RESUMO
Berries come from hundreds of different species of plants spread around the world. Blackberries, blueberries and raspberries, for instance, are popular berries that have attracted attention for providing several benefits to human health. Wild berries from the Melastomataceae family are commonly encountered in the Amazon, although these small blue fruits are poorly consumed. Although domesticated fruits give better monetary profits, the consumption of wild fruits is a desirable option to afford income and/or food to communities at the same time as keep the Amazon region preserved. Aiming the divulgation of the nutritional potential of these plants, this paper describes the study of six species of Amazonian blueberries, five of them from the Clidemia genus and one from the Tococa genus, in regard to their nutritional and chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA). The levels of moisture, ash, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and the total caloric values obtained for the Amazonian blueberries were comparable to other common edible berries. Although the six species are similar in terms of nutritional composition, their anthocyanin profiles and contents are quite peculiar. Two non-methylated anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin, which bound to a variable number of sugars, characterized the berries of the genera Clidemia and Tococa. Clidemia japurensis, Clidemia hirta and Tococa bullifera were rich in tri-glycosylated anthocyanins, although differences are notable between them. Clidemia pustulata and Clidemia capitellata were characterized by the prevalence of mono-glycosylated anthocyanins, and Clidemia rubra showed a unique profile with mono- and di-glycosylated homologous as the main anthocyanins. In addition to their different chemical profiles, the concentrations of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds varied a lot among the six species studied. The species C. rubra had the highest total concentration of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Therefore, this study showed that the blueberries analyzed have potential to be better explored, which we suggest doing in a sustainable way, aiming at the preservation of the Amazon's biodiversity.
Assuntos
Mirtilos Azuis (Planta) , Melastomataceae , Antocianinas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Mirtilos Azuis (Planta)/química , Humanos , Fenóis/químicaRESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and malaria, caused by parasites from the Plasmodium genus, are two of the major causes of death due to infectious diseases in the world. Both diseases are treatable with drugs that have microbicidal properties against each of the etiologic agents. However, problems related to treatment compliance by patients and emergence of drug resistant microorganisms have been a major problem for combating TB and malaria. This factor is further complicated by the absence of highly effective vaccines that can prevent the infection with either M. tuberculosis or Plasmodium. However, certain host biological processes have been found to play a role in the promotion of infection or in the pathogenesis of each disease. These processes can be targeted by host-directed therapies (HDTs), which can be administered in conjunction with the standard drug treatments for each pathogen, aiming to accelerate their elimination or to minimize detrimental side effects resulting from exacerbated inflammation. In this review we discuss potential new targets for the development of HDTs revealed by recent advances in the knowledge of host-pathogen interaction biology, and present an overview of strategies that have been tested in vivo, either in experimental models or in patients.
Assuntos
Malária , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Plasmodium , Tuberculose , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Malária/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Irg1 is an enzyme that generates itaconate, a metabolite that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Previous studies have implicated Irg1 as an important mediator in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here, we investigated the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways by which Mtb triggers Irg1 gene expression by comparing the responses of control and genetically deficient BMDMs. Using this approach, we demonstrated partial roles for TLR-2 (but not TLR-4 or -9), MyD88 and NFκB signaling in Irg1 induction by Mtb bacilli. In addition, drug inhibition studies revealed major requirements for phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in Irg1 expression triggered by Mtb but not LPS or PAM3CSK4. Importantly, the Mtb-induced Irg1 response was highly dependent on the presence of the bacterial ESX-1 secretion system, as well as host STING and Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling with Type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling playing only a minimal role. Based on these findings we hypothesize that Mtb induces Irg1 expression in macrophages via the combination of two independent triggers both dependent on bacterial phagocytosis: 1) a major signal stimulated by phagocytized Mtb products released by an ESX-1-dependent mechanism into the cytosol where they activate the STING pathway leading to Type I-IFN production, and 2) a secondary TLR-2, MyD88 and NFκB dependent signal that enhances Irg1 production independently of Type I IFN induction.
