RESUMO
Fungal melanin contributes to the survival and virulence of pathogenic fungi, such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi, which is responsible for causing chromoblastomycosis. The objective of this study was to employ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to predict the melanin content of F. pedrosoi. The melanin content, in percentage, was previously determined using gravimetry for twenty-six clinical isolates. Quintuplicate spectra of each isolate were obtained using attenuated total reflection (ATR) within the range of 4000 to 650 cm-1. To predict the melanin content, modeling was performed using partial least squares regression (PLS) in the region 1800 - 750 cm-1. Two models were tested: PLS and successive projections algorithms for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS). The best modeling results were achieved using iSPA-PLS with one factor. The calibration set exhibited a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9745 and a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.0977. In the prediction set, the R2 value was 0.9711, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.0999. Modeling with FTIR and multivariate calibration provides a valuable means of predicting fungal melanin content, which is simpler and more robust, thereby contributing to the advancement of this field of study.
Assuntos
Quimiometria , Fonsecaea , Melaninas , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Análise dos Mínimos QuadradosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of aggregated amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides. Several natural compounds have been proposed against this disease and grape products are among these. However, little is known about grape juice potential. Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strains that express human Aß have been used as an in vivo model for AD. METHODS: In this study, we have exposed CL2006 worms to nine different juices obtained from different cultivars. RESULTS: Cora, Bordo, Isabel, Isabel Precoce, BRS-Magna, BRS-Rubea and BRS-Violeta juices improved the behavioral phenotype (paralysis) that is caused by Aß aggregation in the transgenic animals at the concentrations tested and no toxic effects were found. Some juices were also able to increase the worm's lifespan. We could not attribute lifespan increase and paralysis reduction with any specific compound found in the phytochemical analysis. DISCUSSION: Our data indicate that the rich constitution of the juices is responsible for attenuating the phenotype caused by Aß aggregation in C. elegans.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Vitis , Animais , Humanos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans , Longevidade , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Paralisia , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a skin and subcutaneous infection caused by species of seven fungal genera. Identification of CBM species is performed by DNA sequencing of one or more genes, which becomes a time-consuming work. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used for the identification of other microorganisms, however, only one CBM genus was evaluated by FTIR analysis to date. Therefore, the study is aimed to differentiate the CBM agents for identification at genera level using FTIR supervised by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA region. Seventy-seven isolates of the main five CBM genera were prepared for Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR) with a new methodology using slices of dry fungus in glass fixing-modeling proposed in this study. The algorithm Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was used to analyze the differences and similarities between species through the spectra. Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) allowed to correctly classify all samples of five CBM genera. The ATR-FTIR/OPLS-DA models highlighted important contributions of regions attributed to NH and OH stretching, amide I of proteins, polysaccharides bands and fingerprint region for the complete differentiation of the genera investigated. Thus, FTIR can be a fast and inexpensive alternative for identification of CBM agents.
Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose , Cromoblastomicose/diagnóstico , DNA Ribossômico , Análise Discriminante , Humanos , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Erectile dysfunction medicines such as Cialis and Viagra are very popular worldwide and are between the most prevalent counterfeit medicines in Brazil. A range of analytical methods has been used to analyze Cialis and Viagra, such as ATR-FTIR, GCMS and UPLC-MS. Until now, there are no data available of DSC methods for analysis of counterfeit medicines of Cialis and Viagra. DSC is a thermal analysis that provides useful information of physico-chemical events, and however is almost not used for forensic purposes. In this study, thermal analysis of 25 counterfeit Viagra and Cialis seized by Brazilian Federal Police were performed by DSC and compared to their authentic medicines and analytical standards, along with chemometric tools. Authentic samples of Viagra displayed a similar thermal profile with the API, while Cialis were different with additional endothermic peaks, that could be related to excipients interference. Thermograms of Viagra counterfeit samples were similar to authentic samples, while Cialis showed an enlargement and displacement of endothermic peaks. Also, some Cialis counterfeit samples showed melting peaks attributed to sildenafil, the API of Viagra, instead tadalafil, confirming previous results obtained by UPLC-MS. Multivariate analysis with application of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis classified different groups of samples, including a cluster with counterfeit Cialis and Viagra, indicating the use of same API for both counterfeit medicines and possibly the same illicit production; and a cluster with authentic Viagra and counterfeit Cialis, confirming the addition of sildenafil instead tadalafil to Cialis counterfeit samples. Here for the first time we described the use of DSC for chemical profiling of Cialis and Viagra and showed that even when applied to a small group of samples, DSC along with chemometric tools can be considered as a good auxiliary method in forensic casework samples. DSC provided useful data to perform the identification of counterfeit and authentic medicines, with low cost and a simple method.
