RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion and of open-pan cooking on whole germinated and non-germinated grains of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), on its chemical-nutritional composition and in vitro iron bioavailability. The experimental design consisted of three flours: non-germination open-pan cooked millet flour (NGOPCMF), germination open-pan cooked millet flour (GOPCMF), and extrusion cooked millet flour (ECMF). The ECMF increased the carbohydrates, iron, manganese, diosmin, and cyanidin and decreased the total dietary fiber, resistant starch, lipids, and total vitamin E, in relation to NGOPCMF. The GOPCMF increased the lysine and vitamin C and decreased the phytate, lipids, total phenolic, total vitamin E, and riboflavin concentration, in relation to NGOPCMF. Furthermore, germinated cooked millet flour and extruded millet flour improved iron availability in vitro compared to non-germinated cooked millet flour. GOPCMF and ECMF generally preserved the chemical-nutritional composition of pearl millet and improved in vitro iron bioavailability; therefore, they are nutritionally equivalent and can be used to develop pearl millet-based products.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Culinária , Farinha , Germinação , Ferro , Pennisetum , Pennisetum/química , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ferro/análise , Ferro/metabolismo , Farinha/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismoRESUMO
Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration and bioavailability in staple food crops. Unlike other strategies utilized to alleviate Fe deficiency, studies of the gut microbiota in the context of Fe biofortification are scarce. In this study, we performed a 6-week feeding trial in Gallus gallus (n = 15), aimed to investigate the Fe status and the alterations in the gut microbiome following the administration of Fe-biofortified carioca bean based diet (BC) versus a Fe-standard carioca bean based diet (SC). The tested diets were designed based on the Brazilian food consumption survey. Two primary outcomes were observed: (1) a significant increase in total body Hb-Fe values in the group receiving the Fe-biofortified carioca bean based diet; and (2) changes in the gut microbiome composition and function were observed, specifically, significant changes in phylogenetic diversity between treatment groups, as there was increased abundance of bacteria linked to phenolic catabolism, and increased abundance of beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria in the BC group. The BC group also presented a higher intestinal villi height compared to the SC group. Our results demonstrate that the Fe-biofortified carioca bean variety was able to moderately improve Fe status and to positively affect the intestinal functionality and bacterial populations.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Biofortificação , Dieta , Alimentos Fortificados , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Phaseolus/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Brasil , Células CACO-2 , Galinhas , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Feminino , Ferritinas/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ferro/química , Masculino , Ácido Fítico/análise , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 µg g(-1) iron (Fe) and 16 µg g(-1) zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 µg g(-1) Fe and 28 µg g(-1) Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 µg g(-1) in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 µg g(-1) was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 µg g(-1) Fe and 45.7 µg g(-1) Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS2) and soybean ferritin (SferH-1) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.