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Bioactive functional coatings constitute a trendy topic due to they reduce postharvest fruit losses worldwide. Also, they could be carriers of biocompounds providing health benefits to the consumer. In this work, an innovative natural bioactive coating based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Larrea divaricata extract was optimized by mixture-mixture design for the management of postharvest diseases caused by Monilinia fructicola. A NADES composed of lactic acid-glucose-water (LGH) for phenolic extraction from L. divaricata was optimized by a Simplex Lattice design and response surface methodology (RSM).Then, a d-optimal mixture-mixture design was carried out in order to optimize the bioactive coating composition, being the optimal proportion of 0.7 L. divaricata-LGH extract and 0.3 NADES plasticizer (composed by glycerol, citric acid and water). The optimal biocoating achieved an in vitro antimicrobial activity of 72 % against M. fructicola. Interestingly, NADES plasticizer improves the biocoating functionality, creating a smooth and uniform surface.
Assuntos
Solventes Eutéticos Profundos , Extratos Vegetais , Solventes , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plastificantes , ÁguaRESUMO
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast commonly found in mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Under certain conditions, it causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. With growing concern over the emergence of resistant strains to conventional antifungals, the development of novel antifungal agents for the management of this pathogen is an urgent need. In the present work, novel bioextracts from folk medicinal plants were directly used as active ingredient in a topical formulation for dermal candidiasis. With the aim to replace hazardous traditional reagents, a natural solvent composed by lactic acid: glucose: water (LGH) was used as vehicle for bioactive compound extraction. Furthermore, phenolic and alkaloid composition were determined by HPLC and their individual antifungal effect was evaluated. LGH extracts of Larrea spices demonstrate a significant antimicrobial activity against C. albicans being higher than their individual bioactive constituents. Notably, the mixture of Larrea cuneifolia and L divaricata extracts in topical formulations reveal a synergistic antifungal effect highlighting their potential for candidiasis treatment.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Larrea/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Solventes/química , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Composição de Medicamentos , Glucose/química , Ácido Láctico/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Água/químicaRESUMO
The concept of sustainable development has impacted in analytical chemistry changing the way of thinking processes and methods. It is important for analytical chemists to consider how sample preparation can integrate the basic concepts of Green Chemistry. In this sense, the replacement of traditional organic solvents is of utmost importance. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have come to light as a green alternative. In the last few years, a growing number of contributions have applied these natural solvents proving their efficiency in terms of extraction ability, analyte stabilization capacity and detection compatibility. However, the arising question that has to be answered is: the use of NADES is enough to green an extraction process? This review presents an overview of knowledge regarding sustainability of NADES-based extraction procedures, focused on reported literature within the timeframe spanning from 2011 up to date. The contributions were analyzed from a green perspective in terms of energy, time, sample and solvent consumption. Moreover, we include a critical analysis to clarify whether the use of NADES as extraction media is enough for greening an analytical methodology; strategies to make them even greener are also presented. Finally, recent trends and future perspectives on how NADES-based extraction approaches in combination with computational methodologies can contribute are discussed.
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An environmentally friendly method for the phenolic compound extraction from agro-food industrial by-products was developed in order to contribute with their sustainable valorization. A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent was chemometrically-designed for the first time and compared with traditional solvents in terms of analyte stabilization. The combination of lactic acid, glucose and 15% water (LGH-15) was selected as optimal. A high-efficiency ultrasound-assisted extraction mediated by LGH-15 prior to HPLC-DAD allows the determination of 14 phenols in onion, olive, tomato and pear industrial by-products. NADES synthesis as well as the extraction procedures were optimized by Response Surface Methodology. Thus, phenolic determination in these complex samples was achieved by a simple, non-expensive, eco-friendly and robust system. The application to different matrices demonstrated the versatility of the proposed method. NADES opens interesting perspectives for their potential use as vehicles of bioactive compounds as food additives or pharmaceuticals.
Assuntos
Indústria Alimentícia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Fenóis , Extratos Vegetais , Solventes , ÁguaRESUMO
RESUMEN: Las infecciones en el territorio maxilofacial, son cuadros frecuentes, de origen polimicrobiano, con manifestaciones clínicas muy variables y que están asociadas a múltiples vías de ingreso de los microorganismos al territorio. Un gran porcentaje de estas infecciones se origina en la cavidad oral, principalmente en lesiones bacterianas que sufren los dientes. La compleja anatomía de la cabeza y el cuello, permiten que muchas de estas infecciones se diseminen por espacios profundos, llegando a comprometer órganos o regiones anatómicas adyacentes, que pueden llevar a cuadros clínicos de alto riesgo vital. Los casos clínicos presentados en este artículo corresponden a pacientes tratados en el hospital San Juan de Dios a causa de procesos infecciosos del territorio maxilofacial, por equipos multidisciplinarios.
