RESUMO
La bronquiolitis respiratoria es una lesión que se desarrolla en los pulmones de pacientes fumadores. Recientemente ha sido señalado que esta enfermedad puede evolucionar hacia la fibrosis pulmonar y se denomina Bronquiolitis Respiratoria-Fibrosis pulmonar. Histologicamente: La lesión se caracteriza por fibrosis peribronquiolar con macrófagos alveolares con un pigmento citoplasmático, finamente granular PAS positivo y Azul de Prusia débilmente positivo localizados en los espacios bronquiolares y alveolares, enfisema centrolobulillar e hiperplasia de neumocitos tipo II. A la ultraestrctura se observa en el citoplasma de los macrófagos alveolares intraluminales, fagolisosomas complejos que contienen un material amorfó electro-denso y particulas electrón lúcidas en forma de agujas conocidas como "inclusiones del fumador". Estudiamos tres (3) biopsias pulmonares con diagnóstico clínico de Enfermedad Pulmonar Intersticial. A través del estudio morfológico correlacionado con la clínica y la radiología concluimos que se trataba de una BR-FP. Enfatizamos la importancia de los criterios diagnósticos morfológicos y el diagnóstico diferencial de esta entidad, ya que se describe que tiene buena respuesta a la terapia con esteroides y al cese del hábito de fumar, por lo cual se considera de mejor pronóstico que otras enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Idoso , Biópsia , Bronquiolite , Dispneia , Pulmão/lesões , Fibrose Pulmonar , Insuficiência Respiratória , Tabagismo , Bronquiolite , Hiperplasia , Medicina , VenezuelaRESUMO
To determine whether treatment with melatonin (MLT) improves the efficiency of immunization against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, mice were vaccinated with TC-83 VEE virus and treated daily with MLT (1 or 5 mg/kg) starting 3 days before immunization, until 10 days after. IgM antibody titers were determined at days 7, 14, and 21 post-immunization. IL-10 levels were assayed at day 14 postvaccination. Treatment with MLT increased antibody titers 14 days after the immunization. IL-10 levels also increased with MLT treatment (1 and 5 mg/kg). Mice were challenged with live VEE virus at day 21 postimmunization, and viral titers were plaque assayed in chicken embryo fibroblasts 4 days after the infection. Following this challenge brain virus levels were significantly reduced. The results suggest that MLT treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization against VEE virus.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Imunização , Melatonina/farmacologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Encéfalo/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/isolamento & purificação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Male albino mice immunodepressed after the injection of dexamethasone (DEX) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the Guajira strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Melatonin (MLT) was administered daily, at a dose of 500 micrograms/kg bodyweight, for 3 days before virus inoculation and 10 days after. Serum levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were determined in all the experimental groups (control, DEX, DEX + MLT, DEX + VEE, DEX + VEE + MLT, VEE and MLT). At day 6 after the virus inoculation, the survival rate was significantly increased from 0% in group DEX + VEE to 32.5% in the group of immunodepressed infected mice treated with MLT (DEX + VEE + MLT). By day 10 a survival rate of 10% was found in group DEX + VEE + MLT and 0% in group VEE. No alterations in IL-2 serum levels were observed. MLT increased GM-CSF in control and in DEX-treated mice. In the VEE virus-infected mice treated with DEX, serum levels of GM-CSF increased progressively from day 1 to 5 postinoculation. In contrast, the levels of GM-CSF in infected immunodepressed mice treated with MLT decreased significantly from day 1 to 5 postinoculation. At day 5 after viral inoculation, no differences were detected in the cerebral viral titres in groups VEE, DEX + VEE and DEX + MLT + VEE. These results show that MLT does not inhibit VEE viral replication in the brain of immunodepressed mice.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia de Imunossupressão/efeitos adversos , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Dexametasona/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/sangue , Masculino , Melatonina/imunologia , Camundongos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Morphometry is a method to detect changes in a variety of tissues through quantitative elements. The purpose of this study was to examine several nuclear morphologic characteristics in normal and neoplastic mammary ductal cells using a multivariable method and expression of estrogen receptors by immunohistochemical techniques. A total of 1879 nuclei were examined by a computerized program, following the detection of estrogen receptors. Nuclear area, perimeter, diameter, maximal and minimal radio were obtained in 439 normal ductal nuclei. The mean nuclear area was 14.45 with a range between 10.88 and 17.90. Variables showed adequate statistical correlation (r > 0.5). A total of 1440 neoplastic nuclei were classified as grades I, II and III, and a statistical significative difference was found between these three groups. We conclude that the nuclear area is a reliable variable for statistical correlation being the ductal nuclei anisotropic objects.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Mama/citologia , Núcleo Celular/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Samples from necrotizing lesions in eight autopsy cases of AIDS were examined with transmission electron microscopy. They were selected among 35 autopsies of Mycobacterium spp infection and AIDS, and were part of a series of 230 autopsy cases of AIDS performed from 1984 to 1995 in the Anatomopathologic Institute at Central University of Venezuela. Ultrastructural aspects of micobacteriae, their relationship with macrophages and tissue alterations are discussed and related to the immune defcit observed in AIDS patients.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Tuberculose/patologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Humanos , Rim/patologia , Leucócitos/ultraestrutura , Fígado/patologia , Tecido Linfoide/patologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Macrófagos/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ultraestrutura , Necrose , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
The pneumocystis carinii (PNC) is a challenge, because its taxonomy has not been completely explained. PNC seems to be a chimera with fungal and parasitic characteristics. The objective of the present study is to analyze the different stages observed in PNC using transmission electron microscopy in order to correlate them with bibliographic reports regarding a possible taxonomic classification. The trophic stage was the form most frequently encountered in alveolar spaces and their organisms varying in size and shape from 6 to 20 microns. Cyst were round or oval, with diameters ranging between 4 and 12 microns, showing four intracystic bodies were individually limited by a membrane. Connections between the membrane of intracystic bodies and junctions between them and the inner cell membrane of the cyst wall were also observed. Our ultrastructural findings appear to be in agreement with several reports which considered PNC among the fungi, most likely related them to the non-gemating Ascomycetes.
