RESUMO
Ingestion of mycotoxins can result in many problems, including decreased growth rates and immune suppression. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the supplementation of a mycotoxin deactivator composed by adsorbent clay minerals; inactivated fermentation extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and blend of antioxidants, organic acids, and botanicals in diets containing added mycotoxins for nursery pigs on their performance and antioxidant status. Ninety pigs weaned with 24 d of age (7.12 ± 0.68 kg of BW) were used. Pigs were housed in pens of three animals each according to body weight, litter origin, and sex. The dietary treatments consisted of feeding the pigs with a standard control diet as negative control (NC; mycotoxin levels at accepted regulatory Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture standards; deoxynivalenol (DON): <100 µg/kg; zearalenone (ZEA): <20 µg/kg; fumonisins (FB): <1 mg/kg); the standard diet added with mycotoxins to reach a low contamination level is considered as positive low (PCL-; DON: 900 µg/kg; ZEA: 100 µg/kg; FB: 5,000 µg/kg) without deactivator; a positive low added the deactivator at an inclusion rate of 1 kg/ton (PCL+); the standard diet added with mycotoxins to reach a high contamination level is considered as positive high (PCH-; DON: 4,500 µg/kg; ZEA: 500 µg/kg; FB: 18,000 µg/kg) without the deactivator; and a positive high added the deactivator at an inclusion rate of 5 kg/ton (PCH+). Pigs were individually weighed at the beginning and at the end of each phase and feed intake recorded based on daily pen intake during the experiment. On days 7, 19, 34, and 43 post-weaning, blood samples were drawn for antioxidant analyses. Antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and total superoxide dismutase [TSOD]), vitamins [Vit A, E, and C], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were evaluated in erythrocyte and plasma samples. Pigs challenged with mycotoxins presented lower performance traits, decrease in the efficiency of central antioxidant systems (↓GPx, ↓TSOD, ↓Vit A, ↓Vit E, and ↓Vit C), and a higher oxidative damage to lipids (↑MDA) when compared with the control and deactivator-associated treatments. Our findings showed that the use of a mycotoxin deactivator can mitigate the negative impacts on performance and oxidative stress when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by different levels of mycotoxins.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes , Dieta/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo , SuínosRESUMO
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.(AU)
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de lisina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16 kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,9% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina + cistina:lisina.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Metionina/administração & dosagem , Metionina/efeitos adversos , Suínos/anormalidades , Suínos/imunologia , Cistina/administração & dosagem , Cistina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de lisina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16 kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,9% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina + cistina:lisina.