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The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

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The species Haemonchus contortus occurs in many regions worldwide, mainly parasitising small ruminants and economically impacting animal production. Climate change is considered a driving force for the risk of diseases caused by helminths and can also affect relationships between parasites and their hosts, with the potential to cause losses in both animal production and biodiversity in general. The aim of this study was to model the potential distribution of H. contortus in South America. We used MaxEnt to perform the analyses and describe the contribution of important bioclimatic variables involved in the species distribution. Our results show that H. contortus colonised most of the areas with habitats that suit the species' environmental requirements and that this parasite presents habitat suitability in a future scenario. Understanding the effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of parasite species is essential for monitoring these pathogens, in addition to predicting the areas that tend to present future parasite outbreaks and identify opportunities to mitigate the impacts of the emergence of diseases caused by these organisms.

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The aim of this study was evaluate to seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats worldwide and the main risk factors associated from 2000 to 2020, through meta-analysis with 55,317 goats from 75 reports published in seven electronic databases of major global importance. A global seroprevalence detected was 27.49% (95% CI 24.15-30.95; I2 = 99%), with the lowest percentage in Asia (20.74%; 95% CI 16.45-25.39) and highest in Central America (62.15%; 95% CI 57.28-66.90) and Europe (31.53%; 95% CI 21.71-42.26). The seropositivity in Africa and South America were (29.41%; 95% CI 19.11-40.89) and (29.76%; 95% CI 25.84-33.83), respectively. The seroprevalence was associated with presence of cats (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.30-3.82), goats older than one year (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1, 37-2.29), females (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.23-1.65), rearing system (extensive vs. intensive) (OR 4.82; 95% CI 1.96-11, 84) and rearing system (semi-intensive vs. intensive) (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.48-6.13). The heterogeneity was evidenced in most world regions and the risk factors may play roles in varying the seroprevalence.

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The aim of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Maranhão State, Brazil, and identify risk factors associated with infection. In total, 338 buffaloes of different ages and both sexes from four farms were randomly selected. Information about the study region, animals and management was collected using an epidemiological questionnaire. Sera were subjected to an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to detect anti-N caninum antibodies, while N. caninum DNA was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in buffaloes was 27.5% (93/338), while DNA was detected in 3.0% (3/101) samples. The proportion of positive animals detected by IFAT and PCR simultaneously was 2.6% (2/77). The risk factors for N. caninum infection were contact with fomites (p = 0.022), management conditions (p = 0.005), calving interval of 20 months (p = 0.010) and deworming management (application 3 times a year in adults and calves, p = 0.020; change of anthelmintic group, p = 0.040). By multivariate analysis, management conditions was a risk factor for N. caninum infection with odds ratio of 2.2 (95% CI 1.0-4.6). This is the first report of the prevalence and risk factors for neosporosis in B. bubalis of Maranhão State, Brazil. Thus, N. caninum is widely distributed in buffalo herds in Maranhão, with management conditions being a risk factor for infection. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the importance of buffaloes in the epidemiology of neosporosis in Maranhão State.

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We estimated the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. In addition, the variables related to these animals and the management of the farm were investigated in terms of the significance of the associations. In total, 383 serum samples from goats, of both sexes and different ages, were collected from 15 farms in four municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in goats was 26.4% (101/382; IC 95% 22.3-31.1), and 114 out of 383 serum samples were T. gondii-seropositive (29.8%, IC 95% 25.4-34.5). In addition, the seroprevalence of coinfection of T. gondii and N. caninum in goats was 8.6% (33/382; IC 95% 6.2-11.8). The risk factors significantly associated with the seroprevalence of N. caninum were age, type of sheepfold floor, rearing system, feeding, pasture area cultivated, cats having access to the feed deposits, worming, slaughter place of the animals, history of abortion and the presence of dogs and cats. Regarding the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection, age, category, presence of other species and purpose of breeding were the risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum and T. gondii in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, which provides basic data for the implementation of strategies and control measures against neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.