Assuntos
Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Medicamentos Falsificados/análise , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5/análise , Citrato de Sildenafila/análise , Tadalafila/análise , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , Disfunção Erétil/tratamento farmacológico , Excipientes/química , Humanos , Masculino , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5/normas , Análise de Componente Principal , Citrato de Sildenafila/normas , Tadalafila/normasRESUMO
Due to their renewable and sustainable nature, biodiesel blends boost studies predicting their stability during storage. Besides chemical degradation, biodiesel is more susceptible to biodegradation due to its raw composition. The aim of this work was to evaluate the deteriogenic potential (growth and degradation) of Pseudallescheria boydii and Meyerozyma guilliermondii in degrading pure diesel (B0), pure biodiesel (B100), and a B10 blend in mineral medium during storage. The biodeterioration susceptibility at different fuel ratios and in BH minimal mineral medium were evaluated. The biomass measurements of P. boydii during 45 days indicated higher biomass production in the B10 blend. The growth curve of M. guilliermondii showed similar growth in B10 and B100. Although there was no significant production of biosurfactant, lipase production was detected in the tributyrin agar medium of both microorganisms. The main compounds identified in the aqueous phase by GC-MS were alcohols, esters, acids, sulfur, ketones, and phenols. The results showed that P. boydii grew at the expense of fuels, degrading biodiesel esters, and diesel hydrocarbons. M. guilliermondii grew in B100 and B10; however, degradation was not detected.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Biocombustíveis/microbiologia , Gasolina/microbiologia , Biomassa , Brasil , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
An increasing concern about food safety has been observed over the years. The presence of drugs residues in food is one of the major subjects of research in food safety. Feedingstuffs can be responsible for carryover into the food chain of residues of several drugs. This paper describes the development, validation and application of a fast and simple method for analysis of 24 antibiotic residues in feedingstuffs for cattle, pigs and poultry. Analytes include compounds from different antimicrobials classes, such as sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfizoxazole, sulfamerazine and sulfathiazole), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, flumequine, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid), tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline) and trimethoprim. Samples were extracted with methanol:water (70:30) 0.1% formic acid, followed by clean-up steps using centrifugation, low-temperature purification (LTP) and ultracentrifugation. Instrumental analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water, both with 0.1% formic acid. Validation parameters such as limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCß) were determined and meet the adopted criteria. LOD and LOQ were set to 30 and 75 µg kg-1, respectively. Inter-day precision were in the range from 4.0 to 11.1%, and linearity provides values of r2 above 0.95 for all analytes. The optimised method was applied to the analysis of more than 1500 real samples within the period 2012-2017. Non-compliant results were discussed and classified in terms of analytes, feed types and target species. Multivariate analysis of the data was performed using principal component analysis.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Sulfonamidas/análise , Tetraciclinas/análise , Trimetoprima/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Cromatografia Líquida , Monitoramento Ambiental , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Suínos , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The use of oral fluid (OF) as an alternative specimen for drug analysis has become very popular in forensic toxicology. Many clinical studies have evaluated the correlations between concentrations of cocaine and its metabolites in OF and other matrices, but results have shown high variability. In addition, there are no data available regarding the correlations between biomarkers of crack-cocaine use in different matrices. This study evaluated the relationship between concentrations of cocaine/crack-cocaine biomarkers in OF, urine and plasma samples collected from cocaine