Assuntos
Hidroliases , Macrófagos , Proteínas de Membrana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Receptor de Interferon alfa e beta , Receptor 2 Toll-Like , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Animais , Indução Enzimática , Hidroliases/biossíntese , Hidroliases/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Receptor de Interferon alfa e beta/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Tuberculose/metabolismo , Tuberculose/microbiologiaRESUMO
We evaluated the effect of adding proteases in diets of laying hens at peak production on the performance, egg quality, relative weight of digestive organs, and intestinal morphometry. Hy-Line W36 layer hens (390; 28-39 weeks old) were distributed in five treatments, with 13 animals each, with six replicates. The treatments were: control (standard formulation without nutritional reduction or protease inclusion), negative control A - NCA (nutritional reduction according to protease A matrix, without protease), negative control B - NCB (nutritional reduction according to protease B matrix, without protease), NCA + protease A, and NCB + protease B. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks, divided into three cycles of 28 days. Hens subjected to treatments (NCA and NCB) showed a decrease in feed intake. However, the addition of proteases A and B promoted improvement in this trait. The diets NCA and NCB had a negative influence on the production rate of the hens, but the diet supplementation with protease B resulted in significant improvement on egg laying rate. Hens subjected to nutritional reduction presented the worst results regarding mass and conversion by egg mass. However, the addition of enzymes reversed these results. Although the diets did not affect the relative weights of yolk, albumen, eggshell, Haugh unit, and specific gravity of the eggs, a higher eggshell thickness was observed in hens that received NCA, NCB, and NCB + protease B diets. The diets did not influence the relative weights of digestive organs and the small intestine morphometry. Hens fed diets supplemented with A and B have performance recovered in relation to those that received diets with reduced levels of nutrients.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peptídeo Hidrolases/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologiaRESUMO
As plantas são importantes para a biosfera e para os seres humanos de diversas maneiras. Entretanto, passam despercebidas para a maioria das pessoas, o que é conhecido como "Cegueira Botânica" (CB), que ameaça a existência de todos seres vivos. O Ensino de Botânica (EB), que poderia auxiliar a reverter esse quadro, é na atualidade, segundo vários autores, conteudista, descontextualizado, desatualizado e marginal embora faça parte dos currículos do ensino médio, no Brasil. Nesse contexto, foi realizada a presente pesquisa que tem como objetivo geral investigar a existência da CB em diversos cenários do Município do Rio de Janeiro e sua relação com o EB. Como metodologia foi realizada uma pesquisação sobre a CB e EB em vários documentos oficiais, no nível médio em duas escolas, nos livros didáticos e em agumas Unidades de Conservação do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Constituíram o público participante dessa pesquisa, 98 alunos e 24 professores do 3º ano, de 10 turmas, 16 botânicos e 60 escaladores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas, observação direta de aulas práticas de laboratório, de campo e atividades de extensão. Os resultados indicaram que embora o conteúdo e a prática do EB nas turmas de nível médio das escolas analisadas sejam diferentes do ponto de vista pedagógico e sejam de excelência, a CB existe e acomete a maioria dos alunos, dos professores em diferentes graus, apesar da boa relação que a maioria tem com as plantas e com o seu ensino. A maioria dos escaladores notam as plantas, ou seja, não sofrerem de cegueira botânica, mas não sabem reconhecer as espécies. Os resultados permitiram identificar também que a relação da maioria dos botânicos analisados têm com as plantas serve de modelo para a sociedade. Nesse contexto, foi possível concluir que, apesar da existência da CB em diferentes graus nos públicos participantes da pesquisa, eles tem uma boa relação com as plantas e com o EB, mas tanto o ensino como a relação podem melhorar e a CB deve ser tratada e prevenida. Materiais e atividades para o tratamento e prevenção para a CB foram propostos.
Plants are important to the biosphere and to humans in many ways. However, they go unnoticed for most people, what is known as "Plant Blindness" (PB), that threatens the existence of all living beings. The Teaching of Botany (TB), which could help to reverse this situation, is currently, according to several authors, contentist, decontextualized, outdated and marginal although it is part of the high school curricula in Brazil. In this context, this research aimed to investigate the existence of PB in various scenarios of the city of Rio de Janeiro and its relationship with TB. For this, as a methodology, a qualitative research on PB and TB was carried out in several official documents, at the middle level in two schools, in the textbooks and in other Conservation Units of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The participants of this research were 98 students and 24 3rd grade teachers from 10 groups, 16 botanists and 60 climbers from the State of Rio de Janeiro. The data collection instruments were questionnaires with open and closed questions, direct observation of laboratory, field and extension activities. The results indicated that although the content and practice of EB in the middle classes of the schools analyzed are different from the pedagogical point of view and are of excellence, the CB exists and affects the majority of students, teachers in different degrees, despite the good relationship that most have with plants and their teaching. Most climbers notice the plants, that is, they do not suffer from botanical blindness, but they do not know how to recognize the species. The results also made it possible to identify that the relationship most of the analyzed botanists have with plants serves as a model for society. In this context, it was possible to conclude that, despite the existence of CB in different degrees in the public participating in the research, they have a good relationship with plants and with EB, but both teaching and the relationship can improve and CB must be treated and prevented. Materials and activities for the treatment and prevention of BC have been proposed.