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Nematodes develop resistance to the most common commercially available drugs. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the action of protein exudates from Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mangium, and Stylosanthes capitata seeds on the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. The exuded proteins were precipitated, dialyzed, lyophilized, and assessed for their effect on egg hatching and artificial larval exsheathment inhibition. Proteome analysis of the protein extracts was also performed. Although no egg-hatching inhibition was observed, all exudates showed efficacy in inhibiting the larval exsheathment of H. contortus larvae with an EC50 varying from 0.61 to 0.26 mg P mL-1. Proteomic analysis revealed the presence of proteases, protease inhibitors, chitinases, and lectins among other proteins in the exudates. Most of the exuded proteins belong to the oxidative stress/plant defense and energy/carbohydrate metabolism functional clusters. This study concluded that the bioactive proteins from different classes exuded by seeds of M. caesalpiniifolia, L. leucocephala, A. mangium, and S. capitata show stage-specific inhibition against H. contortus.

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This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response in pigs immunized intranasally and intramuscularly with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii rROP2 protein in combination with the adjuvant Iscomatrix. Twelve mixed breed pigs divided into three groups (n=4) were used, G1 received recombinant ROP2 proteins (200 µg/dose) plus Iscomatrix, G2 received PBS plus Iscomatrix, and G3 as the control group. The intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes were used. Animals were challenged orally with VEG strain oocysts and treated on day three after challenge. Fever, anorexia, and prostration were the clinical signs observed in all animals. All the G1 animals produced antibodies above the cut-off on the day of the challenge, while the G2 and G3 remained below the cut-off. Better partial protection against parasitemia and cyst tissue formation was observed in G1 than G3. The protection factors against tissue cyst formation were 40.0% and 6.1% for G1 and G2, respectively, compared to G3. In conclusion, there were not systemic antibody responses in pigs with IN immunization with rROP2+Iscomatrix; however, after IM immunization, those animals produced higher titers than animal controls. We associated these results with partial protection obtained against parasitemia and tissue cysts formation.

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This meta-analysis aimed to estimate N. caninum seroprevalence in goats worldwide to determine the main risk factors for seropositivity that could be associated with parasite infection in herds. Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and the VHL Regional Portal. Firstly, 367 articles were identified. After removing duplicates and non-eligible papers. A total of 36 articles were selected, which contained information concerning 22,234 goats, between 2004-2019. The combined seroprevalence of infection using a meta-analysis of the random effects model was 5.99 % (95 %, CI 4.38-7.83). The overall estimated N. caninum seroprevalence showed high heterogeneity, I2 = 97 %. The present study showed that seropositive goats were 3.07 times more likely to abort (OR 3.07; 95 % CI 1.02-9.22) than seronegative animals. The presence of dogs on farms also increased the odds of N. caninum seropositivity (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.01-1.94). In addition, male animals had higher odds of being seropositive to neosporosis than females (OR 1.31; 95 % CI 1.00-1.71). N. caninum seroprevalence in goats is widely distributed worldwide, with the American continent having a higher proportion of seropositive animals.

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Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are important protozoa in cattle production. Neosporosis is responsible for reproductive failures in cattle, constituting one of the main causes of abortion and leading to significant economic losses in dairy farming. Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan disease of great importance in the context of public health and animal production. Considering the lack of available data on the subject for the studied region, the objective of the present study was to detect the seroprevalence of antibodies against N. caninum and T. gondii in dairy cows in the municipality of Toledo, Western Paraná, Brazil and to assess how to detect factors associated with risk or protection. Serology was performed with serum samples from 390 dairy cows from 58 farms by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) reaction using cutoff point 100 for N. caninum and 64 for T. gondii. The analysis of associations between seropositivity and the variables detected in the properties was also performed. The seroprevalence for Neospora caninum was 15.4% (60/390; CI 95% 12.4-19.3) and for Toxoplasma gondii was 38.7% (151/390; CI 95% 34.0-43.6). The prevalence of co-infection was 8.72% (34/390; CI 95% 6.31-11.94). For N. caninum, the presence of abortion was observed as a risk factor (OR= 5.32). With T. gondii, the presence of abortion was found to be a risk factor (OR= 2.09) and properties with 10 or more lactating animals was found to be a protection factor (OR= 0.56). Abortion was also detected as a factor associated with the risk of co-infection (OR= 11.80). Through serological diagnosis, the present study showed that protozoa are widely distributed among dairy cattle in the region, and control and prophylaxis measures should be adopted in the studied animal population. Because abortion is a risk associated with N. caninum, T. gondii, and the two agents surveyed (co-infection), all reproductive disorders detected in cattle should include neosporosis and toxoplasmosis as a differential diagnosis.(AU)

Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii são protozoários importantes na cadeia produtiva dos bovinos. A neosporose é responsável por falhas reprodutivas nesta espécie, constituindo uma das principais causas de abortamento, levando a significativas perdas econômicas na pecuária leiteira. A toxoplasmose é uma doença cosmopolita, com grande importância no contexto de saúde pública e produção animal. Considerando a escassez de dados disponíveis sobre o tema para a região estudada, o objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra N. caninum e T. gondii em fêmeas de bovinos leiteiros no município de Toledo, Oeste do Paraná, Brasil, bem como detectar os fatores associados ao risco ou proteção. A sorologia foi realizada com amostras de soro de 390 fêmeas bovinas leiteiras provenientes de 58 propriedades rurais, pela reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) utilizando ponto de corte 100 para o N. caninum e 64 para o T. gondii. Também foi procedida as análises das associações entre a soropositividade e as variáveis detectadas nas propriedades. A soroprevalência encontrada para o Neospora caninum foi de 15,4% (60/390; IC 95% 12,4-19,3) e para o Toxoplasma gondii foi de 38,7% (151/390; IC 95% 34,0-43,6), sendo que a co-infecção detectada foi de 8,72% (34/390; IC 95% 6,31-11,94). Para o N. caninum foi observado como fator associado ao risco a presença de aborto (OR= 5,32). Já para o T. gondii, como fatores associados ao risco, foi encontrado a presença de aborto (OR= 2,09) e como fator associado à proteção, foi detectado propriedades com 10 ou mais animais em lactação (OR= 0,56). O aborto foi também detectado como um fator associado ao risco da co-infecção (OR= 11,80). Através do diagnóstico sorológico o presente estudo evidenciou que os protozoários estão amplamente distribuídos entre os bovinos leiteiros da região e medidas de controle e profilaxia devem ser adotadas na população animal estudada. Devido ao aborto ser uma associação de risco para o N. caninum, para o T. gondii e para os dois agentes pesquisados (co-infecção), todas as desordens reprodutivas detectadas em bovinos devem incluir a neosporose e a toxoplasmose como diagnóstico diferencial.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response in pigs immunized intranasally and intramuscularly with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii rROP2 protein in combination with the adjuvant Iscomatrix. Twelve mixed breed pigs divided into three groups (n=4) were used, G1 received recombinant ROP2 proteins (200 µg/dose) plus Iscomatrix, G2 received PBS plus Iscomatrix, and G3 as the control group. The intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes were used. Animals were challenged orally with VEG strain oocysts and treated on day three after challenge. Fever, anorexia, and prostration were the clinical signs observed in all animals. All the G1 animals produced antibodies above the cut-off on the day of the challenge, while the G2 and G3 remained below the cut-off. Better partial protection against parasitemia and cyst tissue formation was observed in G1 than G3. The protection factors against tissue cyst formation were 40.0% and 6.1% for G1 and G2, respectively, compared to G3. In conclusion, there were not systemic antibody responses in pigs with IN immunization with rROP2+Iscomatrix; however, after IM immunization, those animals produced higher titers than animal controls. We associated these results with partial protection obtained against parasitemia and tissue cysts formation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta imune humoral em suínos imunizados pelas vias intranasal e intramuscular com proteínas recombinantes rROP2 do Toxoplasma gondii associadas ao adjuvante Iscomatrix. Doze suínos cruzados divididos em 3 grupos (n=4) foram utilizados. O G1 recebeu proteína recombinante ROP2 (200mg/dose) associada ao adjuvante Iscomatrix; o G2 recebeu PBS associado ao Iscomatrix; e o G3 foi o grupo controle. As vias intranasal (IN) e intramuscular (IM) foram utilizadas. Os animais foram desafiados por via oral com a cepa VEG e tratados no dia três após o desafio. Febre, anorexia e prostração foram os sinais clínicos observados em todos os animais. Todos os animais do G1 produziram anticorpos acima do ponto de corte no dia do desafio, enquanto os animais do G2 e G3 permaneceram abaixo do ponto de corte no desafio. Proteção parcial contra parasitemia e formação de cistos teciduais foram observadas nos suínos do G1 comparados ao G3. Os fatores de proteção contra a formação de cistos teciduais foram 40,0% e 6,1% no G1 e G2, respectivamente, comparados com o G3. Como conclusão, não houve estimulação da resposta imune humoral sistêmica nos suínos após as imunizações IN com rROP2+Iscomatrix. Estes animais, porém, após a imunização IM, produziram títulos de anticorpos mais altos que os animais controles. Esses resultados foram associados a uma proteção parcial contra a parasitemia e formação de cistos teciduais.(AU)