ABSTRACT: Infections in the maxillofacial territory are frequent cases of polymicrobial origin, with very variable clinical manifestations and are associated with multiple entering pathways of microorganisms in the territory. A large percentage of these infections originate in the oral cavity, mainly in bacterial lesions that undergo experienced by the teeth. The complex anatomy of the head and neck allows many of these infections to spread through deep spaces, leading to compromising adjacent organs or anatomical regions, which can lead to high-risk clinical conditions. The clinical cases presented in this article correspond to patients treated at the San Juan de Dios hospital because of infectious processes of the maxillofacial territory, by multidisciplinary teams.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Idoso , Doenças Maxilares/cirurgia , Doenças Maxilares/microbiologia , Doenças Maxilares/tratamento farmacológico , Face/microbiologia , Drenagem , Fasciite Necrosante/complicações , Tumor de Pott/complicações , Infecções/cirurgia , Infecções/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Olive oil, obtained from Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) fruits, is an important ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate olive oil analysis using capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review covers a selection of the literature published on this topic over the past decade. The current state of the art of the topic is evaluated, with special emphasis on separation conditions, analysis purpose, and analytes investigated. CE has been used to characterize or to carry out authenticity studies. Particular attention has been focused on the botanical origin because high-quality monovarietal olive oils have been recently introduced on the markets and their quality control requires the development of new and powerful analytical tools as well as new regulations to avoid fraud. CE represents a good compromise between sample throughput, sample volume, satisfactory characterization, and sustainability for the analysis of target compounds present in olive oils.
Assuntos
Eletroforese Capilar , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Aminoácidos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Betaína/análise , Clorofila/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Frutas/química , Olea/química , Azeite de Oliva , Fenóis/análise , Controle de Qualidade , Tocoferóis/análiseRESUMO
OBJETIVO: determinar los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los clínicos de los municipios Playa, Lisa y Marianao en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. MÉTODOS: previo consentimiento informado de los clínicos que prestaban servicios en la red de policlínicos y hospitales de los municipios antes mencionados en el período que se realizó la investigación (89 de 103), se les aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis. La preparación de la encuesta pasó por 4 fases: 1) entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; 2) preparación de un cuestionario preliminar sobre la base de los resultados de esas entrevistas; 3) sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos y 4) validación de este mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. RESULTADOS: se evidenció que en relación con la giardiasis y, de manera particular, con las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a esta, los clínicos de los citados municipios mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue de 7,46), percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas. CONCLUSIONES: se hace necesario una intervención de tipo académica, que haga énfasis en los aspectos formativos relacionados con las enfermedades parasitarias, en general y la giardiasis, en particular.
OBJECTIVE: to determine the knowledges, perceptions and practices of clinicians from Playa, Lisa and Marianao municipalities related to Giardia lamblia infection. METHODS: subject to informed consent from clinicians provided services in polyclinic and hospital network of above mentioned municipalities during the research period (89 of 103), we applied a survey on knowledges, perceptions and practices related to this parasitosis. Survey preparation had 4 phases: Interviews to diagnosis-related physicians, giardiasis treatment and control; Preparation of preliminary questionnaire based on results from those interviews; Instrument submission to expert criteria and its validation according to its application to a small group of physicians. RESULTS: we evidenced that in relation with giardiasis and particularly, with skin manifestations associated with it, clinicians of mentioned municipalities had insufficient knowledges (from 19 question marks assessing cognitive features, mean of correct answers among the participants was of 7.46), inappropriate perceptions and wrong practices. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary an academic intervention emphasizing in formative features related to parasitic diseases in general and the giardiasis in particular.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) plasma levels are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD). We examined the potential association between Hcy, folate, vitamin B(12) levels and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in patients with cerebral infarct caused by sCAD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 39 patients who survived a cerebral infarct caused by sCAD [20 (51%) women; 24 (61.5%) vertebral and 15 (38.5%) internal carotid arteries], and 76 healthy control subjects were included. Hcy plasma levels (fasting and after methionine load), folate and vitamin B(12) levels were measured. We also performed polymorphisms of MTHFR. Hcy, vitamin B(12), folates and polymorphisms of MTHFR were assessed and any associations were analyzed using multivariate statistics. RESULTS: Mean plasma fasting Hcy level was 9.81 mumol/l for cases and 6.38 for controls (p = 0.001). The occurrence of sCAD was associated with elevated fasting Hcy levels (>95th percentile over the control group) with an adjusted odds ratio of 7.9 (95% CI 1.66-35). The association between low plasma folate values (<5th percentile) and the presence of CAD was 7.9 (95% CI 1.6-31) after adjusting for confounding variables. The distribution of the MTHFR genotype showed a higher TT mutant frequency among CAD patients (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: High plasma concentrations of Hcy and low plasma levels of folate were associated with an increased risk of sCAD in the sample studied. We conclude that deficiencies in nutritional status may contribute to the relatively high incidence of CAD in Mexico.