Assuntos
Plantas , Ensino , Botânica , BiosferaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare mathematical models describing growth curves of white-egg layers at different population densities. To fit the models, 4,000 growing white-egg layers were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized, with population densities of 71, 68, 65, 62, and 59 birds per cage in the starter phase and 19, 17, 15, 13, and 11 birds per cage in the grower phase, with 10 replicates each. Birds were weighed weekly to determine the average body weight and the weight gain. Gompertz and Logistic models were utilized to estimate their growth. The data analysis was carried out using the PROC NLMIXED procedure of the SAS® statistical computer software to estimate the parameters of the equation because mixed models were employed. The mean squared error, the coefficient of determination, and Akaikes information criterion were used to evaluate the quality of fit of the models. The studied models converged for the description of the growth of the birds at the different densities studied, showing that they were appropriate for estimating the growth of white-egg layers housed at different population densities. The Gompertz model showed a better fit than the Logistic model.(AU)
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar modelos matemáticos para descrever curva de crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades populacional, por meio de equações de modelos de crescimento.Para o ajuste dos modelos foram utilizadas 4000 poedeiras leves em crescimento. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado nas densidades populacional de 71, 68, 65, 62 e 59 aves por gaiola na fase de cria e de 19, 17, 15, 13 e 11 aves por gaiola na fase de recria, com dez repetições cada.Semanalmente, as aves foram pesadas para determinação do peso corporal médio e o ganho de peso. Para estimar o crescimento das aves foram utilizados os modelos de Gompertz e Logistic. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento PROC NLMIXED do programa computacional estatísticoSAS®, para estimar os parâmetros da equação por se tratar de modelos mistos. O quadrático médio do erro, o coeficiente de determinação e o critério de informação de Akaike foram utilizados na avaliação da qualidade do ajuste dos modelos. Os modelos estudados atingiram a convergência para a descrição do crescimento das aves nas diferentes densidades estudadas, adequados para estimar o crescimento corporal das aves com alto grau de confiabilidade. Os modelos estimaram o crescimento de poedeiras leves, alojadas em diferentes densidades populacional, em que o modelo de Gompertz apresentou melhores ajustes em comparação ao Logistic.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , /métodos , Aves Domésticas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare mathematical models describing growth curves of white-egg layers at different population densities. To fit the models, 4,000 growing white-egg layers were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized, with population densities of 71, 68, 65, 62, and 59 birds per cage in the starter phase and 19, 17, 15, 13, and 11 birds per cage in the grower phase, with 10 replicates each. Birds were weighed weekly to determine the average body weight and the weight gain. Gompertz and Logistic models were utilized to estimate their growth. The data analysis was carried out using the PROC NLMIXED procedure of the SAS® statistical computer software to estimate the parameters of the equation because mixed models were employed. The mean squared error, the coefficient of determination, and Akaikes information criterion were used to evaluate the quality of fit of the models. The studied models converged for the description of the growth of the birds at the different densities studied, showing that they were appropriate for estimating the growth of white-egg layers housed at different population densities. The Gompertz model showed a better fit than the Logistic model.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar modelos matemáticos para descrever curva de crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades populacional, por meio de equações de modelos de crescimento.Para o ajuste dos modelos foram utilizadas 4000 poedeiras leves em crescimento. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado nas densidades populacional de 71, 68, 65, 62 e 59 aves por gaiola na fase de cria e de 19, 17, 15, 13 e 11 aves por gaiola na fase de recria, com dez repetições cada.Semanalmente, as aves foram pesadas para determinação do peso corporal médio e o ganho de peso. Para estimar o crescimento das aves foram utilizados os modelos de Gompertz e Logistic. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento PROC NLMIXED do programa computacional estatísticoSAS®, para estimar os parâmetros da equação por se tratar de modelos mistos. O quadrático médio do erro, o coeficiente de determinação e o critério de informação de Akaike foram utilizados na avaliação da qualidade do ajuste dos modelos. Os modelos estudados atingiram a convergência para a descrição do crescimento das aves nas diferentes densidades estudadas, adequados para estimar o crescimento corporal das aves com alto grau de confiabilidade. Os modelos estimaram o crescimento de poedeiras leves, alojadas em diferentes densidades populacional, em que o modelo de Gompertz apresentou melhores ajustes em comparação ao Logistic.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves Domésticas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Background: Lead poisoning is one of the major toxic diseases of cattle. Contamination occurs with ingestion of products containing lead, especially batteries, or through contaminated pastures and water sources. Clinical signs are neurological and necropsy findings and histopathological changes may vary depending on the clinical presentation. Although the disease is widely reported in the literature, there are rare descriptions of intoxication in cattle raised in military training areas. This work describes the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological features of an outbreak of lead poisoning in cattle kept in a military artillery training camp.Case: Fifteen cattle out of a herd of sixty 4-6 year-old, mixed breed castrated males were affected. The cattle were held in a 100 ha of native pasture used for military artillery training. After three weeks in this area, the affected cattle had predominantly neurological clinical manifestations, characterized by somnolence, ambulatory incoordination, muscle tremors, bruxism, aimless walking, blindness and decubitus. The clinical course was 24-72 h. Eight of the 15 affected cattle died and two were necropsied. Necropsy finds were non-specific and the histological lesions of both necropsied cattle were restricted to the brain and kidneys. Laminar neuronal necrosis, neuropil vacuolization (spongiosis) and vascular endothelial hypertrophy were observed in the telencephalic cortex. Additionally there was astrocytic degeneration and neuronophagia. There was degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and in one bovine there were intranuclear inclusion bodies in the renal epithelial cells; these inclusion bodies were highlighted using both modified Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains. The levels of lead found in the kidneys and livers of the two necropsied cattle were respectively 51.7 μg/g and 41.00 μg/g for one of the necropsied cattle; and 431μg/g and 39.0 μg/g for the other.