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Neosporosis, a parasitic disease prevalent worldwide, is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, an obligatory intracellular parasite that can cause abortions and infertility in females, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against N. caninum in dairy cattle, and the occurrence of antibodies in dogs from farms in the municipality of Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, eighteen months after the primary study, an analysis to determine the incidence, seroconversion, and occurrence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was conducted in cows. Sampling was carried out in two phases: during the first one, 400 dairy cattle and 50 dog blood samples from 40 farms were collected. During the second phase, blood samples were collected from 119 cows belonging to 16 farms visited 18 months before. Serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) with titers ≥ 100 for cattle and ≥ 50 for dogs considered as positives. The occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum was 15.0% (60/400) and 14.0% (7/50) for cattle and dogs, respectively. After 18 months, the observed incidence of antibodies was 7.4% (4/54), the conversion detected was 71.4% (seropositive to seronegative) and 7.4% (seronegative to seropositive animals), and the observed occurrence was 7.56% (9/119). The calculated odds ratio (OR) was significant (p < 0.05) for abortions, presence of dogs, and parturition stalls. However, protection factors were identified in 2- to 4-year-old dairy cattle and in the number of lactating cows ≤ 10 animals. Thus, the presence of antibodies against N. caninum in the studied suggested both vertical and horizontal transmission are occurring in cattle.

A neosporose é uma doença parasitária de distribuição mundial, cujo agente etiológico é o protozoário intracelular obrigatório Neospora caninum, o qual pode causar abortamentos e infertilidade em fêmeas, promovendo elevados prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra N. caninum em bovinos de leite e a ocorrência de anticorpos em cães destas propriedades do município de Cunha, São Paulo, Brasil. Como segunda etapa, 18 meses após o primeiro estudo, foi conduzido outro estudo em vacas para determinar da incidência, soroconversão e ocorrência de anti-N. caninum. As colheitas foram realizadas em duas fases. Na primeira, participaram do estudo 400 bovinos de leite e 50 cães pertencentes a 40 propriedades rurais. Na segunda fase, foram efetuadas novas colheitas em 119 vacas de 16 propriedades já anteriormente visitadas na fase 1. Amostras de soro foram analisadas por imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) com títulos ≥100 para bovinos e ≥50 para cães foram considerados positivos. A ocorrência de anticorpos contra N. caninum foi de 15,0% (60/400) e 14,0% (7/50) para bovinos e cães respectivamente. Após 18 meses a incidência de anticorpos observada foi de 7,4% (4/54), a conversão detectada foi de 71,4% (animais soropositivos para soronegativos) e 7,4% (animais soronegativos para soropositivos) e a ocorrência observada foi de 7,56% (9/119). O “odds ratio” (OR) calculado revelou significância estatística (p < 0,05) para os seguintes fatores; abortamentos, propriedades com cães, e piquetes de parição. No entanto, fatores associados a proteção da positividade foram identificados entre; vacas entre 2 a 4 anos de idade, e o número de vacas em lactação ≤10 animais. Neste trabalho foi revelada a presença do N. caninum circulando na região estudada, sugerindo o papel de fêmeas bovinas e cães como transmissores do agente etiológico...