Assuntos
Pneumocystis/ultraestrutura , Autopsia , Classificação , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pneumocystis/classificação , Pneumocystis/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/patologiaRESUMO
Se presenta un caso de paracoccidioidomicosis de cuelo uterino; el primer caso descrito en nuestro medio, tal vez el segundo caso publicado a nivel mundial. Se hacen comentarios desde el punto de vista clínico, de microscopia de luz y de microscopia electrónica de transmisión
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Colo do Útero/citologia , Colo do Útero/patologia , Paracoccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Paracoccidioidomicose/terapiaRESUMO
Transmission electron microscopy of the brain in 25 newborn mice was performed. Mice were intracerebrally inoculated with cultured VERO cells infected with VEE to be used as positive control, with samples of serum of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with clinical symptoms and signs of encephalitis, with serum from healthy patients or with serum from sick equines. Borate bovine albumin serum was also inoculated in some mice to be used as negative control. All samples were obtained during the epizootic and epidemic outbreak in the Venezuelan Guajira area, northern of Zulia State during October 1995. The ultrastructural study was blindly performed, however the presence of Togavirus particles were detected in 100% of the virologically positive cases. The usefulness, accuracy and speed of the employed methodology is stressed.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/ultraestrutura , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/diagnóstico , Animais , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , Encéfalo/virologia , Bovinos , Criança , Chlorocebus aethiops , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/epidemiologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/veterinária , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , Humanos , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neurônios/virologia , Método Simples-Cego , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Células Vero/virologia , Viremia/diagnóstico , Viremia/epidemiologia , Viremia/veterinária , Viremia/virologiaRESUMO
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare and diffuse lung disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of PAS positive, lipoproteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces. It has been related, mainly, to alterations in the immune state and to secondary infections. We studied four cases of PAP diagnosed by light microscopy. In two cases we were able to demonstrate disseminated Histoplasmosis related to immunodeficiency states (AIDS and malnutrition), one case with Pneumocystis carinii infection and AIDS, and one case with no related pathology. Granular and electron dense material, concentric myelin figures, and variable-sized osmiophilic bodies were observed by electron microscopy. We found yeast-like structures, trophozoites and cysts in the alveolar spaces, in the Histoplasmosis and Pneumocystic carinii infection cases, respectively. In one of our cases, the circulating neutrophils showed crystalloid inclusions in the nucleus. PAP should be considered in the differential diagnoses of patients with pulmonary infiltrates.
Assuntos
Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar/patologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/ultraestrutura , Adulto , Criança , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar/etiologia , Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar/metabolismo , Alvéolos Pulmonares/metabolismoRESUMO
The results of examining in the course of the past twenty years a considerable number of malignant tumors with transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry are discussed. The neoplasms were divided into epithelial tumors, tumors of fusiform cells, malignant round cell tumors and tumors of endocrine nature. The main ultrastructural findings and the results of immunohistochemical studies were pointed out regarding their contributory role in the diagnosis as well as for the prognosis and treatment of patients with cancer.
Assuntos
Imuno-Histoquímica , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Neoplasias/química , Neoplasias/classificação , Neoplasias/ultraestrutura , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), or meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp. and leptomyxid ameba are uncommon CNS infections that generally occur in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a case of GAE caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris previously designated as a leptomyxid ameba, in an apparently healthy 14-year-old Venezuelan boy. This case was characterized by sudden onset of seizures, focal neurologic signs and by a prolonged clinical course (from November 1992 to March 1993). Neuroimaging studies showed cerebral hypodense lesions in cerebral hemispheres, brain stem and cerebellum. Microscopically, we found a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction with necrotizing angiitis, large numbers of amebic trophozoites and few cysts in perivascular spaces and within necrotic CNS tissue. The amebas were identified as B. mandrillaris based on their immunofluorescence reactivity with the anti-B. mandrillaris serum. So far, 30 cases of GAE due to B. mandrillaris have been recognized in humans, two in AIDS patients. No visceral involvement by free-living amebas or any other significant abnormality was observed. This patient developed "spontaneous" GAE, but it remains possible that an undiagnosed abnormality in cell-mediated immunity or a deficient humoral immune response may explain the susceptibility of this patient to this opportunistic infection.
