RESUMO
Cell-mediated immune suppression may play an important role in lung carcinogenesis. We investigated the associations for circulating levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR), quinolinic acid (QA) and neopterin as markers of immune regulation and inflammation with lung cancer risk in 5,364 smoking-matched case-control pairs from 20 prospective cohorts included in the international Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium. All biomarkers were quantified by mass spectrometry-based methods in serum/plasma samples collected on average 6 years before lung cancer diagnosis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer associated with individual biomarkers were calculated using conditional logistic regression with adjustment for circulating cotinine. Compared to the lowest quintile, the highest quintiles of kynurenine, KTR, QA and neopterin were associated with a 20-30% higher risk, and tryptophan with a 15% lower risk of lung cancer (all ptrend < 0.05). The strongest associations were seen for current smokers, where the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of lung cancer for the highest quintile of KTR, QA and neopterin were 1.42 (1.15-1.75), 1.42 (1.14-1.76) and 1.45 (1.13-1.86), respectively. A stronger association was also seen for KTR and QA with risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinoma, and for lung cancer diagnosed within the first 2 years after blood draw. This study demonstrated that components of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway with immunomodulatory effects are associated with risk of lung cancer overall, especially for current smokers. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of these biomarkers in lung carcinogenesis and progression.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Inflamação/complicações , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/sangue , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/sangue , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/sangue , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/imunologia , Cinurenina/sangue , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangue , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neopterina/sangue , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/sangue , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/etiologia , Triptofano/sangueRESUMO
Adult urodeles (salamanders) are unique in their ability to regenerate complex organs perfectly. The recently developed Accessory Limb Model (ALM) in the axolotl provides an opportunity to identify and characterize the essential signaling events that control the early steps in limb regeneration. The ALM demonstrates that limb regeneration progresses in a stepwise fashion that is dependent on signals from the wound epidermis, nerves and dermal fibroblasts from opposite sides of the limb. When all the signals are present, a limb is formed de novo. The ALM thus provides an opportunity to identify and characterize the signaling pathways that control blastema morphogenesis and limb regeneration. In the present study, we have utilized the ALM to identity the buttonhead-like zinc-finger transcription factor, Sp9, as being involved in the formation of the regeneration epithelium. Sp9 expression is induced in basal keratinocytes of the apical blastema epithelium in a pattern that is comparable to its expression in developing limb buds, and it thus is an important marker for dedifferentiation of the epidermis. Induction of Sp9 expression is nerve-dependent, and we have identified KGF as an endogenous nerve factor that induces expression of Sp9 in the regeneration epithelium.
Assuntos
Ambystoma mexicanum/fisiologia , Células Epidérmicas , Epiderme/fisiologia , Botões de Extremidades/fisiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Regeneração , Cicatrização , Animais , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
Fertilizer use in coffee plantations is a suspected cause of rising ground water nitrate concentrations in the ground water-dependent Central Valley of Costa Rica. Nitrate adsorption was evaluated beneath two coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations in the Central Valley. Previous work at one site had identified unsaturated zone nitrate retardation relative to a tritium tracer. Differences in nitrate adsorption were assessed in cores to 4 m depth in Andisols at this and one other plantation using differences in KCl- and water-extractable nitrate as an index. Significant adsorption was confirmed at the site of the previous tracer test, but not at the second site. Anion exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction data, extractable Al and Si, and soil pH in NaF corroborated that differences in adsorption characteristics were related to subtle differences in clay mineralogy. Soils at the site with significant nitrate adsorption showed an Al-rich allophane clay content compared with a more weathered, Si-rich allophane and halloysite clay mineral content at the site with negligible adsorption. At the site with significant nitrate adsorption, nitrate occupied less than 10% of the total anion adsorption capacity, suggesting that adsorption may provide long-term potential for mitigation or delay of nitrate leaching. Evaluation of nitrate sorption potential of soil at local and landscape scales would be useful in development of nitrogen management practices to reduce nitrate leaching to ground water.
Assuntos
Café , Fertilizantes , Nitratos/farmacocinética , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinética , Poluentes da Água/farmacocinética , Adsorção , Agricultura , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
A 7-year-old boy with deficient activity of methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (mut-methylmalonic acidemia) was seen in severe metabolic crisis. After hemodialysis and clearance of toxic metabolites, severe lactic acidosis persisted with multiorgan failure. Glutathione deficiency was noted and high-dose ascorbate therapy (120 mg/kg) commenced. Glutathione deficiency may contribute to the lactic acidosis observed during decompensation in patients with methylmalonic acidemia.