users. All samples were analyzed for the presence of cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BZE) and anhydroecgonine (AEC) by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Median COC, BZE and AEC concentrations ranged from 4.20 to 33.26 ng/mL, from 13.03 to 3,615.86 ng/mL and from 7.40 to 1,892.5 ng/mL across matrices, respectively. The relationship between drug concentrations in OF versus plasma (OF/P) and OF versus urine (OF/U) was evaluated by their coefficients of determination (R2). Least-squares regression analyses demonstrated significant correlations between OF/P and OF/U for cocaine and BE (P < 0.05), with R2 = 0.17, 0.07 for cocaine and R2 = 0.73, 0.45 for BE, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) found for BZE, COC and AEC in OF/P and OF/U were 0.85 and 0.67 (P < 0.05); 0.41 and 0.26 (P < 0.05); and 0.30 and -0.37 (P > 0.05), respectively. Many factors contribute to the variability of drug correlation ratios in studies involving random samples, including uncertainty about the time of last administration and dosage. Overall, we found significant R2 values for COC and BZE in OF/P and OF/U, but not for AEC. Despite the good correlations found in some cases, especially for BZE, the large variation in drug concentrations seen in this work suggests that OF concentrations should not be used to estimate concentrations of COC, BZE or AEC in plasma and/or urine.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína , Cocaína/análise , Toxicologia Forense/métodos , Saliva/química , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida , Cocaína/sangue , Cocaína/urina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/sangue , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/urina , Cocaína Crack/análise , Cocaína Crack/sangue , Cocaína Crack/urina , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis, Cannabaceae), popularly called marijuana, is one of the oldest plants known to man and it is the illicit drug most used worldwide. It also has been the subject of increasing discussions from the scientific and political points of view due to its medicinal properties. In recent years in Brazil, the form of cannabis drug trafficking has been changing and the Brazilian Federal Police has exponentially increased the number of seizures of cannabis seeds sent by the mail. This new form of trafficking encouraged the study of cannabis seeds seized germinated in a greenhouse through NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. The plants were cultivated in a homemade greenhouse under controlled conditions. In three different growth periods (5.5weeks, 7.5weeks and 10weeks), they were harvested, dried, ground and directly analyzed. The iPCA was used to select the best NIR spectral range (4000-4375cm-1) in order to develop unsupervised and supervised methods. The PCA and HCA showed a good separation between the three groups of cannabis samples at different growth stages. The PLS-DA and SVM-DA classified the samples with good results in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for SVM-DA classification were equal to unity. This separation may be due to the correlation of cannabinoids and volatile compounds concentration during the growth of the cannabis plant. Therefore, the growth stage of cannabis can be predicted by NIR spectroscopy and chemometric tools in the early stages of indoor cannabis cultivation.
Assuntos
Cannabis/química , Cannabis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodos , Agricultura/métodos , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , Análise Discriminante , Germinação , Análise de Componente Principal , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Toxic and nutrient elements were investigated in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) from South America. Fifty-four brands of commercialised yerba mate from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay were analysed for Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Se, Rb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Pb, Bi and U using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony, Se, Ag and Bi were not detected in any sample whereas the limits of detection (LODs) of these elements were 0.19, 0.40, 0.003 and 0.001 µg g(-1), respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the concentrations of Cd, Ti, Ni, As, Mo, U, Li and Be in yerba mate were not statistically different with regard to the country of origin, while those of the other investigated elements differed.