Assuntos
Amebíase , Encefalite/microbiologia , Granuloma/microbiologia , Adolescente , Amebíase/metabolismo , Amebíase/patologia , Cadáver , Encefalite/patologia , Granuloma/patologia , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
We present a case of Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome with gastrointestinal polyposis, which is the first one to be reported in this country. We make a review of the literature and compare the clinical and anatomopathological finding in this case with others described.
Assuntos
Pólipos Intestinais/patologia , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/patologia , Pólipos/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Idoso , Biópsia , Feminino , Humanos , HiperplasiaRESUMO
Liver changes in patients with sickle cell anemia, for some authors, is a common finding and is hot in relation with the severity of the anemia. The grade of liner disfunction or malfunction is related with ischemia and, there exists probable, slowing of intrahepatic circulation secondary to sinusoidal obstruction due to masses of sickle cells and to the hypertrophy of Kupffer cells. In this paper, clinical morphologic and ultrastructural findings of 21 cases of SS and SA, hemoglobinopathies are presented. Sixty percent were females and forty percent were males with ages between 18 and 46 years. The most frequent microscopic findings were sinusoid distention followed by hypertrophy of Kupffer cells and inflammation. Areas of necrosis, fatty changes and iron deposits were also seen.
Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Autopsia , Biópsia , Feminino , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Células de Kupffer/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The morphologic findings in the liver of 69 autopsy cases with had died of AIDS are presented. The morphologic changes were represented by the presence of opportunistic germs (Histoplasma capsulatum, Mycobacteria, Cryptococcus neoformans and CMV). Other alterations found were fatty changes, portal fibrosis, dilated and congested sinusoids. We did not find Kaposi's sarcoma in the liver and only one case of lymphoblastic lymphoma was seen observed.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/patologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/microbiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/microbiologia , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sarcoma de Kaposi/patologiaRESUMO
Clinical findings on Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus infection and the teratogenic effects of several Togaviruses are described. Similarities between the intrauterine alterations induced by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus and rubella virus are pointed out. Findings described by Wenger in 1967 were those of massive cerebral necrosis in fetuses of women presumably suffering of encephalitis and they are commented along with the development of an animal experimental model at the end of 1970-1980. Pathogenesis of the intrauterine infection seemed to be related to changes in the placental vessels, vascular changes in the central nervous system were also described in rats surviving Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis experimental infection; similar changes were described in the brain of children with post rubella syndrome. The need for multidisciplinary studies in the endemic areas of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in order to detect sequelae of the viral effects in utero is emphasized. Finally, some experimental animal models are proposed to examine diverse aspects on intrauterine effect of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Congênitas/microbiologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)Assuntos
Amebíase/parasitologia , Encefalite/parasitologia , Granuloma/parasitologia , Amoeba/classificação , Animais , Criança , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Histopathological changes in the placentas, embryos, and fetuses of rats inoculated intraperitoneally with the virulent Guajira strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus were studied by light microscopy and immunoperoxidase methods. Rats inoculated before day 15 of pregnancy showed necrosis and hemorrhages in the embryonic disks. Swelling of cytoplasm and nuclear pyknosis of cyto- and syncytotrophoblastic cells were noted as early as 2 days after inoculation. During weeks 1 and 2 of pregnancy, death of the embryos was always observed 3 to 4 days after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus inoculation. Placental and fetal damage varied among the specimens. In rats 18 days pregnant and sacrificed 2 days after inoculation, there were some viable fetuses; the placentas showed inflammatory reactions in the mesometrial and decidual vessels. Other rats sacrificed at 3 to 4 days after inoculation showed large placental infarcts with fetal death. Viremia peaked during day 2 after inoculation. Immunoperoxidase stains demonstrated viral antigens present in the decidua, myometrium, and cyto- and syncytotrophoblastic cells. These experiments provide additional data regarding the pathogenesis and structural damage in the placental and fetal tissues caused by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.
Assuntos
Embrião de Mamíferos/ultraestrutura , Encefalomielite Equina/patologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/patologia , Feto/patologia , Placenta/patologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais/análise , Núcleo Celular/ultraestrutura , Citoplasma/ultraestrutura , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Feminino , Necrose , Gravidez , Ratos , ViremiaRESUMO
Alterations of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in rats surviving acute infection with a virulent strain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus were studied by light and electron microscopy. Cavitary necrosis of the cerebral cortex, macrophage activity and degenerative axonal changes were considered to be sequelae of the lesions induced during the acute phase of the infection. Mononuclear cell infiltrates of the neuropil, 3 mth after inoculation, were related to the immune response of the host. Focal lesions and mononuclear cell activity in the brain are thought to be the equivalent of the lesions induced in the CNS of humans during VEE virus infection. The findings are discussed in the light of recent reports of cerebral dysfunction occurring as a sequel of VEE virus infection in children.