Assuntos
Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/complicações , Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Glutationa/deficiência , Ácido Metilmalônico/sangue , Acidose Láctica/etiologia , Acidose Láctica/terapia , Doença Aguda , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/terapia , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Diálise RenalRESUMO
Few advances would contribute more to the growth and well-being of infants and children in the developing world than the making available of acceptable staple foods that are easy to grow and process, nutritionally complete enough to serve as the major weaning food, and safe without refrigeration. High-fat quality-protein maize (QPM), grown in Mexico, had > 10% of its energy as well-balanced protein and > 15% as fat. When it was fed to six recovering malnourished infants to provide 85-88% of dietary energy, all of 9.8% protein calories, and all of 13.5% fat calories, it was easily consumed and tolerated. In comparison with a fiber-free, casein-based diet, fecal wet and dry weights of children consuming two varieties of high-fat QPM were three to four times greater, and apparent digestibilities of energy were 86 +/- 3 and 86 +/- 4 versus 97 +/- 1%, of carbohydrate 88 +/- 3 and 89 +/- 5 versus 100%, and of nitrogen (N) 77 +/- 4 and 75 +/- 4 versus 89 +/- 2% of intake. High "biological values," 43 +/- 10 and 46 +/- 13 versus 43 +/- 10% of absorbed N, led to comparable apparent N retentions: 33 +/- 8 and 35 +/- 9 versus 38 +/- 9% of intake. Results were similar to those from earlier studies with Peruvian QPM with a typical fat content. Fat absorptions from QPMs were nearly complete, equal to those from separated vegetable oils in the casein diet. Breath H2s were suggestive of significant colonic salvage of incompletely digested maize carbohydrates.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Infantis , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Desmame , Zea mays/química , Testes Respiratórios , Caseínas/administração & dosagem , Caseínas/metabolismo , Caseínas/uso terapêutico , Pré-Escolar , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Carboidratos da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/uso terapêutico , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Peru , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
PIP: Quality protein maize (QPM), developed in Mexico, combines high content of the two essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan, with such desirable characteristics of common maize as resistance to pests and high yield. The Peruvian version of QPM, cultivated at Tarapota, was used in a dietary study of six boys aged 13.5-27 months who were recovering from malnutrition. Each child received three different diets for seven days each and served as his own control. One diet was based on QPM, one on common maize, and one on casein. Stool and urine samples were collected to determine the protein quality and digestibility of the diets, using the metabolic balance methodology. The three diets all provided 6.4% of the calories as protein, 10% as fat, and 83.6% as carbohydrate, with addition of vitamins and minerals to satisfy the dietary recommendations of the Food and Nutrition Board of the US National Research Council. The QPM provided 67% of the calories in its diet, with 14.1 mg of tryptophan and 51.7 of lysine per 100 calories. The common maize, with its high protein content, provided 62% of the calories, with 12.5 mg of tryptophan and 36.5 of lysine per 100 calories. The QPM was found to have a better quality of protein, with greater nitrogen retention. Although nitrogen retention of 29% with QPM exceeded the 20% of common maize, both were exceeded by the 39% of the casein diet. The biological value of the QPM was 39 +or- 7%, compared to 24 +or- 11% for the common maize and 50 +or- 8% for the casein. There were no differences in absorption of energy and carbohydrates between the two maizes. Because of its better protein quality, QPM may be utilized with the addition of small quantities of fat to prevent malnutrition and as a weaning food for children in regions heavily dependent on maize.^ieng
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/dietoterapia , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/dietoterapia , Zea mays/química , Caseínas/análise , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Valor Nutritivo , PeruRESUMO
Metabolic balance studies were carried out in young children fed diets based on maize, amaranth, or cassava flours and in corresponding casein controls. Dietary fiber intakes were 22.2, 20.5, and 9.0 g/day for the maize, amaranth, and cassava groups, respectively. Fecal energy losses at least doubled in all test diets when compared with the corresponding controls and could generally be accounted for by recovered fiber in the feces. Fecal starch was also a significant contributor to fecal energy in the cassava group. All cassava fiber was recovered in the feces, whereas only 48.4 and 16.3% were recovered from ingested maize and amaranth. 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), an indicator of bacterial mass, was highest in the cassava group. Expired breath hydrogen was highest for those consuming maize or cassava. Resistant starch may have been responsible for the high DAPA and breath hydrogen values in the cassava group.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fezes/química , Magnoliopsida , Manihot , Zea mays , Testes Respiratórios , Pré-Escolar , Farinha , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Amido/administração & dosagemRESUMO