Assuntos

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Neosporosis, a parasitic disease prevalent worldwide, is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, an obligatory intracellular parasite that can cause abortions and infertility in females, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against N. caninum in dairy cattle, and the occurrence of antibodies in dogs from farms in the municipality of Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, eighteen months after the primary study, an analysis to determine the incidence, seroconversion, and occurrence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was conducted in cows. Sampling was carried out in two phases: during the first one, 400 dairy cattle and 50 dog blood samples from 40 farms were collected. During the second phase, blood samples were collected from 119 cows belonging to 16 farms visited 18 months before. Serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) with titers ≥ 100 for cattle and ≥ 50 for dogs considered as positives. The occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum was 15.0% (60/400) and 14.0% (7/50) for cattle and dogs, respectively. After 18 months, the observed incidence of antibodies was 7.4% (4/54), the conversion detected was 71.4% (seropositive to seronegative) and 7.4% (seronegative to seropositive animals), and the observed occurrence was 7.56% (9/119). The calculated odds ratio (OR) was significant (p < 0.05) for abortions, presence of dogs, and parturition stalls. However, protection factors were identified in 2- to 4-year-old dairy cattle and in the number of lactating cows ≤ 10 animals. Thus, the presence of antibodies against N. caninum in the studied suggested both vertical and horizontal transmission are occurring in cattle.(AU)

A neosporose é uma doença parasitária de distribuição mundial, cujo agente etiológico é o protozoário intracelular obrigatório Neospora caninum, o qual pode causar abortamentos e infertilidade em fêmeas, promovendo elevados prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra N. caninum em bovinos de leite e a ocorrência de anticorpos em cães destas propriedades do município de Cunha, São Paulo, Brasil. Como segunda etapa, 18 meses após o primeiro estudo, foi conduzido outro estudo em vacas para determinar da incidência, soroconversão e ocorrência de anti-N. caninum. As colheitas foram realizadas em duas fases. Na primeira, participaram do estudo 400 bovinos de leite e 50 cães pertencentes a 40 propriedades rurais. Na segunda fase, foram efetuadas novas colheitas em 119 vacas de 16 propriedades já anteriormente visitadas na fase 1. Amostras de soro foram analisadas por imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) com títulos ≥100 para bovinos e ≥50 para cães foram considerados positivos. A ocorrência de anticorpos contra N. caninum foi de 15,0% (60/400) e 14,0% (7/50) para bovinos e cães respectivamente. Após 18 meses a incidência de anticorpos observada foi de 7,4% (4/54), a conversão detectada foi de 71,4% (animais soropositivos para soronegativos) e 7,4% (animais soronegativos para soropositivos) e a ocorrência observada foi de 7,56% (9/119). O “odds ratio” (OR) calculado revelou significância estatística (p < 0,05) para os seguintes fatores; abortamentos, propriedades com cães, e piquetes de parição. No entanto, fatores associados a proteção da positividade foram identificados entre; vacas entre 2 a 4 anos de idade, e o número de vacas em lactação ≤10 animais. Neste trabalho foi revelada a presença do N. caninum circulando na região estudada, sugerindo o papel de fêmeas bovinas e cães como transmissores do agente etiológico...(AU)