[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Encefalomalacia/veterinária , Instalações Militares , Intoxicação por Chumbo/veterinária , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Intoxicação/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Lead poisoning is one of the major toxic diseases of cattle. Contamination occurs with ingestion of products containing lead, especially batteries, or through contaminated pastures and water sources. Clinical signs are neurological and necropsy findings and histopathological changes may vary depending on the clinical presentation. Although the disease is widely reported in the literature, there are rare descriptions of intoxication in cattle raised in military training areas. This work describes the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological features of an outbreak of lead poisoning in cattle kept in a military artillery training camp.Case: Fifteen cattle out of a herd of sixty 4-6 year-old, mixed breed castrated males were affected. The cattle were held in a 100 ha of native pasture used for military artillery training. After three weeks in this area, the affected cattle had predominantly neurological clinical manifestations, characterized by somnolence, ambulatory incoordination, muscle tremors, bruxism, aimless walking, blindness and decubitus. The clinical course was 24-72 h. Eight of the 15 affected cattle died and two were necropsied. Necropsy finds were non-specific and the histological lesions of both necropsied cattle were restricted to the brain and kidneys. Laminar neuronal necrosis, neuropil vacuolization (spongiosis) and vascular endothelial hypertrophy were observed in the telencephalic cortex. Additionally there was astrocytic degeneration and neuronophagia. There was degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and in one bovine there were intranuclear inclusion bodies in the renal epithelial cells; these inclusion bodies were highlighted using both modified Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains. The levels of lead found in the kidneys and livers of the two necropsied cattle were respectively 51.7 μg/g and 41.00 μg/g for one of the necropsied cattle; and 431μg/g and 39.0 μg/g for the other.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação por Chumbo/veterinária , Instalações Militares , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Encefalomalacia/veterinária , Intoxicação/veterináriaRESUMO
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent human pathogens causing millions of deaths in the last years. Moreover, tuberculosis (TB) treatment has become increasingly challenging owing to the emergence of multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Thus, there is an immediate need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. Proteases appear to be a promising approach and may lead to shortened and effective treatments for drug-resistant TB. Although the M. tuberculosis genome predicts more than 100 genes encoding proteases, only a few of them have been studied. Aminopeptidases constitute a set of proteases that selectively remove amino acids from the N-terminus of proteins and peptides and may act as virulence factors, essential for survival and maintenance of many microbial pathogens. Here, we characterized a leucine aminopeptidase of M. tuberculosis (MtLAP) as a cytosolic oligomeric metallo-aminopeptidase. Molecular and enzymatic properties lead us to classify MtLAP as a typical member of the peptidase family M17. Furthermore, the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin strongly inhibited MtLAP activity, in vitro M. tuberculosis growth and macrophage infection. In murine model of TB, bestatin treatment reduced bacterial burden and lesion in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, our data suggest that MtLAP participates in important metabolic pathways of M. tuberculosis necessary for its survival and virulence and consequently may be a promising target for new anti-TB drugs.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been shown as a promising non-invasive technique for assessing the cardiac autonomic modulation in trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate HRV during hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation, comparing to traditional hemodynamic and metabolic parameters. METHODS: Twenty anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were submitted to hemorrhagic shock (60% of estimated blood volume) and evaluated for 60 minutes without fluid replacement. Surviving animals were treated with Ringer solution and evaluated for an additional period of 180 minutes. HRV metrics (time and frequency domain) as well as hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were evaluated in survivors and non-survivors animals. RESULTS: Seven of the 20 animals died during hemorrhage and initial fluid resuscitation. All animals presented an increase in time-domain HRV measures during haemorrhage and fluid resuscitation restored baseline values. Although not significantly, normalized low-frequency and LF/HF ratio decreased during early stages of haemorrhage, recovering baseline values later during hemorrhagic shock, and increased after fluid resuscitation. Non-surviving animals presented significantly lower mean arterial pressure (43±7 vs 57±9 mmHg, P<0.05) and cardiac index (1.7±0.2 vs 2.6±0.5 L/min/m2, P<0.05), and higher levels of plasma lactate (7.2±2.4 vs 3.7±1.4 mmol/L, P<0.05), base excess (-6.8±3.3 vs -2.3±2.8 mmol/L, P<0.05) and potassium (5.3±0.6 vs 4.2±0.3 mmol/L, P<0.05) at 30 minutes after hemorrhagic shock compared with surviving animals. CONCLUSIONS: The HRV increased early during hemorrhage but none of the evaluated HRV metrics was able to discriminate survivors from non-survivors during hemorrhagic shock. Moreover, metabolic and hemodynamic variables were more reliable to reflect hemorrhagic shock severity than HRV metrics.