An infant formula based on high protein rice flour, with added lysine and threonine, was evaluated in recovering malnourished infants. Acceptability, tolerance, and the digestibility of most major nutrients (energy 93.9 +/- 0.7%, fat 96.9 +/- 0.3%, carbohydrate 96.8 +/- 0.6% of intake) were excellent. Digestibility of protein, as with all rice products, was moderately low (80.1 +/- 3.3%), but its high biological value made N retention equal to that from casein. Plasma-free amino acids were consistent with the low essential/total amino acids ratio found in cereals, with slower absorption, and with the possibility that leucine was the first-limiting amino acid. Absorptions of Ca, Mg, PO4, and Zn were considered satisfactory. Energy costs of weight gain and the estimated percentage N in the weight gained during 14 days were comparable to those attained with the highest quality cow's milk-derived formulas in children of similar ages and nutritional status.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Farinha/análise , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Oryza/análise , Diarreia Infantil/dietoterapia , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/normas , Recém-Nascido , Lisina/análise , Masculino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Treonina/análise , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Whole groat flour was consumed by nine infants and young children as 22.5, 45, or 67% of total diet energy (one half of 6.4%, all of 6.4%, or all of 9.6% protein energy). Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic casein control diets were given. Apparent absorption of oat nitrogen (N) was consistently around 75% of intake (casein, 87%), but absorptions of oat energy, carbohydrate, and fat, as percentages of intake, decreased disproportionately as oat flour intake was doubled and then tripled. Apparent retentions were 39 +/- 5% of mixed oat-casein protein intake in the 22.5% diet, the preceding and following casein controls being 38 +/- 8% (NS) and 44.4% (p less than 0.05) of the intakes; 32 +/- 6% from oats in the 45% diet, controls 38 +/- 5 and 46 +/- 5% (both p less than 0.05), and 33 +/- 11% from oats in the 67% diet, controls, 36 +/- 9% (NS). Fasting plasma free total essential amino acid (TEAA) levels of children consuming 45% oats were low (562 +/- 119 mumol of TEAA/L) and did not change significantly after meals. Fasting molar proportions of individual essentials (millimoles of EAA per mole of TEAA) were similar to those from milk protein diets and did not vary significantly 3 and 4 h after feeding, suggesting that no individual amino acid, but rather protein digestibility, was first limiting to N retention. Oats are a satisfactory source of energy, protein, and fat for very young children and many infants.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Grão Comestível , Valor Nutritivo , Aminoácidos Essenciais/sangue , Carboidratos/análise , Caseínas/análise , Pré-Escolar , Dieta/classificação , Grão Comestível/análise , Gorduras/análise , Fezes/análise , Farinha/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Absorção Intestinal , Masculino , Nitrogênio/análise , Albumina Sérica/análise , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Earlier studies demonstrated that quality protein maize (QPM), with increased lysine and tryptophan and decreased leucine contents, was more digestible and supported 45% greater nitrogen retention than common maize. Ten recovering malnourished children (ages 13 to 29 months, height-ages 5 to 15 months, weight-ages 3 to 11 months) have now received 90% of their diet energy and 100% of protein and fat from QPM. Energy intake was adjusted to allow them to reach the 50th centile of weight-for-length (according to the National Center for Health Statistics) in 90 days (two completed 60 days only). Growth was compared with that of 10 children receiving modified cow's milk formula (CMF). Energy intakes (QPM 110 +/- 15, CMF 106 +/- 12, corrected for absorption to 94 and 97 kcal/kg.d), crude energy costs of gain (43 +/- 9 and 40 +/- 10, corrected to 37 and 37 kcal/g), linear growth (1.23 +/- 0.24 and 1.33 +/- 0.26 cm/mo), gains in height-age (3.1 +/- 0.7 and 3.3 +/- 1.2 mo), weight gain (2.6 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/- 0.8 g/kg.d), and final sums of fat folds (24.3 +/- 3.5 and 27.2 +/- 2.9 mm) were not different. Gains in weight-age were greater (7.5 +/- 2.3 vs 5.4 +/- 1.6 months, P less than .05) and serum albumin decreased (4.10 +/- 0.24 to 3.77 +/- 0.31 g/dL, P less than .01) during QPM feeding. Plasma-free total essential amino acids and ratio of these to total essential amino acids were less after QPM than after CMF diets. Equal growth rates with QPM and CMF diets offer great potential for developing- and developed-country children.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Crescimento , Proteínas de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Zea mays , Animais , Antropometria , Pré-Escolar , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/terapia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Masculino , Leite , Albumina Sérica/análiseRESUMO