Assuntos
Dissecação da Artéria Carótida Interna/etiologia , Artérias Cerebrais , Infarto Cerebral/etiologia , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Homocisteína/sangue , Hiper-Homocisteinemia/complicações , Estado Nutricional , Dissecação da Artéria Vertebral/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Dissecação da Artéria Carótida Interna/sangue , Dissecação da Artéria Carótida Interna/complicações , Dissecação da Artéria Carótida Interna/etnologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infarto Cerebral/sangue , Infarto Cerebral/etnologia , Infarto Cerebral/genética , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Hiper-Homocisteinemia/sangue , Masculino , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional/etnologia , Razão de Chances , Polimorfismo Genético , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Dissecação da Artéria Vertebral/sangue , Dissecação da Artéria Vertebral/complicações , Dissecação da Artéria Vertebral/etnologia , Dissecação da Artéria Vertebral/genética , Vitamina B 12/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis. Through a case-control study, we examined the potential association among homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 levels, and the common C677-->T mutation in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). METHODS: Forty-five patients with CVT and 90 control subjects were studied. Plasma levels of homocysteine (fasting and after methionine load), folate, and vitamin B12 were measured. Genotyping of the MTHFR gene was also performed. The estimated risk of CVT associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, low vitamin levels, and MTHFR mutation were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and its 95% CI (crude and after adjusting by other independent variables). RESULTS: The adjusted OR for CVT associated with high (>90th percentile) fasting levels of homocysteine was 4.6 (1.6 to 12.8). The association between low plasma folate values (<10th percentile) and presence of CVT was 3.5 (1.2 to 10.0) after adjustment for confounding factors. There was a higher frequency of MTHFR mutation in patients with CVT (22% versus 10%), but it was not statistically significant (P=0.098). Patients with MTHFR mutation and low folate levels presented the highest homocysteine levels. CONCLUSIONS: High plasma concentrations of homocysteine and low plasma folate levels were associated with an increased risk of CVT in this population in which low socioeconomic conditions and deficient nutritional status may contribute to its relatively high incidence.
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Ácido Fólico/sangue , Hiper-Homocisteinemia/complicações , Trombose Intracraniana/sangue , Trombose Intracraniana/genética , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Hiper-Homocisteinemia/epidemiologia , Incidência , Trombose Intracraniana/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Estado Nutricional , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Las enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA), constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil al nivel mundial. En los últimos años han sido descubiertos algunos virus asociados con la producción de manifestaciones diarreicas, y esto se corrobora con la presencia de partículas virales observadas al microscopio electrónico en heces fecales de pacientes con episodios de diarreas. Entre los agentes virales asociados con enfermedad diarreicas, son los rotavirus los de mayor importancia médica, por lo que la detección, la identificación, los estudios de inmunización, así como la obtención de una vacuna para la prevención de este agente infeccioso, resultan de gran valor epidemiológico, puesto que la gastroenteritis viral es causa de deshidratación en casi aproximadamente 500 000 niños anualmente, tanto en países desarrollados como en subdesarrollados, y resulta en costos médicos directos de $ 264 millones y $ 1 billón de costos totales para la sociedad.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , Infecções por RotavirusRESUMO
La lidocaína es un anestésico local ampliamente utilizado en la práctica clínica que también ha sido usado como complemento de la anestesia general. Se estudiaron 13 pacientes adultos programados para procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos, en los cuales se determinó la farmacocinética de la administración de un bolo IV de lidocaína (1.5 mg/kg), como un paso inicial para determinar la dosis IV adecuada para infusión de lidocaína durante procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos, como complemento de la anestesia general. Durante un periodo de 5 horas, se obtuvieron muestras de sangre arterial que fueron ensayadas para determinación de lidocaína plasmática mediante el método de immunoanálisis enzimático. El aclaramiento plasmático de la lidocaína con respecto al tiempo se ajustó a una ecuación biexponencial mediante el método de regresión no lineal de los mínimos cuadrados. Se compararon a la vez preparaciones comerciales de lidocaína, sin encontrar diferencias significativas