RESUMO
Considering the complexity of the immunological events triggered during active visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), the relevance of the segregation of the immune response during human VL into type 1 and type 2 still remains unclear. For this purpose, in individuals living in risk areas for VL, we have evaluated especially asymptomatic individuals and patients with active VL, the plasmatic levels of cytokines and reactive nitrogen species under ex vivo conditions. In addition, we have also performed an analysis of intracellular cytokine patterns of circulating leucocytes after short-term culture, particularly in the absence of antigenic-specific stimulation, in order to reflect dynamic events of immune response in vivo during Leishmania chagasi infection. Although asymptomatic individuals and non-infected subjects presented a similar immunological profile, an outstanding inflammatory/regulatory profile, based on higher plasmatic levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10, was associated with clinical status observed in active VL. In this context, we hypothesize that IL-10, through its ability to inhibit anti-leishmanial macrophage activation, associated with the lower frequency of TNF-alpha(+) monocytes and ordinary levels of nitrite and nitrate are the major mechanisms associated with disease onset.
Assuntos
Citocinas/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nitratos/sangue , Nitritos/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
We investigated the cytokine profile of cells of the innate immune response and its association with active (ACT), asymptomatic (AS) and cured (CUR) human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), as well as noninfected (NI) subjects. The frequency of cytokine-producing cells was determined after short-term in vitro incubation of whole peripheral blood samples with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA). Our data demonstrated a predominant type 2 cytokine profile in NI and ACT. In NI, we observed an increase of IL-4+ neutrophils, IL-10+ eosinophils besides a decrease of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha+ eosinophils/monocytes. Yet in ACT, we observed an increase of IL-4+ neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells and IL-10+ monocytes, a reduced frequency of IL-12+ and IFN-gamma+ eosinophils and lower levels of TNF-alpha+ and IL-12+ monocytes. AS presented a mixed profile, characterized by an increase of IFN-gamma+ neutrophils/eosinophils and NK cells, of IL-12+ eosinophils/monocytes, as well as increase of IL-4+ neutrophils and NK cells and IL-10+ eosinophils/monocytes. In contrast, CUR was characterized by a type 1 response with an increase of IFN-gamma+ neutrophils/eosinophils and NK cells, associated with an increase in IL-12+ monocytes. In conclusion, we show a correlation between innate immune cytokine patterns and clinical status of VL, suggesting that these cells, in addition to other factors, may contribute to the cytokine microenvironment in which Leishmania-specific T cells are primed and to disease outcome.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antígenos de Protozoários/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Interleucina-5/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Contagem de Leucócitos , Leucócitos/citologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The advent of AIDS in families, following the chronic evolution of the illness, has produced crisis situations unknown until now. With the objective of knowing this new reality better, 20 caregivers of AIDS patients were interviewed in southeastern Brazil. The collected data were analyzed using a qualitative method. The results showed difficulties regarding caregiving, such as a lack of orientation, materials, transport, and people to share the role of caregiver, as well as emotional difficulties, such as fears from infection, revulsion, pity, and impotence in the face of death. The role of families is essential in patient assistance, due to the inability of the health system to attend to all AIDS patients. Nevertheless, these families have to receive support mainly from nurses, in order to be helped in executing an aid plan to the ill person at home. Nurses and health care.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/enfermagem , Cuidadores/psicologia , Hospital Dia , Apoio Social , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Assistência Domiciliar/psicologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relações Enfermeiro-Paciente , Relações Profissional-FamíliaRESUMO
This study aimed at identifying the incidence of drug intake errors and the main therapy-related difficulties among AIDS patients as well as at proposing measures to increase patients' adherence to treatment. Sixty-one patients with AIDS assisted by the University Hospital of São Paulo State University at Campinas were interviewed. The most frequent errors concerned the combinations of drugs and the length of fasting. The difficulties reported were adverse effects and the variety of drugs. Based on these data, the authors proposed the use of an illustrated guide for drug-related information. It is hoped that individualized guidance can contribute to minimize errors concerning adherence to therapy.