Post-prandial (p.p.) changes in plasma free amino acid (AA) concentrations of children consuming a single source of protein at critical levels are determined by its digestibility and total essential AA/total AA ratios; the molar proportion of the limiting EAA (EAA/TEAA), if any, will fall significantly in plasma as it is utilized more completely than others. Grain amaranths (Am), reputedly rich in lysine (Lys) and tryptophan (Trp), but moderately deficient in leucine (Leu), should be ideal complements to Lys and Trp-poor, Leu-rich maize (M). Most animal studies confirm this. In children, 20, 30 and even 50 per cent replacement of M proteins with toasted Am proteins had failed to show any gains over M or Am alone: heat losses of Lys were suspected. Plasma obtained during the above studies, before and 3 h and 4 h after the first meal of the last day of consuming Am alone, three M-toasted Am mixtures, or M alone, were analysed for free AAs. Toasted, popped or flaked Am consumption caused significant p.p. falls in molar proportions of Leu from 99 to 85, 88 to 82, and 92 to 75, and of threonine (Thr) from 118 to 108 (popped) and 109 to 97 (flaked) mmol/mol TEAA, suggesting that these were first- and second-limiting EAAs. Post-prandial fall in Lys proportion was questionably significant. The M diet produced highly significant 3-h Leu elevation from 132 to 187, Lys fall from 167 to 135, and Trp fall from 62 to 46 mmol/mol TEAA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/sangue , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Aminoácidos Essenciais/administração & dosagem , Aminoácidos Essenciais/metabolismo , Pré-Escolar , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMO
The opaque-2 gene was shown years ago to increase the nitrogen, lysine, and tryptophan contents of maize and to markedly increase its nutritional value for small children. Concerns about decreased yield, resistance, and acceptability discouraged further development of the gene. Quality protein maize, while retaining the opaque-2 characteristics, has overcome those constraints. Six recovering malnourished infants received diets in which all of the 6.4% protein energy was supplied by casein, quality protein maize, or common maize. The quality protein maize supplied 60% and common maize 75% of total energy. Vegetable oil was added to increase fat contents to 10% of total energy in all diets. Energy digestibility was less (87% and 84%) from quality protein maize and common maize than from casein diets (94%); most of the difference was due to carbohydrate digestibility. Apparent N absorptions from quality protein maize (70 +/- 5%) and common maize (69% +/- 7%) were much lower (P less than .01) than from casein (82% +/- 4%). Apparent retention of N from quality protein maize (34 +/- 4%) was less (P less than .01) than from casein (41% +/- 9%) but greater (P less than .01) than from common maize (22% +/- 10%). Breath hydrogen excretions were usually greater during quality protein maize consumption than during casein diets but not nearly as much as those during common maize diets. The nutritional advantages of quality protein maize v common maize are of a magnitude that must be exploited for the advantage of children in maize-consuming poor countries.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Zea mays , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Necessidades Nutricionais , Valor Nutritivo , Peru , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Zea mays/genéticaRESUMO
Two varieties of cassava, processed as Nigerian fermented flour (gari) or as Brazilian flour (farinha), were fed to two groups of eight infants and young children, each group receiving both forms of one variety, with preceding, intervening and following casein control diets. The flours provided 50% of diet energy, with casein added to make 8% energy as protein, vegetable oils to make 20% as fat and corn syrup solids and sugar to make 72% carbohydrate (CHO) energy. Fecal wet weight increased (P less than 0.05) from approximately 100 g/d (casein diets) to means (+/- SD) of 202 +/- 72, 171 +/- 58, 154 +/- 46 and 190 +/- 67 g/d; dry weights from means of 14.7-18.3 g/d to means of 22.9-24.4 g/d (P less than 0.05); fecal energy from means of 50-60 kcal/d to means of 89-94 kcal/d (P less than 0.01); fetal fat was generally not affected; and fecal CHO nearly tripled (P less than 0.01) from approximately 4 to 12 g/d. Apparent nitrogen absorptions and retentions from the cassava + casein diets were modestly lower than from casein diets. Rates of weight gain were very variable and not significantly different by diet; serum albumin levels were essentially unchanged. The results with these flours were indistinguishable from each other and from those previously found with freeze-dried cassava flour in otherwise identical diets. Variety and processing method had no effect on the digestibility of cassava starch and oligosaccharides and on the great resistance to digestion and the water-holding capacity of cassava fiber.