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Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite that has worldwide distribution and is responsible for enormous economic losses in cattle. Birds are considered a good bioindicator of environmental contamination, since they feed on the ground, being exposed to N. caninum oocysts. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum and to verify the presence of parasite DNA in brain from free-ranging eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) from Southern Brazil. For this purpose, blood and brain samples were collected from 249 doves for ELISA and PCR analysis respectively. The prevalence of N. caninum antibodies in doves was 31.72% (79/249) and detection of parasite DNA was not observed in none of birds. This is the first report of antibodies against N. caninum in doves Z. auriculata, what show us that these birds had previously contact with the parasite but since no N. caninum DNA was detected, more studies should be performed to elucidate the real importance of doves in the epidemiologic cycle of the N. caninum.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate oocyst shedding in cats immunized by nasal route with T. gondii proteins ROP2. Twelve short hair cats (Felis catus) were divided in three groups G1, G2 and G3 (n=4). Animals from G1 received 100 µg of rROP2 proteins plus 20 µg of Quil-A, G2 received 100 µg of BSA plus 20 µg of Quil-A, and the G3 only saline solution (control group). All treatments were done by intranasal route at days 0, 21, 42, and 63. The challenge was performed in all groups on day 70 with ≅ 800 tissue cysts of ME-49 strain by oral route. Animals from G1 shed less oocysts (86.7%) than control groups. ELISA was used to detect anti-rROP2 IgG and IgA, however, there were no correlation between number of oocyst shedding by either IgG or IgA antibody levels. In the present work, in spite of lesser oocysts production in immunized group than control groups, it was not possible to associate the use of rROP2 via nostrils with protection against oocyst shedding. For the future, the use of either other recombinant proteins or DNA vaccine, in combination with rROP2 could be tested to try improving the efficacy of this kind of vaccine.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate oocyst shedding in cats immunized by nasal route with T. gondii proteins ROP2. Twelve short hair cats (Felis catus) were divided in three groups G1, G2 and G3 (n=4). Animals from G1 received 100 μg of rROP2 proteins plus 20 μg of Quil-A, G2 received 100 μg of BSA plus 20 μg of Quil-A, and the G3 only saline solution (control group). All treatments were done by intranasal route at days 0, 21, 42, and 63. The challenge was performed in all groups on day 70 with ≅ 800 tissue cysts of ME-49 strain by oral route. Animals from G1 shed less oocysts (86.7%) than control groups. ELISA was used to detect anti-rROP2 IgG and IgA, however, there were no correlation between number of oocyst shedding by either IgG or IgA antibody levels. In the present work, in spite of lesser oocysts production in immunized group than control groups, it was not possible to associate the use of rROP2 via nostrils with protection against oocyst shedding. For the future, the use of either other recombinant proteins or DNA vaccine, in combination with rROP2 could be tested to try improving the efficacy of this kind of vaccine.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eliminação de oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii em gatos imunizados pela via nasal com proteínas ROP2 de T. gondii. Doze gatos sem raça definida (Felis catus) foram divididos em três grupos experimentais G1, G2 e G3 (n = 4). Os animais do G1 receberam 100 μg de proteínas de rROP2 mais 20 μg de Quil-A, G2 recebeu 100 μg de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) junto com 20 μg de Quil-A, e o G3 recebeu apenas solução salina (grupo de controle). Todos os tratamentos foram realizados pela via intranasal nos dias 0, 21, 42 e 63. O desafio foi realizado em todos os grupos no dia 70 com aproximadamente 800 cistos de tecido da cepa ME-49 por via oral. Os animais de todos os grupos tiveram as suas fezes examinadas e o número de oocistos foi determinado durante 20 dias após o desafio. Os animais de G1 eliminaram menos oocistos (86,7%) do que os grupos controles. O ELISA foi utilizado para detectar IgG e IgA anti-rROP2, no entanto, não houve correlação entre o número de eliminhação de oocistos com os níveis de anticorpos IgG ou IgA. No presente trabalho, apesar da menor produção de oocistos no grupo imunizado (G1) em relação aos grupos controles (G2 e G3), não foi possível associar o uso de rROP2 pela via nasal com proteção contra eliminação de oocistos de T. gondii. Para o futuro, a utilização de outras proteínas recombinantes, ou mesmo vacina de DNA, em combinação com rROP2 poderia ser utilizada para tentar melhorar a eficácia deste tipo de vacina.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate oocyst shedding in cats immunized by nasal route with T. gondiiproteins ROP2. Twelve short hair cats (Felis catus) were divided in three groups G1, G2 and G3 (n=4). Animals from G1 received 100 μg of rROP2 proteins plus 20 μg of Quil-A, G2 received 100 μg of BSA plus 20 μg of Quil-A, and the G3 only saline solution (control group). All treatments were done by intranasal route at days 0, 21, 42, and 63. The challenge was performed in all groups on day 70 with ≅ 800 tissue cysts of ME-49 strain by oral route. Animals from G1 shed less oocysts (86.7%) than control groups. ELISA was used to detect anti-rROP2 IgG and IgA, however, there were no correlation between number of oocyst shedding by either IgG or IgA antibody levels. In the present work, in spite of lesser oocysts production in immunized group than control groups, it was not possible to associate the use of rROP2 via nostrils with protection against oocyst shedding. For the future, the use of either other recombinant proteins or DNA vaccine, in combination with rROP2 could be tested to try improving the efficacy of this kind of vaccine. (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eliminação de oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii em gatos imunizados pela via nasal com proteínas ROP2 de T. gondii. Doze gatos sem raça definida (Felis catus) foram divididos em três grupos experimentais G1, G2 e G3 (n = 4). Os animais do G1 receberam 100 μg de proteínas de rROP2 mais 20 μg de Quil-A, G2 recebeu 100 μg de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) junto com 20 μg de Quil-A, e o G3 recebeu apenas solução salina (grupo de controle). Todos os tratamentos foram realizados pela via intranasal nos dias 0, 21, 42 e 63. O desafio foi realizado em todos os grupos no dia 70 com aproximadamente 800 cistos de tecido da cepa ME-49 por via oral. Os animais de todos os grupos tiveram as suas fezes examinadas e o número de oocistos foi determinado durante 20 dias após o desafio. Os animais de G1 eliminaram menos oocistos (86,7%) do que os grupos controles. O ELISA foi utilizado para detectar IgG e IgA anti-rROP2, no entanto, não houve correlação entre o número de eliminhação de oocistos com os níveis de anticorpos IgG ou IgA. No presente trabalho, apesar da menor produção de oocistos no grupo imunizado (G1) em relação aos grupos controles (G2 e G3), não foi possível associar o uso de rROP2 pela via nasal com proteção contra eliminação de oocistos de T. gondii. Para o futuro, a utilização de outras proteínas recombinantes, ou mesmo vacina de DNA, em combinação com rROP2 poderia ser utilizada para tentar melhorar a eficácia deste tipo de vacina.(AU)