Assuntos
Bebidas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Metais Pesados/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Oligoelementos/análise , Métodos Analíticos de Preparação de Amostras , Arsênio/análise , Arsênio/toxicidade , Bebidas/efeitos adversos , Bebidas/economia , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Inspeção de Alimentos , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Espectrometria de Massas , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Metais Leves/análise , Metais Leves/toxicidade , Valor Nutritivo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , América do Sul , Espectrofotometria AtômicaRESUMO
A simple and inexpensive method based on solvent extraction followed by low temperature clean-up was applied for determination of seven pyrethroids residues in bovine raw milk using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron-capture detector (GC-ECD). Sample extraction procedure was established through the evaluation of seven different extraction protocols, evaluated in terms of analyte recovery and cleanup efficiency. Sample preparation optimization was based on Doehlert design using fifteen runs with three different variables. Response surface methodologies and polynomial analysis were used to define the best extraction conditions. Method validation was carried out based on SANCO guide parameters and assessed by multivariate analysis. Method performance was considered satisfactory since mean recoveries were between 87% and 101% for three distinct concentrations. Accuracy and precision were lower than ±20%, and led to no significant differences (p < 0.05) between results obtained by GC-ECD and GC-MS/MS techniques. The method has been applied to routine analysis for determination of pyrethroid residues in bovine raw milk in the Brazilian National Residue Control Plan since 2013, in which a total of 50 samples were analyzed.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Gasosa , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Leite/química , Piretrinas/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Animais , Inseticidas/análise , Análise Multivariada , Piretrinas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The main objective of this study was to use infrared spectroscopy to identify vegetable oils used as raw material for biodiesel production and apply multivariate analysis to the data. Six different vegetable oil sources--canola, cotton, corn, palm, sunflower and soybeans--were used to produce biodiesel batches. The spectra were acquired by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using a universal attenuated total reflectance sensor (FTIR-UATR). For the multivariate analysis principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), interval principal component analysis (iPCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were used. The results indicate that is possible to develop a methodology to identify vegetable oils used as raw material in the production of biodiesel by FTIR-UATR applying multivariate analysis. It was also observed that the iPCA found the best spectral range for separation of biodiesel batches using FTIR-UATR data, and with this result, the SIMCA method classified 100% of the soybean biodiesel samples.
Assuntos
Biocombustíveis/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Análise por Conglomerados , Análise Multivariada , Análise de Componente Principal , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
A method for simultaneous determination of clavulanic acid (CA) and amoxicillin (AMO) in commercial tablets was developed using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and multivariate calibration. Twenty-five samples (10 commercial and 15 synthetic) were used as a calibration set and 15 samples (10 commercial and 5 synthetic) were used for a prediction set. Calibration models were developed using partial least squares (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS), and synergy interval PLS (siPLS) algorithms. The best algorithm for CA determination was siPLS model with spectra divided in 30 intervals and combinations of 2 intervals. This model showed a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 5.1 mg g(-1). For AMO determination, the best siPLS model was obtained with spectra divided in 10 intervals and combinations of 4 intervals. This model showed a RMSEP of 22.3 mg g(-1). The proposed method was considered as a suitable for the simultaneous determination of CA and AMO in commercial pharmaceuticals products.
Assuntos
Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio/análise , Antibacterianos/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Algoritmos , Calibragem , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Análise Multivariada , ComprimidosRESUMO
Total sulfur concentration was determined in atmospheric residue (AR) and vacuum residue (VR) samples obtained from petroleum distillation process by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) in association with chemometric methods. Calibration and prediction set consisted of 40 and 20 samples, respectively. Calibration models were developed using two variable selection models: interval partial least squares (iPLS) and synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS). Different treatments and pre-processing steps were also evaluated for the development of models. The pre-treatment based on multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and the mean centered data were selected for models construction. The use of siPLS as variable selection method provided a model with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values significantly better than those obtained by PLS model using all variables. The best model was obtained using siPLS algorithm with spectra divided in 20 intervals and combinations of 3 intervals (911-824, 823-736 and 737-650 cm(-1)). This model produced a RMSECV of 400 mg kg(-1) S and RMSEP of 420 mg kg(-1) S, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.990.