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Manipulação de Alimentos , Manihot , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Comestíveis , Peso Corporal , Caseínas/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Farinha , Humanos , Lactente , Valor Nutritivo , Albumina Sérica/análise , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Amaranthus caudatus L. toasted flour, popped grain and flakes were each fed to nine young children as the source of all diet protein and fat and 50% of diet energy, preceded and followed by casein control diets. All provided 6.4-6.7% of energy as protein and 9.3-10.1% as fat. Balances were carried out during the last 6 d of the three 9-d amaranth periods and during the four control periods. Fecal wet and dry weights during amaranth diets were 129-157% of those during casein control diets; fecal energy, fat and carbohydrate from the toasted flour periods were 193, 268 and 256%; from the popped grain 253, 586 and 195%; and from the flakes 225, 356 and 255% of those during casein diets. Apparent N absorptions were 84.1-84.6% of the casein values (P less than 0.001); apparent retentions from toasted, popped and flaked amaranth were 70.9, 65.9 and 59.0% of casein (P less than 0.001). The last of these was significantly lower than the first (P less than 0.05). Fecal fat was much higher (P less than 0.001) from the popped than from the flaked grain and the toasted flour. Toasted flour was then added to maize meal so that amaranth provided 20 or 30% of the protein. Seven young children received diets in which 6.4% of total energy came from one of the above mixes, or from casein, as protein. Soya-cottonseed oils completed 25% lipid energy in all three diets; balance of energy was from sucrose in the experimental diets and from sucrose, corn syrup solids and cornstarch in the casein diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Grão Comestível , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Distúrbios Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Zea mays , Amaranthus , Peso Corporal , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Distúrbios Nutricionais/metabolismo , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
To determine whether increasing proportions of cassava could be consumed and satisfactorily digested, eight recovering malnourished children (20-38 mo old) received 25, 50 and 75% of their diet energy as freeze-dried cassava flour during 9-d periods, with intervening casein control diets. Enough casein was added to all cassava diets to bring protein energy to 8% of the total. When compared to the control diet, the 25% diet had no significant effect on consumption time or measures of protein and energy digestion. With the 50% diet, fecal wet and dry weights were moderately higher than with the 25% diet (196 +/- 44 and 24 +/- 4 vs. 121 +/- 36 and 16 +/- 3 g/d, respectively), as were fecal energy (89 +/- 16 vs. 63 +/- 16 kcal/d) and calculated carbohydrate (11 +/- 2 vs. 5 +/- 1 g/d); apparent nitrogen absorption (mostly from casein) was slightly lower (79 +/- 5 vs. 83 +/- 6%) and consumption time slightly higher (5-25, median 10, vs. 4-18, median 6 min/feeding). When energy from cassava was increased to 75%, fecal weights (240 +/- 49 and 31 +/- 5 g/d), energy (124 +/- 27 kcal/d) and carbohydrate (16 +/- 4 g/d) were all higher than when cassava provided 50 or 25% of energy. Consumption required 8-34, median 17 min/feeding and apparent nitrogen absorption was 76 +/- 6% of intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Digestão , Manihot , Plantas Comestíveis , Análise de Variância , Pré-Escolar , Países em Desenvolvimento , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
Between 1966 and 1976, heights and weights were determined yearly on all available children from 163 families who had had at least one child successfully treated for malnutrition between 1961 and 1971 and from eight families who had adopted such a child. Between 1959 and 1976, a total of 72 fathers departed from these families: 12 died, 47 deserted, six were jailed, and seven left to look for work elsewhere. Heights and weights as Z scores and the weight age/height age ratios were analyzed, when available, during four periods around the date of the event: 6 to 18 months before (period 1B), 0 to 6 months before (period 2B), 0 to 6 months after (period 3A), and 6 to 18 months after (period 4A). Mean Z scores for all children measured in the period were already low (-0.26 +/- 0.93 and -0.25 +/- 0.95) during period 1B, were higher during period 2B, (-0.15 and 0.04), lower during period 3A (-0.39 and -0.46), and similar to original levels during period 4A (-0.37 and -0.27). Mean weight age/height age was low (0.93 +/- 0.17) only during period 3A for children 2 to 18 years of age. In paired comparisons for children measured during any two periods there were significant increases in Z height and Z weight from periods 1B to 2B and from periods 1B to 4A in children less than 2 years of age and a significant decrease in the weight age/height age ratio from periods 1B to 3A in those 2 to 18 years of age. Loss of father had little or no further impact on the already poor growth of these children.
