RESUMO
Mexican immigrants have a rich history of traditional healers. This analysis describes the conditions for which Mexican immigrants seek treatment from sobadores, and delineates factors that influence seeking treatment from a sobador or a biomedical doctor. This systematic qualitative analysis uses interview data collected with 24 adult Mexican immigrants to North Carolina who had been treated by a sobador in the previous 2 years. Immigrants are engaged in medical pluralism, seeking care from sobadores and biomedical doctors based on the complaint and patient's age. Using a hierarchy of resort, adults seek treatment from sobadores for musculoskeletal pain not involving a fracture. Doctors are first consulted when treating children; sobadores are consulted if doctors do not provide culturally appropriate treatment. Mexican immigrants seek care that addresses their culturally determined health concerns. The need to improve access to culturally competent biomedical health care for vulnerable immigrant populations continues.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Medicina Tradicional/psicologia , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/etnologia , Adulto , Competência Cultural , Diversidade Cultural , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/terapia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Infertilidade/terapia , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Massagem/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Musculoesquelética/terapia , North Carolina , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Latino immigrants to the New Settlement area of the southeastern United States face structural and cultural obstacles to accessing the conventional health care system, and come from areas with long traditions of medical treatments from healers without professional training or licensure. Little is known about the use of such healers in New Settlement areas. This study focuses on sobadores, healers who use manipulative therapy. Goals were to describe sobadores practicing in North Carolina, including their background, conditions treated, and their understanding of the pathophysiology of their patients' conditions and how their treatments work. The paper also describes who sobadores treat and sobadores' understanding of where their treatment fits into patients' pursuit of relief from symptoms. This focused ethnography draws from in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with six sobadores from Mexico practicing in North Carolina. These sobadores appear to meet both structural and cultural needs for healthcare in the immigrant Latino population.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Hispânico ou Latino , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Medicina Tradicional/psicologia , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , North Carolina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This analysis provides a description of the manual-therapy elements of sobadores practicing in North Carolina, using videotapes of patient treatment sessions. DESIGN: Three sobadores allowed the video recording of eight patient treatment sessions (one each for two sobadores, six for the third sobador). Each of the recordings was reviewed by an experienced chiropractor who recorded the frequencies of seven defined manual-therapy elements: (1) treatment time; (2) patient position on treatment surface; (3) patient body part contacted by the sobador; (4) sobador examination methods; (5) primary treatment processes; (6) sobador body part area referencing patient; and (7) adjunctive treatment processes. RESULTS: The range of treatment time of 9-30 min was similar to the treatment spectra that combine techniques used by conventional massage and manipulative practitioners. The patient positions on the treatment surface were not extraordinary, given the wide variety of treatment processes used, and indicated the sobadores treat patients in multiple positions. The patient body part contacted by the sobadores indicated that they were treating each of the major parts of the musculoskeletal system. Basic palpation dominated the sobadores' examination methods. The sobadores' primary treatment processes included significant variety, but rubbing was the dominant practice. The hands were the sobador body area that most often made contact with the patient. They all used lubricants. CONCLUSIONS: Sobadores' methods are similar to those of other manual-therapy practitioners. Additional study of video-recorded sobador practices is needed. Video-recorded practice of other traditional and conventional manual therapies for comparative analysis will help delineate the specific similarities and differences among the manual therapies.
Assuntos
Pessoal de Saúde , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas/métodos , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Massagem , México/etnologia , North CarolinaRESUMO
Eight ecosystems that were present in the Cretaceous about 100 Ma (million years ago) in the New World eventually developed into the 12 recognized for the modern Earth. Among the forcing mechanisms that drove biotic change during this interval was a decline in global temperatures toward the end of the Cretaceous, augmented by the asteroid impact at 65 Ma and drainage of seas from continental margins and interiors; separation of South America from Africa beginning in the south at ca. 120 Ma and progressing northward until completed 90-100 Ma; the possible emission of 1500 gigatons of methane and CO(2) attributed to explosive vents in the Norwegian Sea at ca. 55 Ma, resulting in a temperature rise of 5°-6°C in an already warm world; disruption of the North Atlantic land bridge at ca. 45 Ma at a time when temperatures were falling; rise of the Andes Mountains beginning at ca. 40 Ma; opening of the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica at ca. 32 Ma with formation of the cold Humboldt at ca. 30 Ma; union of North and South America at ca. 3.5 Ma; and all within the overlay of evolutionary processes. These processes generated a sequence of elements (e.g., species growing in moist habitats within an overall dry environment; gallery forests), early versions (e.g., mangrove communities without Rhizophora until the middle Eocene), and essentially modern versions of present-day New World ecosystems. As a first approximation, the fossil record suggests that early versions of aquatic communities (in the sense of including a prominent angiosperm component) appeared early in the Middle to Late Cretaceous, the lowland neotropical rainforest at 64 Ma (well developed by 58-55 Ma), shrubland/chaparral-woodland-savanna and grasslands around the middle Miocene climatic optimum at ca. 15-13 Ma, deserts in the middle Miocene/early Pliocene at ca. 10 Ma, significant tundra at ca. 7-5 Ma, and alpine tundra (páramo) shortly thereafter when cooling temperatures were augmented by high elevations attained, for example, in the Andes<10 Ma and especially after 7-6 Ma.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Clima , Plantas/classificação , América do Sul , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Summary The authors of the present paper have made a taxonomic study of the genus Jacqueshuberia Ducko (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in South America, including a key for the three species discussed. Some additional notes are also presented on the geographical and ecological distribution of the species, and on the nomenclature of the group.
Resumo É feita a revisão taxonómica de Jacqueshuberia Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), gênero este endémico do norte da América do Sul. No tratamento, foram reconhecidas três espécies, sendo duas brasileiras e uma originária da Colômbia. Uma chave dicotômica para a separação das espécies é apresentada, assim como quatro figuras elucidativas: uma com a distribuição geográfica atual das espécies e as três restantes mostrando aspectos morfológicos das plantas.
RESUMO
Summary The authors of the present paper have made a taxonomic study of the genus Jacqueshuberia Ducko (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in South America, including a key for the three species discussed. Some additional notes are also presented on the geographical and ecological distribution of the species, and on the nomenclature of the group.
Resumo É feita a revisão taxonómica de Jacqueshuberia Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), gênero este endémico do norte da América do Sul. No tratamento, foram reconhecidas três espécies, sendo duas brasileiras e uma originária da Colômbia. Uma chave dicotômica para a separação das espécies é apresentada, assim como quatro figuras elucidativas: uma com a distribuição geográfica atual das espécies e as três restantes mostrando aspectos morfológicos das plantas.