Assuntos
Petróleo/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Enxofre/análise , Algoritmos , Calibragem , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The lipase activity of nine strains of six chromoblastomycosis agents (Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladophialophora bantianum, Cladophialophora carrionii, Rhinocladiela aquaspersa and Exophiala jeanselmei) grown on solid medium was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hierarchical clustering analysis. The data was quantified by p-nitrophenyl palmitate assay using partial least squares (PLS) regression. These methods allowed the correlation of six genera and species within the 1230-1650 and 2800+3000 cm(-1) spectral ranges among strains grown for 14 days from their respective lipolytic activity with RMSEV=0.048 and R2val=0.95 and ten latent variables. The lipolytic activity also was predicted using PLS models with 1230-1650 and 2800-3000 cm(-1) and 900-1450 cm(-1) spectral ranges for strains grown for 21 days. The separate analysis of F. pedrosoi strains yielded a prediction model for biomass at 21 days with RMSEV=0.065 and R2val=0.95 with eight latent variables using (1100-1300)+(1330-1460)+(1550-1650) cm(-1) spectral regions The best model obtained with the clustering of P. verrucosa, C. bantianum, C. carrionii, R. aquaspersa and E. jeanselmei strains was constructed with the same spectral ranges, but with RMSEV=0.074 and R2val=0.94 and ten latent variables. Infrared spectroscopy is suitable for the quantitation of extracellular lipase activity linked to the biomass of chromoblastomycosis agents.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/enzimologia , Cromoblastomicose/microbiologia , Lipase/metabolismo , Phialophora/enzimologia , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Ascomicetos/classificação , Ascomicetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biomassa , Análise por Conglomerados , Meios de Cultura , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Humanos , Phialophora/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The amount of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations was determined using spectra of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), in association with partial least squares (PLS) regression. The spectra of 24 different samples (17 for the calibration set and 7 for the validation set), which had been registered using a Nicolet Magna 550 spectrophotometer, contained 76.7-94.3 percent of amoxicillin in starch. The PLS models were constructed with auto-scaled or variance-scaled data, and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC). The best model presented R²=0.9936, RMSEC=0.441 and RMSEV=0.790. The analytical method proposed is non-destructive and the cost and time of analysis are very much reduced, allowing for the fast and direct determination of amoxicillin content.
Neste trabalho propõe-se a quantificação de amoxicilina em formulações farmacêuticas empregando espectroscopia por refletância difusa no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS) e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS). Foram coletados em um espectrômetro Nicolet Magna 550 os espectros de 24 amostras (17 para o conjunto de calibração e 7 para o conjunto de validação) contendo de 76,7-94,3 por cento de amoxicilina em amido. Para a construção dos modelos PLS foi empregada a correção do espalhamento de luz (MSC) e os dados foram autoescalados ou escalados pela variância. Foi obtido um excelente modelo para a previsão da amoxicilina o qual apresentou R²=0,9936, RMSEC=0,441 e RMSEV=0,790. O método proposto além de não destrutivo apresenta baixo tempo de análise e baixo custo podendo ser facilmente empregado no controle de qualidade das indústrias farmacêuticas.
Assuntos
Amoxicilina/análise , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
This paper reports an approach for quantification of Lactobacillus in fermented milk, grown in a selective medium (MRS agar), by use of digital colour images of Petri plates easily obtained by use of a flatbed scanner. A one-dimensional data vector was formed to characterize each digital image on the basis of the frequency-distribution curves of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colour values, and quantities derived from them, for example lightness (L), relative red (RR), relative green (RG), and relative blue (RB). The frequency distributions of hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI) were also calculated and included in the data vector used to describe each image. Multivariate non-linear modelling using the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and a linear model based on PLS regression were developed to relate the microbiological count and the frequency vector. Feasibly models were developed using the LS-SVM and errors were below than 10% for Lactobacillus quantification, indicating the proposed approach can be used for automatic counting of colonies.
Assuntos
Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Leite/microbiologia , Análise Multivariada , Animais , Automação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Estudos de Viabilidade , Fermentação , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Distribuição Normal , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
No presente trabalho são combinadas as potencialidades das ferramentas quimiométricas e as facilidades na obtenção de espectros pela técnica de espectroscopia por refletância difusa no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS), visando à dosagem do fármaco diclofenaco de potássio. Foram formuladas 20 diferentes concentrações do princípio ativo em excipiente amido entre 0,15 e 0,50 mg/g, com variação de aproximadamente 0,02 mg/g na concentração entre cada amostra. Das 20 amostras, 14 foram empregadas para a calibração e 6 para validação. Os espectros foram adquiridos em um espectrômetro NICOLET Magna 550, em duplicata das amostras. Para a construção dos modelos de regressão multivariada, as informações espectrais foram processadas no aplicativo Pirouette® 2.7 da Infometrix, utilizando-se as regiões 3.715-3.088 cm-1 e 1.634 -1.191 cm-1. A calibração foi realizada pelo método de regressão dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), utilizando pré-processamento autoescalado, e tratamento com correção do espalhamento de luz (MSC). Foram selecionados os melhores modelos, considerando os valores do coeficiente de correlação (R²) e da raiz quadrada dos erros médios quadráticos de validação (RMSEV). Os resultados permitem concluir que modelos de calibração, empregando dados DRIFTS e regressão PLS, podem ser empregados como alternativa na dosagem de diclofenaco de potássio, agregando como vantagens frente aos métodos usuais, a não geração de resíduos, a fácil realização da análise e o baixo custo operacional.