Assuntos
Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Ressuscitação , Choque Hemorrágico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletrocardiografia , Eletrólitos/sangue , Gases/sangue , Hemodinâmica , Choque Hemorrágico/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, and although multiple studies have addressed the relationship between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host on an immunological level, few studies have addressed the impact of host physiological responses. Proteases produced by bacteria have been associated with important alterations in the host tissues, and a limited number of these enzymes have been characterized in mycobacterial species. M. tuberculosis produces a protease called Zmp1, which appears to be associated with virulence and has a putative action as an endothelin-converting enzyme. Endothelins are a family of vasoactive peptides, of which 3 distinct isoforms exist, and endothelin 1 (ET-1) is the most abundant and the best-characterized isoform. The aim of this work was to characterize the Zmp1 protease and evaluate its role in pathogenicity. Here, we have shown that M. tuberculosis produces and secretes an enzyme with ET-1 cleavage activity. These data demonstrate a possible role of Zmp1 for mycobacterium-host interactions and highlights its potential as a drug target. Moreover, the results suggest that endothelin pathways have a role in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infections, and ETA or ETB receptor signaling can modulate the host response to the infection. We hypothesize that a balance between Zmp1 control of ET-1 levels and ETA/ETB signaling can allow M. tuberculosis adaptation and survival in the lung tissues.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/fisiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Proteólise , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismoRESUMO
O uso de fármacos cardiovasculares tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos, incluindo o uso de beta-bloqueadores como o metoprolol. E embora estudos experimentais e clínicos tenham demonstrado benefícios na utilização desta classe de fármacos em pacientes sépticos, o bloqueio de receptores beta-adrenérgicos continua sendo contraditório, especialmente no choque séptico. Vinte fêmeas suínas nas quais o choque séptico foi induzido através da infusão intravenosa de Escherichia coli (6x109 UFC/kg em duas horas), foram randomicamente distribuídas (n=10 por grupo) em um grupo Metoprolol (GM; 214.2 ?g/kg de metoprol infundido em 45 minutos) ou grupo Controle (GC), o qual recebeu um volume correspondente de solução salina. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e de oxigenação foram avaliados no momento basal (TB), T30, T60, T120, T240 e T360 minutos. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas ainda em TB, T120 e T360 e armazenadas para posterior mensuração da concentração sérica de citocinas e marcadores cardíacos. Durante este período utilizou-se um protocolo de ressuscitação com Ringer lactato, norepinefrina (NE) e dobutamina para manutenção da pressão arterial média (PAM) > 65 mmHg, da pressão venosa central (PVC) em 8-12 mmHg e da saturação venosa mista de oxigênio (SvO2) > 65%. Os dados paramétricos foram analisados utilizando ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas, seguidas por Tukey quando necessário, enquanto para os dados não paramétricos utilizaram-se os testes de Kruskall-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. A quantidade de fluido, NE e dobutamina foi analisada pelo teste t de Student, e a análise de sobrevivência foi realizada utilizando o Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. Exceto por um valor mais elevado do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica (IRVS) em T240 (p=0,02) nos animais tratados com metoprolol, todos os parâmetros analisados neste estudo apresentaram um comportamento similar em ambos os grupos. Nenhuma diferença foi observada também em relação ao volume total de fluido...
The use of cardiovascular drugs considerably increased in recent years, including the use of ?-blockers, such as metoprolol. And although experimental and clinical studies had demonstrated benefits on the administration of these drugs in septic patients, the ?-blockade is still contradictory, especially in the septic shock. Twenty female pigs in which septic shock was induced through intravenous E. coli infusion (6x109 c.f.u/kg in 2h) were randomly assigned (n=10 per group) to the Metoprolol group (214.2 ?g kg-1 of metoprol infused in 45 minutes) or Control group, which received a correspondent volume of normal saline. Hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were then evaluated at baseline (TB), T30, T60, T120, T240 and T360 minutes. Blood samples were collected at TB, T120 and T360 for posterior mensuration of serum cytokines and cardiac markers. During this period, a resuscitation protocol with lactated Ringer's solution, norepinephrine and dobutamine was used to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65 mmHg, the central venous pressure (CVP) between 8-12 mmHg and the mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) > 65%. Parametric data were compared using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test when necessary, while the nonparametric data were analyzed with the Kruskall-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney test. The total volume of fluid and total amount of norepinephrine and dobutamine infused were analyzed by the Student's t-test. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. Except for the higher values of systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) at T240 (p=0.02) in the animals that received metoprolol, all the parameters analyzed in this study showed a similar behavior in both groups. No difference was also observed between groups in relation to the total volume of fluid (p=0.914), the total amount of norepinephrine (p=0.069) and dobutamine (p=0.560) infused, and related to the survival rate. Although...
