RESUMO
Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is a solid waste from the aluminum industry frequently disposed of in industrial landfills; it can be leached and contaminate the soil, sources of drinking water and plantations, and thus may pose a risk to human health and to ecosystems. Its composition is high variable, including cyanide, fluoride and aluminum salts, which are highly toxic and environmental pollutants. This study evaluated the effect of SPL and its main components on root growth and the mitosis of Lactuca sativa, by investigating the mechanisms of cellular and chromosomal alterations with the aid of immunolocalization. To this end, newly emerged roots of L. sativa were exposed to SPL and its main components (solutions of cyanide, fluoride and aluminum) and to calcium chloride (control) for 48h. After this, root length was measured and cell cycle was examined by means of conventional cytogenetics and immunolocalization. Root growth was inhibited in the treatments with SPL and aluminum; chromosomal and nuclear alterations were observed in all treatments. The immunolocalization evidenced normal dividing cells with regular temporal and spatial distribution of histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 (H3S10ph). However, SPL and its main components inhibited the phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10, inactivated pericentromeric regions and affected the cohesion of sister chromatids, thus affecting the arrangement of chromosomes in the metaphase plate and separation of chromatids in anaphase. In addition, these substances induced breaks in pericentromeric regions, characterized as fragile sites.
Assuntos
Histonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Resíduos Industriais/efeitos adversos , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Alumínio/toxicidade , Ciclo Celular , Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cianetos/toxicidade , Fluoretos/toxicidade , Histonas/metabolismo , Lactuca , Fosforilação , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Studies on morphological plasticity are extremely important to plant breeding seeking to optimize genotype interactions with their environments. The present study evaluated 38 genotypes of Brachiaria ruziziensis cultivated during the rainy (October to March) and dry (April to September) seasons and examined variations in their anatomical characteristics. Fully expanded leaves were collected and fixed in FAA70 (formaldehyde: acetic acid: ethyl alcohol) for 72h and subsequently stored in 70% alcohol. Median sections of leaf blades were examined and evaluated according to traditional plant anatomical procedures. Genotypes 15, 27, 40, 53, and 90 demonstrated interactions with the environment in five of the anatomical characteristics evaluated; genotypes 1 and 33 presented no plasticity in any of the characteristics examined. Except for the thickness of abaxial (ABT) and adaxial (ADT) epidermal surfaces, the genotypes showed different behaviors for all the other characteristics evaluated: mesophyll thickness (MT), xylem diameter (XD), distance between bundles (DB), number of bundles (NB), number of bulliform cells (NBC), sclerenchyma tissue area (%L), and bulliform cell area (ABC).
O estudo da plasticidade morfológica é de grande importância para os programas de melhoramento que desejam obter materiais promissores quando apresentam a interação genótipo com ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar 38 genótipos de Brachiaria ruziziensis cultivados na época das águas (outubro a março) e da seca (abril a setembro) e observar variações nas características anatômicas nas diferentes estações. Folhas completamente expandidas foram coletadas e fixadas em FAA70 por 72h e armazenadas em álcool 70%. Amostras foliares na parte mediana foram avaliadas de acordo com os procedimentos usuais de anatomia vegetal. Os genótipos 15, 27, 40, 53, e o 90 apresentaram interação com o ambiente em cinco características avaliadas. Os genótipos 1 e 33 não apresentaram plasticidade para nenhuma mensuração. Exceto para espessura das faces abaxial (EBA) e abaxial (EDA) da epiderme, os genótipos apresentaram comportamento diferente para as demais características avaliadas: espessura do mesofilo (EM), diâmetro do xilema (DX), distancia entre feixes (DF), número de feixes (NF) e de células buliformes (NCB), área do tecido esclerenquimático (%L) e das células buliforme (ACB).