by the same method from two different Tagetes species that have multiple uses in folk medicine in Mexico and around the globe, one of which is as an anticancer agent. Their biological activity (IC50 and necrotic, apoptotic and selective activities of these flavonols) was evaluated and compared to that of quercetin, examining specifically the effects of C6 substitution among quercetin, quercetagetin and patuletin. We find that the presence of a methoxyl group in C6 enhances their potency.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Cromonas/química , Cromonas/farmacologia , Flavonas/química , Flavonas/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis involves the activation, proliferation and fusion of myogenic cells, and a coordinated inflammatory response encompassing phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris, and the concerted synthesis of cytokines and growth factors. Myonecrosis often occurs in snakebite envenomings. In the case of venoms that cause myotoxicity without affecting the vasculature, such as those of many elapid snakes, regeneration proceeds successfully. In contrast, in envenomings by most viperid snakes, which affect the vasculature and extracellular matrix in addition to muscle fibers, regeneration is largely impaired and, therefore, the muscle mass is reduced and replaced by fibro-adipose tissue. This review discusses possible causes for such poor regenerative outcome including: (a) damage to muscle microvasculature, which causes tissue hypoxia and affects the inflammatory response and the timely removal of necrotic tissue; (b) damage to intramuscular nerves, which results in atrophy of regenerating fibers; (c) degradation of muscle cell basement membrane, compromising the spatial niche for proliferating myoblasts; (d) widespread degradation of the extracellular matrix; and (e) persistence of venom components in the damaged tissue, which may affect myogenic cells at critical points in the regenerative process. Understanding the causes of poor muscle regeneration may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at fostering the regenerative process in envenomed patients.