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Cooperação do Paciente , Feminino , Hospitais de Ensino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the muscarinic receptor density as indicated by 3H-N-methylscopolamine binding, and acetylcholinesterase activity was studied in several brain areas (hippocampus, motor area, somatosensory area, and basal ganglia) of adult female rats. Malnutrition tended to cause a decrease in muscarinic receptors in the motor cortex (undernourished 350.0 +/- 33.5 vs. control 410.0 +/- 26.9 fmol/mg protein) and somatosensory cortex (undernourished 357.1 +/- 35.9 vs. control 416.7 +/- 29.4 fmol/mg protein). However, significant decreases in muscarinic receptor occurred in the hippocampus (undernourished 319.2 +/- 31.7 vs. control 403.1 +/- 43.6 fmol/mg protein) and basal ganglia (undernourished 297.0 +/- 11.8 vs. control 401.3 +/- 17.7 fmol/mg protein). No significant differences in acetylcholinesterase activity or protein content were observed between control and undernourished animals in any of the brain areas studied.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Química Encefálica/fisiologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/fisiopatologia , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Animais , Gânglios da Base/química , Gânglios da Base/metabolismo , Ligação Competitiva , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Hipocampo/química , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Córtex Motor/química , Córtex Motor/metabolismo , N-Metilescopolamina , Parassimpatolíticos/metabolismo , Proteínas/análise , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Derivados da Escopolamina/metabolismo , Córtex Somatossensorial/química , Córtex Somatossensorial/metabolismo , Trítio/metabolismoRESUMO
The present study aims to characterize the profile of people studying in auxiliary nurse courses at the city of Campinas. The predominantly characteristics were: ages between 18 and 30 years old, majority female, single and catholic. The major part of the studied population does not work in nursing area, being the mainly motivation to begin the course the possibility of helping other people. Their difficulties were returning to school, conciliating the study schedule with other activities and paying the course.
Assuntos
Escolha da Profissão , Assistentes de Enfermagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Altruísmo , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Assistentes de Enfermagem/educação , Assistentes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Assistentes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The curative feature of health of university students has gained more attention. This study evaluated the needs of university students for an orientational and educational service on mental health. For mental health orientation and education, an individual consultation service, was implanted as well as lectures about the theme. This project gathered data and information important to the effective institutionalization of the service.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde , Saúde Mental , Serviços de Saúde para Estudantes , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
The proposal for a visual acuity test (A.V.) arose from a survey conducted among School Children of the "Ciclo Básico (C.B.)" i.é., the first two years of Elementary School in S. Carlos, S. Paulo State, Brazil. Nine schools participated in this study. The teachers were properly trained to apply the A. V. and squinting tests according to a standardized procedure. Of 2,025 children tested, 88.1% showed levels of A. V. higher than 0.8, and a squinting prevalence of 2.17%. When the application of the test was over, each school presented its proposals for the systematical application of such tests. These proposals had a common point: the test should be applied by the teachers themselves under the supervision of the coordinators of the C. B. The school nurse would be responsible for giving overall assistance to all the activities of the program at all levels.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Visão/prevenção & controle , Seleção Visual/organização & administração , Brasil , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Estrabismo/prevenção & controle , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
The effect of undernutrition on the ontogeny of muscarinic receptor density and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was studied in the motor cerebral cortex homogenates of female Wistar rats aged 12-19 days, 2-3 months and 5-8 months. Experimental animals were fed a protein-calorie deficient diet. The binding assays, using (3H)-N-methylscopolamine as a ligand, indicated a significant increase in muscarinic receptor density in the motor cortex of 5-8-month old control rats (36%) compared to neonatal controls. No increase was observed for undernourished rats at any of the ages studied. No significant difference was observed in AChE activity at any age of either group studied.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Córtex Motor/metabolismo , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos EndogâmicosRESUMO
The effect of undernutrition on the ontogeny of muscarinic receptor density and acetylcholineasterase (AChE) activity was studied in the motor cerebral cortex homogenates of female Wistar rats aged 12-19 days, 2-3 months and 5-8 months. Experimental animals were fed a protein-calorie deficient diet. The dinding assays, using (3H)-N-methylscopolamine as a ligand, indicated a significant increase in muscarinic receptor density in the motor cortex of 5-8- monthes old control rats (36%) compared to neonatal controls. No increase was observed for undernourished rats at any of the ages studied. No significant difference was observbed in AChE activity at any age of either group studied
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Feminino , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
O presente trabalho consiste na apresentacao de um caso de endometriose do colon sigmoide em que a lesao macroscopica se assemelhava a uma neoplasia maligna e que a inexistencia de outras lesoes pelvicas levou a que se optasse pela ampla resseccao intestinal. Os autores descrevem a incidencia desta patologia, sua clinica e os aspectos incomuns neste caso