RESUMO
The relationship between epilepsy and the presence of visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis in Mexican children remains uncertain; however, this relationship needs to be elucidated because these parasite larvae can invade the human central nervous system. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the frequency and specificity of anti-T. canis antibodies in the sera of children with epilepsy to determine the relationship between this parasite and epilepsy. The sera samples of 214 children were examined: 111 children diagnosed with epilepsy and 103 clinically healthy children without neurological disorders. In the sera of each group, the presence and specificity of anti-T. canis and anti-Ascaris lumbricoides antibodies, as well as the cross-reactivity between them, were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis. Among the children with epilepsy, 25.2% exhibited seropositivity to T. canis. Cross-reactivity against the A. lumbricoides antigen was present in 46.8% of the children with epilepsy, whereas 11.7% of the children with epilepsy and anti-T. canis antibodies did not exhibit cross-reactivity against this antigen. The Western blotting analysis of the sera from the children with epilepsy demonstrated the presence of T. canis proteins, with molecular weights of 24, 35, 55, 70, 120 and 210 kDa, and A lumbricoides proteins with molecular weights of 70, 80 and 110 kDa. Our results revealed the presence of anti-T. canis antibodies in the children with epilepsy; furthermore, cross-reactivity tests with A. lumbricoides showed the importance of the presence of anti-T. canis antibodies in revealing the relationship between this parasite and epilepsy in children.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Epilepsia/parasitologia , Larva Migrans Visceral/imunologia , Adolescente , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Western Blotting , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Reações Cruzadas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epilepsia/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Larva , Larva Migrans Visceral/complicações , Masculino , México , Toxocara canisRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in two quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions (BTA 6 and BTA 20) that are associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A population of 323 crossbred steers sired by five purebred sire breeds during 2010-2013 (Angus, Braford, Braunvieh, Charolais, and Simmental) were evaluated for BRD susceptibility during the finishing process at a commercial feedlot. A total of 21 animals representing all sire breeds were affected with BRD at some time during the finishing process over the 4-year period. Although multiple sire breeds were evaluated in the present study, no sire breed effects were detected. A total of 82 SNPs were evaluated (58 on BTA 6 and 24 on BTA 20) in the present study for potential associations with BRD incidence. When evaluating the previously described QTL regions on BTA 6, three SNPs (rs42968895, rs42823614, and rs43448463) were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BRD incidence. Another three SNPs (rs42477340, rs42512588, and rs42524468) were identified as significantly associated with BRD on the previously described BTA 6 QTL region. For both of these regions, animals inheriting different genotypes differed in BRD incidence during the finishing period. Although multiple SNPs were identified as being significantly associated with BRD incidence in the present study, these SNP associations should be validated in larger and more diverse populations.
Assuntos
Complexo Respiratório Bovino/genética , Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Animais , Bovinos , Genótipo , Hibridização Genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características QuantitativasRESUMO
Brahman cattle are important in tropical regions due to their ability to tolerate excessive heat and parasites. However, Brahman cattle exhibit lower carcass quality characteristics when compared to Bos taurus breeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes for carcass quality and composition traits in a population of Brahman and Brahman-influenced steers. Steers were evaluated through the American Brahman Breeders Association carcass evaluation project in Gonzales, Texas. Carcass traits measured included hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling score, yield grade, quality grade, dressing percent, and Warner-Bratzler shear force score. Six previously described candidate genes were chosen for SNP analysis based on their previous association with growth and carcass traits. Candidate genes utilized in the current study included calpastatin (CAST), calpain (CAPN3), thyroglobulin (TG), growth hormone, insulin growth factor 1, and adiponectin. Six unique SNPs from three candidate genes (TG, CAST, and CAPN3) were significantly associated (P < 0.001) with carcass quality traits (marbling score and quality grade). A genotypic effect was observed for all significant SNPs, with differing levels of performance observed for animals inheriting different genotypes. Although multiple SNPs in the current study were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with growth and carcass traits, they should be validated in larger populations prior to implementation in selection strategies.