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RESUMO

Neospora caninum é um protozoário coccídio de difusão mundial que causa prejuízos econômicos no criatório. Para levantar a frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em rebanhos leiteiros no município de Parauapebas, Região Sudeste do Estado do Pará, 465 amostras de soros procedentes de 45 propriedades foram submetidas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte 1:100). Foi determinada a frequência de 13,33% de anticorpos anti-N. caninum com a seguinte distribuição de títulos: 27(43,55 %) no título 100; 14 (22,58 %) no 200; 16 (25,80%) no 400 e 5 (8,07 %) no 800, nenhum soro com título >800 e pelo menos um animal positivo na maioria das propriedades. A maior frequência ocorreu entre as fêmeas, sem diferença significativa na frequência entre os sexos (Teste exato de Fisher=0,59, P=0,99); animais de dois anos apresentaram a maior frequência, embora seu número fosse menor que os de idade >5 anos, sem diferença significativa na frequência entre faixas etárias ((?2=2,1, p=0,71); não foi observada diferença significativa entre frequência e ocorrência de aborto (?2=2,3, p=0,13) e frequência e presença de cães nas propriedades (?2=0,26, p=0,60). Ações de vigilância sanitária são recomendadas para prevenir a entrada de novas fontes de N. caninum e controlar sua difusão nos rebanhos.(AU)

Neospora caninum is a coccidian protozoan that affects cattle worldwide causing economic losses. To survey the frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies in dairy herds in the municipality of Parauapebas, Southeast of Pará, samples of 465 sera from 45 farms were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assay (cutoff 1:100). Anti-N. caninum antibodies were found with a frequency of 13,33% with the following titer distribution: 27 (43,55%) for titer 100; 14 (22,58%) for 200; 16 (25,80%) for 400, and 5 (8,07%) for 800; no serum titers more than 800 was noted, but at least one positive animal was present in most farms. The highest frequency occurred among females, with no significant difference in frequency between the sexes (Fisher exact test = 0,59, P = 0,99); 2-year-old animals had the highest frequency, although their numbers were lesser than those aged >5 years, with no significant difference in frequency between the age groups (?2 = 2,1, P = 0,71). No significant difference was observed between the frequency and occurrence of abortion (?2 = 2,3, P = 0,13) and frequency and presence of dogs in the farms (?2 = 0,26, P = 0,60). Actions toward health monitoring are recommended to prevent the entry of new sources of N. caninum and to control its spread within herds.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Neospora caninum é um protozoário coccídio de difusão mundial que causa prejuízos econômicos no criatório. Para levantar a frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em rebanhos leiteiros no município de Parauapebas, Região Sudeste do Estado do Pará, 465 amostras de soros procedentes de 45 propriedades foram submetidas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte 1:100). Foi determinada a frequência de 13,33% de anticorpos anti-N. caninum com a seguinte distribuição de títulos: 27(43,55 %) no título 100; 14 (22,58 %) no 200; 16 (25,80%) no 400 e 5 (8,07 %) no 800, nenhum soro com título >800 e pelo menos um animal positivo na maioria das propriedades. A maior frequência ocorreu entre as fêmeas, sem diferença significativa na frequência entre os sexos (Teste exato de Fisher=0,59, P=0,99); animais de dois anos apresentaram a maior frequência, embora seu número fosse menor que os de idade >5 anos, sem diferença significativa na frequência entre faixas etárias ((?2=2,1, p=0,71); não foi observada diferença significativa entre frequência e ocorrência de aborto (?2=2,3, p=0,13) e frequência e presença de cães nas propriedades (?2=0,26, p=0,60). Ações de vigilância sanitária são recomendadas para prevenir a entrada de novas fontes de N. caninum e controlar sua difusão nos rebanhos.