In this work the alternative method for quantification of potassium diclofenac was studied, using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrocopy (DRIFTS), together with partial least squares regression (PLS). Two spectra of 20 samples with different concentrations (0.15-0.50 mg/g) of potassium diclofenac in starch had been colleted in Nicolet Magna 550 spectrophotometer, with resolution of the 4 cm-1 and 32 scans. For multivariate regression 14 samples had been used for calibration set and 6 samples had been used for validation set. For the PLS modeling, the spectral information (3715-3088 cm-1 and 1634-1191 cm-1) after multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and autoscaling preprocess, had been processed in Pirouette® 2.7. The best models with better coefficient regression (R²), these were improved using root mean square error of validation (RMSEV). The new technique propose using DRIFTS/PLS shows an excellent choices for the quality control of the productive process of factories and drugstores that produce or handle these materials in large scale, presenting low time of analysis, no sample destruction and no wastes production.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Diclofenaco , Qualidade dos Medicamentos Homeopáticos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
This paper proposes the use of the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) as an alternative multivariate calibration method for the simultaneous quantification of some common adulterants (starch, whey or sucrose) found in powdered milk samples, using near-infrared spectroscopy with direct measurements by diffuse reflectance. Due to the spectral differences of the three adulterants a nonlinear behavior is present when all groups of adulterants are in the same data set, making the use of linear methods such as partial least squares regression (PLSR) difficult. Excellent models were built using LS-SVM, with low prediction errors and superior performance in relation to PLSR. These results show it possible to built robust models to quantify some common adulterants in powdered milk using near-infrared spectroscopy and LS-SVM as a nonlinear multivariate calibration procedure.
RESUMO
A identificação de diferentes formulações de medicamentos manipulados contendo piroxicam foi estudada, empregando epectros de reflexão difusa no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS), em associação com a técnica de análise por agrupamentos hierárquicos (AAH). Os espectros de amostras, de 5 diferentes farmácias de manipulação, contendo piroxicam (10 mg e 20 mg) e seus respectivos excipientes, foram adquiridos em um espectrofotômetro NICOLET Magna 550, obtendo-se duas réplicas de cada amostra. Para a análise multivariada, as informações espectrais foram tratadas no programa Pirouette® 2.7 da Infometrix, utilizando-se as regiões espectrais...
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Medicamentos Genéricos/análise , Medicamentos Genéricos/uso terapêutico , Piroxicam , Similar , Análise Multivariada , Qualidade dos Medicamentos Homeopáticos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Neste trabalho a identificação e a discriminação de dois diferentes fármacos utilizados como antidepressivos foi estudada, empregando os espectros de reflexão difusa no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS), juntamente com a análise de componentes principais (PCA) e o método de classificação SIMCA. Os espectros no infravermelho de amostras contendo diferentes concentrações dos princípios ativos cloridrato de amitriptilina e cloridrato de imipramina, foram coletados em um espectrofotômetro NICOLET Magna 550, sendo realizadas 2 réplicas para cada amostra, com resolução de 4 cm¯¹ e 32 varreduras. A análise de componentes principais confirmou a existência de dois grupos distintos, correspondendo aos dois diferentes princípios ativos utilizados, além de evidenciar a presença de amostras anômalas no conjunto de dados que, possivelmente, iriam interferir na modelagem...