Assuntos
Bovinos/genética , Carne/normas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Adiponectina/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Calpaína/genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genótipo , Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/genética , Masculino , Tireoglobulina/genéticaRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in three candidate genes previously reported to have effects on fertility and milk production traits in a population of 123 Holstein cows. The milk production traits evaluated included lifetime averages of milk yield, protein concentration, and fat concentration. Fertility traits evaluated included lifetime averages of services per conception and days-open. Candidate genes included those encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1), leptin receptor (LEPR), and calpastatin (CAST). A total of 60 SNPs were selected (20 per gene) at equidistant locations on each candidate gene to identify potential linkage with causative mutations. Four SNPs were identified as being significantly associated with the evaluated fertility traits. Specifically, SNPs rs109663724 and rs137673193 were significantly associated with lifetime average days-open, while rs109663724 and rs135560721 were significantly associated with lifetime average number of services per conception. Five SNP (rs109663724, rs132699547, rs135423283, rs135576599, and rs13675432) were significantly associated with lifetime averages of milk protein concentration and milk fat concentration, with only one SNP (rs109663724) being significantly associated with the average lifetime milk yield. Although multiple SNPs were identified in the current study as being significantly associated with milk production and fertility traits, it is essential that these SNPs are validated in larger populations, under more diverse environments, and that additional SNPs and candidate genes are evaluated prior to their implementation into selection strategies.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Bovinos/genética , Diacilglicerol O-Aciltransferase/genética , Fertilidade/genética , Lactação/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores para Leptina/genética , Animais , Bovinos/fisiologia , Feminino , Característica Quantitativa HerdávelRESUMO
This overview covers the different chemometric strategies linked to chromatographic methodologies that have been used and presented in the recent literature to cope with problems related to incomplete separation, the presence of unexpected components in the sample, matrix effect and changes in the analytical signal due to pre-treatment of sample. Among the different chemometric strategies it focuses on pre-treatment of data to correct background and time shift of chromatographic peaks and the use of second-order algorithms to cope with overlapping peaks from analytes or from analytes and interferences in liquid chromatography coupled to diode array, fast-scanning fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry detectors. Finally the review presents the strategies used to deal with changes in the analytical response as result of matrix effect in liquid and gas chromatography, as well as the use of standardization strategies to correct modifications in the analytical signal as a consequence of sample pre-treatment in liquid chromatography.
Assuntos
Cromatografia/métodos , Informática/métodos , Estatística como Assunto/métodos , Algoritmos , Calibragem , Cromatografia/normas , Padrões de Referência , Análise EspectralRESUMO
In the present work, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, piroxicam, indomethacin, sulindac and diflunisal) and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine is reported. The method involves preconcentration and clean-up by solid-phase microextraction using polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fibers, followed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection analysis. Parameters that affect the efficiency of the solid-phase microextraction step such as soaking solvent, soaking period, desorption period, stirring rate, extraction time, sample pH, ionic strength, organic solvent and temperature were investigated using a Plackett-Burman screening design. Then, the factors presenting significant positive effects on the analytical response (soaking period, stirring rate, stirring time) were considered in a further central composite design to optimize the operational conditions for the solid phase microextraction procedure. Additionally, multiple response simultaneous optimization by using the desirability function was used to find the optimum experimental conditions for the on-line solid-phase microextraction of analytes in river water samples coupled to liquid chromatography and diode array detection. The best results were obtained using a soaking period of 5 min, stirring rate of 1400 rpm and stirring time of 44 min. The use of solid-phase microextraction technique avoided matrix effect and allowed to quantify the analytes in river water samples by using Milli-Q based calibration graphs. Recoveries ranging from 71.6% to 122.8% for all pharmaceuticals proved the accuracy of the proposed method in river water samples. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.5-3.0 microgL(-1) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were between 1.0 and 4.0 microgL(-1) for pharmaceutical compounds in river water samples. The expanded uncertainty associated to the measurement of the concentration ranged between 8.5% and 29.0% for 20 microgL(-1) of each analyte and between 9.0% and 29.5% for the average of different concentration levels. The main source of uncertainty was the calibration step in both cases.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/análise , Anticonvulsivantes/análise , Rios/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Adsorção , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Microextração em Fase Sólida/economia , Microextração em Fase Sólida/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The effect of piecewise direct standardization (PDS) and baseline correction approaches was evaluated in the performance of multivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS) algorithm for the resolution of three-way data sets from liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (LC-DAD). First, eight tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline, meclocycline and minocycline) were isolated from 250 mL effluent wastewater samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis MAX 500 mg/6 mL cartridges and then separated on an Aquasil C18 150 mm x 4.6mm (5 microm particle size) column by LC and detected by DAD. Previous experiments, carried out with Milli-Q water samples, showed a considerable loss of the most polar analytes (minocycline, oxitetracycline and tetracycline) due to breakthrough. PDS was applied to overcome this important drawback. Conversion of chromatograms obtained from standards prepared in solvent was performed obtaining a high correlation with those corresponding to the real situation (r2 = 0.98). Although the enrichment and clean-up steps were carefully optimized, the sample matrix caused a large baseline drift, and also additive interferences were present at the retention times of the analytes. These problems were solved with the baseline correction method proposed by Eilers. MCR-ALS was applied to the corrected and uncorrected three-way data sets to obtain spectral and chromatographic profiles of each tetracycline, as well as those corresponding to the co-eluting interferences. The complexity of the calibration model built from uncorrected data sets was higher, as expected, and the quality of the spectral and chromatographic profiles was worse.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Tetraciclinas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Algoritmos , Modelos Teóricos , Tetraciclinas/isolamento & purificação , Eliminação de Resíduos LíquidosRESUMO
Sequence polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene and its transcriptional regulators, Pit-1 and Prop-1, were evaluated for associations with growth and carcass traits in two populations of Brangus bulls Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC, N = 248 from 14 sires) and a cooperating breeding program (COOP, N = 186 from 34 sires). Polymorphisms were SNP mutations in intron 4 (C/T) and exon V (C/G) in GH, A/G in exon VI in Pit-1, and A/G in exon III in Prop-1. In the COOP population, bulls of Pit-1 GG genotype had a significantly greater percentage of intramuscular fat than bulls of the AA or AG genotype, and bulls of the Prop-1 AA genotype had significantly greater scrotal circumference than bulls of AG or GG genotypes at ~365 days of age. Also, heterozygous genotypes for the two GH polymorphisms appeared advantageous for traits of muscularity and adiposity in the COOP population. The heterozygous genotype of GH intron 4 SNP was associated with advantages in weight gain, scrotal circumference, and fat thickness in the CDRRC population. The two GH polymorphisms accounted for >/=27.7% of the variation in these traits in the CDRRC population; however, R(2) was <5% in the COOP population. Based on haplotype analyses the two GH SNPs appeared to be in phase; the haplotype analyses also paralleled with the genotype analyses. Polymorphisms in GH and its transcriptional regulators appear to be predictors of growth and carcass traits in Brangus bulls, particularly those with heterozygous GH genotypes.