Neospora caninum is a coccidian protozoan that affects cattle worldwide causing economic losses. To survey the frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies in dairy herds in the municipality of Parauapebas, Southeast of Pará, samples of 465 sera from 45 farms were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assay (cutoff 1:100). Anti-N. caninum antibodies were found with a frequency of 13,33% with the following titer distribution: 27 (43,55%) for titer 100; 14 (22,58%) for 200; 16 (25,80%) for 400, and 5 (8,07%) for 800; no serum titers more than 800 was noted, but at least one positive animal was present in most farms. The highest frequency occurred among females, with no significant difference in frequency between the sexes (Fisher exact test = 0,59, P = 0,99); 2-year-old animals had the highest frequency, although their numbers were lesser than those aged >5 years, with no significant difference in frequency between the age groups (?2 = 2,1, P = 0,71). No significant difference was observed between the frequency and occurrence of abortion (?2 = 2,3, P = 0,13) and frequency and presence of dogs in the farms (?2 = 0,26, P = 0,60). Actions toward health monitoring are recommended to prevent the entry of new sources of N. caninum and to control its spread within herds.

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RESUMO

Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), which are common in urban, rural and wild areas in many regions of Brazil, are frequently prey for domestic cats. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from doves may reflect greater environmental diversity than those from other hosts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate T. gondii seroprevalence, isolate and genotype strains from Z. auriculata. Serum and tissue samples were collected from 206 doves for use in the modified agglutination test (MAT) and mouse bioassay. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in the doves was 22.3% (46/206), with titers ranging from 16 to 4096, and T. gondii strains were isolated from 12 of these doves. Five genotypes were detected by means of PCR-RFLP, including ToxoDB genotypes #1, #6, #17 and #65, and one genotype that had not previously been described (ToxoDB#182). This was the first report on isolation of T. gondii from Z. auriculata. This study confirmed the genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates and the existence of clonal type II (ToxoDB genotype #1) in Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), which are common in urban, rural and wild areas in many regions of Brazil, are frequently prey for domestic cats. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from doves may reflect greater environmental diversity than those from other hosts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate T. gondii seroprevalence, isolate and genotype strains from Z. auriculata. Serum and tissue samples were collected from 206 doves for use in the modified agglutination test (MAT) and mouse bioassay. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in the doves was 22.3% (46/206), with titers ranging from 16 to 4096, and T. gondii strains were isolated from 12 of these doves. Five genotypes were detected by means of PCR-RFLP, including ToxoDB genotypes #1, #6, #17 and #65, and one genotype that had not previously been described (ToxoDB#182). This was the first report on isolation of T. gondii from Z. auriculata. This study confirmed the genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates and the existence of clonal type II (ToxoDB genotype #1) in Brazil.

Pombos silvestres (Zenaida auriculata), comuns em áreas urbanas, rurais e selvagens em muitas regiões do Brasil, são frequentemente predados por gatos domésticos. Sendo assim, os isolados de T. gondii obtidos de pombos podem refletir uma maior diversidade ambiental do que os outros hospedeiros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência, isolar e genotipar T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Amostras de soro e tecido foram coletadas de 206 pombos para o teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT) e o bioensaio em camundongos. A prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii em pombos foi 22,3% (46/206), com títulos variando de 16 a 4096, e T. gondii foi isolado de 12 pombos. Cinco genótipos foram detectados por PCR-RFLP, incluindo os genótipos ToxoDB #1, #6, #17, #65 e um genótipo não descrito anteriormente (ToxoDB#182). Esse é o primeiro relato de isolamento de T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Este estudo também confirmou a diversidade dos isolados de T. gondii e a presença de tipo clonal II (ToxoDB #1) no Brasil.

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