Assuntos
Morte , Pai , Crescimento , Relações Pais-Filho , Adolescente , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Peru , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
The nutritional quality of lupins (Lupinus mutabilis) for infants and children was evaluated in two sets of balance studies. In the first the digestibility and protein quality of diets based on lupin flour, with and without methionine supplementation, were compared with those of a control diet consisting of casein, sucrose and vegetable oil. Apparent nitrogen absorption from lupin flour (81.8 and 84.3% of intake) was slightly but significantly less than that during casein control periods (87.2 and 86.8% of intake, P less than 0.05 and less than 0.001). Apparent nitrogen retention from unsupplemented lupin (15.6 +/- 5.8% of intake) was significantly less than that from casein in the corresponding control periods (29.8 +/- 4.9%, P less than 0.001); a small but significant (P less than 0.05) increase in nitrogen retention was observed during the control period following the lupin diet when compared with that preceding it. Methionine supplementation of lupin produced a marked improvement in apparent nitrogen retention (to 22.2 +/- 6.9%, P less than 0.05). In the second set of studies the digestibility of lupin oil was compared with that of a blend of soybean and cottonseed oils (50:50). Excretion of fecal fat (9.8 +/- 3.0% of intake) and fecal energy (6.7 +/- 1.2% of intake) with the diet containing lupin oil were similar to those observed with the control diet. Both the protein quality and oil digestibility of Lupinus mutabilis are very similar to those from soybeans processed in a similar manner. For certain countries the lupin could be a valuable source of protein and edible oil for human consumption.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Fabaceae , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais , Peso Corporal , Caseínas/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/normas , Proteínas Alimentares/normas , Digestão , Fabaceae/análise , Feminino , Farinha/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Peru , Sementes/análiseRESUMO
Plasma free amino acids were measured in the fasting state and 3 and 4 hours postprandially in children after 9 days consumption of diets in which lupin provided all of 6.4-6.7% protein kcal, either with supplementation of 2% (grams/gram protein) DL-methionine (L & Met, n = 9) or with an isonitrogenous amount of urea (L & U, n = 10). Fasting concentration of total amino acids (TAA) and of essential amino acids (TEAA) and the TEAA:TAA molar ratio did not differ between diets. Fasting Met concentration (15 +/- 4 mumol/liter) and the Met:TEAA ratio (0.021 +/- 0.005) were markedly depressed after 9 days of L & U. Supplementation with Met caused an expected increase of Met concentration (25 +/- 6 mumol/liter) and the Met:TEAA molar ratio (0.039 +/- 0.007) and a profound decrease of Thr concentration (119 +/- 28 to 77 +/- 22 mumol/liter) and Thr:TEAA (0.165 +/- 0.027 to 0.124 +/- 0.028). Postprandially after L ", Met and Met: TEAA did not change from their low fast ing values. After L rMet, Met and Met:TEAA increased significantly relative to fasting values. Threonine concentration increased but the Thr:TEAA ratio decreased significantly (0.124 +/- 0.028 to 0.111 +/- 0.027). These studies confirm Met as the first-limiting amino acid in lupin protein and suggest that Thr becomes limiting when Met is provided in adequate amounts.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/sangue , Fabaceae , Metionina/farmacologia , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais , Aminoácidos Essenciais/sangue , Alimentos Fortificados , Humanos , Lactente , Peru , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/normas , Ureia/farmacologiaRESUMO
Growth was evaluated in 144 boys and 71 girls hospitalized for malnutrition from 1961 through 1971 at mean ages of 13.1 and 10.7 months, respectively. During the period 1961 through 1966, ex-patients were measured at irregular intervals, while from 1966 through 1976, ex-patients and siblings were measured yearly. Average follow-up was seven years. Female ex-patients were 2.0 cm shorter than boys at 1 year and 7.0 cm taller at 13 years; their better growth was possibly due to earlier hospitalization, more adoptions, and renewed pubertal "catch-up." Ex-patents were compared with siblings at the same age; girls apparently caught up with sisters during puberty and both matched or exceeded maternal heights, while boys lagged behind brothers. Stunting, usually reported after severe infant malnutrition, seems more the result of continued poor environment and diet than of a limited episode of marasmus or kwashiorkor.