Assuntos
Bovinos/genética , DNA/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Fator de Transcrição Pit-1/genética , Animais , Composição Corporal/genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo Genético/genéticaRESUMO
Sequence polymorphisms in the growth hormone (GH) gene and its transcriptional regulators, Pit-1 and Prop-1, were evaluated for associations with growth and carcass traits in two populations of Brangus bulls Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC, N = 248 from 14 sires) and a cooperating breeding program (COOP, N = 186 from 34 sires). Polymorphisms were SNP mutations in intron 4 (C/T) and exon V (C/G) in GH, A/G in exon VI in Pit-1, and A/G in exon III in Prop-1. In the COOP population, bulls of Pit-1 GG genotype had a significantly greater percentage of intramuscular fat than bulls of the AA or AG genotype, and bulls of the Prop-1 AA genotype had significantly greater scrotal circumference than bulls of AG or GG genotypes at ~365 days of age. Also, heterozygous genotypes for the two GH polymorphisms appeared advantageous for traits of muscularity and adiposity in the COOP population. The heterozygous genotype of GH intron 4 SNP was associated with advantages in weight gain, scrotal circumference, and fat thickness in the CDRRC population. The two GH polymorphisms accounted for ³27.7% of the variation in these traits in the CDRRC population; however, R2 was <5% in the COOP population. Based on haplotype analyses the two GH SNPs appeared to be in phase; the haplotype analyses also paralleled with the genotype analyses. Polymorphisms in GH and its transcriptional regulators appear to be predictors of growth and carcass traits in Brangus bulls, particularly those with heterozygous GH genotypes
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , DNA , Bovinos/genética , Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Fator de Transcrição Pit-1/genética , Composição Corporal/genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo Genético/genéticaRESUMO
Pimenta racemosa var. ozua (Myrtaceae) is a tropical plant, used in different inflammatory processes by the folk medicine of the Caribbean region. From the methanol extract of the leaves a terpenic compound identified as lupeol has been isolated for the first time in this species. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract has been evaluated against two experimental models of acute inflammation: paw edema in rats, using carrageenan or dextran as phlogogen agents, and ear edema in mice, inducing the inflammation with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA). Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) was also assayed as an indicator of leukocytary migration in the inflamed ears. In the carrageenan test, the methanol extract (125 and 250 mg kg(-1) p.o.) had a dose-dependent and significant effect at different time intervals. On the contrary, when the dextran was injected in paw, the extract did not reduce the inflammation provoked. This behavior was similar to indomethacine (25 mg kg(-1)) used as a standard drug. In the TPA-induced ear edema, the methanol extract (0.5, 1 and 3 mg ear(-1)) significantly reduced the inflammation. In the MPO assay a significant inhibition of the enzyme was observed in the inflamed tissue in all the samples assayed. These results show that the methanol extract from the leaves of Pimenta racemosa var. ozua, is effective against acute inflammation processes, by oral route and when topically applied. The anti-inflammatory behavior of the extract was similar to that exhibited by the selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. On the other hand, the reduction of MPO activity shows that the action mechanism is clearly related with the neutrophil migration.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/isolamento & purificação , Carragenina , Inibição de Migração Celular , Dextranos , República Dominicana , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/prevenção & controle , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , Peroxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The magnitude of the epidemic depends upon the scope of the contaminated product distributed. In the spring of 2000, an episode caused by the sale of sausage products which had not undergone health inspection. The purpose of this study is to provide an epidemiological description of the outbreak caused by Trichinella britovi. METHODS: Descriptive study of the control measures and those affected. The food products contaminated with this parasite was investigated by means of an epidemiological survey. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (38) cases were reported throughout weeks 18-22 of the epidemic. The symptoms most often reported were fever, myalgia and palpebral edema. Eighty-seven percent (87%) of those affected tested positive for eosinophilia. Forty percent (40%) required hospitalization. Late diagnosis was curtailed once the alert had been broadcast. T. Britovi was found in the sausage product. CONCLUSIONS: Trichinellosis epidemics can occur despite the current inspection and control systems, placing food safety at risk. Broadcasting a health alert curtails late diagnosis. We propose intensifying health education and continuing the implementation of duly supervised and evaluated self-check programs in industries and establishments. A well-tuned, fast-reacting epidemiological monitoring system must be kept in place.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estações do Ano , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) is a Caribbean endemic plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of several antiinflammatory disorders. A preliminary phytochemical study showed that the hexane extract is rich in terpenic compounds. Chromatographic fractionation of this extract yielded: alpha-cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol (as the main component, 95 percent) clerosterol, beta-sitosterol, delta 5-avenasterol, delta (5) 24-stigmastadienol and delta 7-avenasterol. The topical antiinflammatory activity of the hexane extract and of stigmasterol was evaluated by auricular oedema, induced by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA), in the mouse, using single and multiple applications of the phlogistic agent. Both reduced the oedema in a similar proportion in the two model assays (acute and chronic). Meloperoxidase activity was strongly reduced by both the extract and the compound, in the acute but not the chronic model. These results indicate that the leaves of Eryngium foetidum L may be effective against topical inflammation processes. Stigmasterol also exerts a significant topical antiinflammatory activity although it cannot be considered to be a major antiinflammatory agent, therefore other bioactive components are probably involved in the activity of the hexane extract.(AU)