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Metoprolol , Choque Séptico , SuínosRESUMO
O presente estudo objetiva avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos do propofol em emulsão lipídica e microemulsão em gatas. Foram utilizadas 12 gatas, hígidas, adultas, alocadas em dois grupos: microemulsão (MICRO, n=6) e emulsão lipídica (EMU, n=6), os quais receberam propofol, na respectiva formulação, em dose suficiente para intubação. Em seguida, foram intubados, fornecendo-se oxigênio 100%, em sistema sem reinalação de gases. Ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão de propofol na dose de 0,3mg kg-1 min-1 durante 90 minutos. A dose necessária para indução foi de 9,5±1,3mg kg-1 e 10±1mg kg-1 para MICRO e EMU, respectivamente. Os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial média (PAM), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pH foram menores, em todos os momentos, no EMU em relação ao MICRO; a f do EMU foi menor de T30 até T75 em relação ao MICRO. A PaCO2 do EMU foi maior de T15 até T90. Os tempos de extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foram de 40,6±30,7; 91±37,5; 134,5±54,5 e 169,1±55,4 minutos no MICRO e de 68,8±37,3; 133,3±85,3; 171,3±77,1 e 233,1±60,6 minutos no EMU, respectivamente. Houve aumento da enzima Alanina Aminotransferase de 12 às 72h no EMU e de 48 às 72h no MICRO. O propofol em microemulsão apresentou características clínicas de indução e manutenção, bem como efeitos metabólicos semelhantes à formulação em emulsão lipídica. A formulação em microemulsão proporcionou maior estabilidade cardiovascular e respiratória para indução e infusão contínua em gatas hígidas.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects from lipid emulsion and microemulsion of propofol in cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were included, and divided into two groups: microemulsion group (MICRO, n=6) and lipid emulsion (EMU, n=6), where they received propofol in the respective formulation, in a dose sufficient for intubation. The animals were then intubated and provided with 100% oxygen through a non-rebreathing circuit. Immediately after, the infusion of propofol was initiated (0.3mg kg-1 min-1) and maintained for 90 minutes. The dose required for induction was 9.5±1.3mg kg-1 and 10±1mg kg-1 in MICRO and EMU, respectively. The SAP, MAP, DAP and pH values were lower in all moments in EMU when compared to MICRO; the RR in EMU was lower from T30 to T75 in comparison to MICRO. The paCO2 was greater in the EMU from T15 to T90. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were 40.6±30.7, 91±37.5, 134.5±54.5 and 169.1±55.4 minutes in MICRO and 68.8±37.3, 133.3±85.3, 171.3±77.1 and 233.1±60.6 minutes in EMU, respectively. There was an increase of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase from 12 to 72 hours in EMU and in MICRO from 48 to 72 hours. The propofol in microemulsion presents clinical characteristics of induction and maintenance, and metabolic effects similar to the formulation in lipid emulsion. The microemulsion formulation provides a better cardiovascular and respiratory stability for induction and continuous infusion in healthy cats.
RESUMO
This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of a propofol formulation with nanometer droplet diameter in dogs. Six adult healthy female dogs weighing 14.8±1.2kg were used in this study. Each dog received two treatments with a 15-day washout period. A microemulsion (MICRO) or lipid emulsion (EMU) of propofol was administered intravenously (IV) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.4mg kg-1 minute-1). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before induction (baseline), immediately after and at 15-minute intervals for 90 minutes after treatment. Arterial blood samples were also taken for blood gas analysis, except at 45 and 75 minutes after induction. The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly during both treatments, while the cardiac index decreased significantly only in MICRO treatment. The time to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery was similar in both treatments. Opisthotonos was observed in 33% of the animals in each treatment. The propofol microemulsion presented clinical and respiratory parameters similar to those obtained with the lipid emulsion commercially available, but had some significantly different hemodynamic characteristics when used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia. Based only in these results, no advantages are seen in the use of this new microemulsion.
Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos clínicos e cardiorrespiratórios de uma formulação de propofol formada por nanopartículas, em cães. Para esse propósito, seis cães hígidos, adultos, fêmeas, com peso médio de 14,8±1,2kg foram utilizados. Cada cão recebeu dois tratamentos, sendo que entre estes foi permitido aos animais um período de washout de 15 dias. Os animais receberam propofol em microemulsão (MICRO) ou em emulsão lipídica (EMU) por via intravenosa (IV) para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. A anestesia foi mantida com velocidade de infusão constante (0,4mg kg-1 min-1). As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias foram mensuradas antes da indução (basal), imediatamente após a indução, e então a cada 15 minutos, durante 90 minutos. Amostras de sangue arterial também foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos, exceto aos 45 e 75 minutos após a indução. A pressão arterial média diminuiu significativamente com a utilização de ambos os tratamentos, enquanto o índice cardíaco reduziu significativamente somente com o tratamento MICRO. O tempo necessário para extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Opistótono foi observado em 33% dos animais em cada tratamento. A microemulsão de propofol apresentou parâmetros clínicos e respiratórios semelhantes àqueles obtidos com a emulsão lipídica comercialmente disponível, porém mostrou algumas características hemodinâmicas diferentes, quando utilizada para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. Com base somente nesses resultados, não são observadas vantagens na utilização da microemulsão.
RESUMO
This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of a propofol formulation with nanometer droplet diameter in dogs. Six adult healthy female dogs weighing 14.8±1.2kg were used in this study. Each dog received two treatments with a 15-day washout period. A microemulsion (MICRO) or lipid emulsion (EMU) of propofol was administered intravenously (IV) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.4mg kg-1 minute-1). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before induction (baseline), immediately after and at 15-minute intervals for 90 minutes after treatment. Arterial blood samples were also taken for blood gas analysis, except at 45 and 75 minutes after induction. The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly during both treatments, while the cardiac index decreased significantly only in MICRO treatment. The time to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery was similar in both treatments. Opisthotonos was observed in 33% of the animals in each treatment. The propofol microemulsion presented clinical and respiratory parameters similar to those obtained with the lipid emulsion commercially available, but had some significantly different hemodynamic characteristics when used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia. Based only in these results, no advantages are seen in the use of this new microemulsion.
Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos clínicos e cardiorrespiratórios de uma formulação de propofol formada por nanopartículas, em cães. Para esse propósito, seis cães hígidos, adultos, fêmeas, com peso médio de 14,8±1,2kg foram utilizados. Cada cão recebeu dois tratamentos, sendo que entre estes foi permitido aos animais um período de washout de 15 dias. Os animais receberam propofol em microemulsão (MICRO) ou em emulsão lipídica (EMU) por via intravenosa (IV) para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. A anestesia foi mantida com velocidade de infusão constante (0,4mg kg-1 min-1). As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias foram mensuradas antes da indução (basal), imediatamente após a indução, e então a cada 15 minutos, durante 90 minutos. Amostras de sangue arterial também foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos, exceto aos 45 e 75 minutos após a indução. A pressão arterial média diminuiu significativamente com a utilização de ambos os tratamentos, enquanto o índice cardíaco reduziu significativamente somente com o tratamento MICRO. O tempo necessário para extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Opistótono foi observado em 33% dos animais em cada tratamento. A microemulsão de propofol apresentou parâmetros clínicos e respiratórios semelhantes àqueles obtidos com a emulsão lipídica comercialmente disponível, porém mostrou algumas características hemodinâmicas diferentes, quando utilizada para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. Com base somente nesses resultados, não são observadas vantagens na utilização da microemulsão.
RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects from lipid emulsion and microemulsion of propofol in cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were included, and divided into two groups: microemulsion group (MICRO, n=6) and lipid emulsion (EMU, n=6), where they received propofol in the respective formulation, in a dose sufficient for intubation. The animals were then intubated and provided with 100% oxygen through a non-rebreathing circuit. Immediately after, the infusion of propofol was initiated (0.3mg kg-1 min-1) and maintained for 90 minutes. The dose required for induction was 9.5±1.3mg kg-1 and 10±1mg kg-1 in MICRO and EMU, respectively. The SAP, MAP, DAP and pH values were lower in all moments in EMU when compared to MICRO; the RR in EMU was lower from T30 to T75 in comparison to MICRO. The paCO2 was greater in the EMU from T15 to T90. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were 40.6±30.7, 91±37.5, 134.5±54.5 and 169.1±55.4 minutes in MICRO and 68.8±37.3, 133.3±85.3, 171.3±77.1 and 233.1±60.6 minutes in EMU, respectively. There was an increase of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase from 12 to 72 hours in EMU and in MICRO from 48 to 72 hours. The propofol in microemulsion presents clinical characteristics of induction and maintenance, and metabolic effects similar to the formulation in lipid emulsion. The microemulsion formulation provides a better cardiovascular and respiratory stability for induction and continuous infusion in healthy cats.