Assuntos
21003 , Feminino , /uso terapêutico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Fitosteróis/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais/química , Doença Aguda , Região do Caribe , Doença Crônica , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/enzimologia , Camundongos , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/dietoterapiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to identify the tendency of acute leukemia among children in Mexico City from 1982 to 1991. A hospital survey was performed. Medical records of children under 15 years of age with a diagnosis of acute leukemia were reviewed. The cases were chosen from hospitals which provide medical attention to children with cancer in Mexico City. The annual incidence rate (AIR) was calculated in general, by sex, age groups (under 1 year of age, from 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years) and standardized with the world population. The trend was evaluated with Spearman's correlation method. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed a significantly increasing trend during the study period. The AIR was 7.75 (per million) in 1982 and 22.19 (per million) in 1991. For age groups a tendency to increase was observed in females of age group 1 to 4 years and in males of age group 10 to 14 years. Acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia did not display a specific trend. In conclusion, acute lymphoblastic leukemia shows a tendency to increase in the children of Mexico City.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/epidemiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The Bio-Bio river, running through one of the most important hydrographic basins in Chile, presents concentrations of some chemical agents exceeding the accepted values for continental aquatic environments. The area near to the mouth of the river is highly industrialized and the industrial effluents are discharge directly into the river, most of them without any previous treatment. This river provides the principal source of drinking water for a population of more than one million inhabitants in the region. To evaluate the genotoxic effects of liquid effluents from a cellulose industry and the surface waters of the Bio-Bio river obtained near to the river mouth in the proximity of Concepción city, a short-term bio-assay with cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was used. The frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations in metaphase, anaphase and telophase was determined at different concentrations of the liquid samples. The results show a significant increase in chromosomal damage. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations observed both in metaphase and ana-telophase is dose-related to the concentrations of liquid samples tested. The superficial water shows a significant genotoxic effect. The scope of these results is discussed and compared to results obtained in other biological models.
Assuntos
Células CHO , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Resíduos Industriais , Poluição da Água/efeitos adversos , Animais , Chile , Cricetinae , Testes de Toxicidade/métodosRESUMO
A colony of Amblyomma parvum was started with engorged females collected from cattle in the Province of Salta (25 degrees 01' S, 63 degrees 56' W), Argentina. The progeny of those ticks were fed on rabbits and the non-parasitic stages maintained at 27 +/- 1 degrees C, 83-86% RH in darkness. The life cycle (prefeeding period not evaluated) had a mean duration of 99.6 days. The mean time (days) for the different phases of the cycle were as follows: feeding period of females, 8.0; pre-oviposition period, 5.7; oviposition period, 17.5; minimum incubation period of the eggs, 31.8; feeding period of larvae, 3.2; premoult period to nymphs, 10.9; feeding period of nymphs, 4.7; premoult period to adults, 17.8. The oviposition pattern was typical of an ixodid tick, including a linear relationship between weights of engorged females and the number of eggs laid (r = 0.8659). The males increased 18% in weight after feeding on hosts (P less than 0.01). The mean recovery rates of larvae, nymphs and females were 28.2%, 95.3% and 90.7%, respectively. The nymphs moulting to females were heavier (6.8 +/- 0.69 mg) than those moulting to males (3.2 +/- 0.29 mg) (P less than 0.01). A comparison of biological values of A. parvum with American and non-American Amblyomma species is presented.
Assuntos
Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia , Carrapatos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oviposição , Coelhos , Carrapatos/fisiologiaRESUMO
The only case of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis seen out of 106 nephropathic patients biopsied in the two last years at the C. H. 20 de Noviembre, I.S.S.S.T.E., is reported. Twenty-six showed nephrotic syndrome not associated to systemic disease, including the present case, which gave us an incidence of 3.8% of this entity. We were impressed by the low frequency of this disease, so we made a statistical epidemiological analysis localizing it geographically based on the available medical literature. On comparing the results of these studies we confirmed that this disease is significantly low in our environment.