O presente estudo objetiva avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos do propofol em emulsão lipídica e microemulsão em gatas. Foram utilizadas 12 gatas, hígidas, adultas, alocadas em dois grupos: microemulsão (MICRO, n=6) e emulsão lipídica (EMU, n=6), os quais receberam propofol, na respectiva formulação, em dose suficiente para intubação. Em seguida, foram intubados, fornecendo-se oxigênio 100%, em sistema sem reinalação de gases. Ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão de propofol na dose de 0,3mg kg-1 min-1 durante 90 minutos. A dose necessária para indução foi de 9,5±1,3mg kg-1 e 10±1mg kg-1 para MICRO e EMU, respectivamente. Os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial média (PAM), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pH foram menores, em todos os momentos, no EMU em relação ao MICRO; a f do EMU foi menor de T30 até T75 em relação ao MICRO. A PaCO2 do EMU foi maior de T15 até T90. Os tempos de extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foram de 40,6±30,7; 91±37,5; 134,5±54,5 e 169,1±55,4 minutos no MICRO e de 68,8±37,3; 133,3±85,3; 171,3±77,1 e 233,1±60,6 minutos no EMU, respectivamente. Houve aumento da enzima Alanina Aminotransferase de 12 às 72h no EMU e de 48 às 72h no MICRO. O propofol em microemulsão apresentou características clínicas de indução e manutenção, bem como efeitos metabólicos semelhantes à formulação em emulsão lipídica. A formulação em microemulsão proporcionou maior estabilidade cardiovascular e respiratória para indução e infusão contínua em gatas hígidas.
RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects from lipid emulsion and microemulsion of propofol in cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were included, and divided into two groups: microemulsion group (MICRO, n=6) and lipid emulsion (EMU, n=6), where they received propofol in the respective formulation, in a dose sufficient for intubation. The animals were then intubated and provided with 100% oxygen through a non-rebreathing circuit. Immediately after, the infusion of propofol was initiated (0.3mg kg-1 min-1) and maintained for 90 minutes. The dose required for induction was 9.5±1.3mg kg-1 and 10±1mg kg-1 in MICRO and EMU, respectively. The SAP, MAP, DAP and pH values were lower in all moments in EMU when compared to MICRO; the RR in EMU was lower from T30 to T75 in comparison to MICRO. The paCO2 was greater in the EMU from T15 to T90. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were 40.6±30.7, 91±37.5, 134.5±54.5 and 169.1±55.4 minutes in MICRO and 68.8±37.3, 133.3±85.3, 171.3±77.1 and 233.1±60.6 minutes in EMU, respectively. There was an increase of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase from 12 to 72 hours in EMU and in MICRO from 48 to 72 hours. The propofol in microemulsion presents clinical characteristics of induction and maintenance, and metabolic effects similar to the formulation in lipid emulsion. The microemulsion formulation provides a better cardiovascular and respiratory stability for induction and continuous infusion in healthy cats.
O presente estudo objetiva avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos do propofol em emulsão lipídica e microemulsão em gatas. Foram utilizadas 12 gatas, hígidas, adultas, alocadas em dois grupos: microemulsão (MICRO, n=6) e emulsão lipídica (EMU, n=6), os quais receberam propofol, na respectiva formulação, em dose suficiente para intubação. Em seguida, foram intubados, fornecendo-se oxigênio 100%, em sistema sem reinalação de gases. Ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão de propofol na dose de 0,3mg kg-1 min-1 durante 90 minutos. A dose necessária para indução foi de 9,5±1,3mg kg-1 e 10±1mg kg-1 para MICRO e EMU, respectivamente. Os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial média (PAM), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pH foram menores, em todos os momentos, no EMU em relação ao MICRO; a f do EMU foi menor de T30 até T75 em relação ao MICRO. A PaCO2 do EMU foi maior de T15 até T90. Os tempos de extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foram de 40,6±30,7; 91±37,5; 134,5±54,5 e 169,1±55,4 minutos no MICRO e de 68,8±37,3; 133,3±85,3; 171,3±77,1 e 233,1±60,6 minutos no EMU, respectivamente. Houve aumento da enzima Alanina Aminotransferase de 12 às 72h no EMU e de 48 às 72h no MICRO. O propofol em microemulsão apresentou características clínicas de indução e manutenção, bem como efeitos metabólicos semelhantes à formulação em emulsão lipídica. A formulação em microemulsão proporcionou maior estabilidade cardiovascular e respiratória para indução e infusão contínua em gatas hígidas.
RESUMO
This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of a propofol formulation with nanometer droplet diameter in dogs. Six adult healthy female dogs weighing 14.8±1.2kg were used in this study. Each dog received two treatments with a 15-day washout period. A microemulsion (MICRO) or lipid emulsion (EMU) of propofol was administered intravenously (IV) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.4mg kg-1 minute-1). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before induction (baseline), immediately after and at 15-minute intervals for 90 minutes after treatment. Arterial blood samples were also taken for blood gas analysis, except at 45 and 75 minutes after induction. The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly during both treatments, while the cardiac index decreased significantly only in MICRO treatment. The time to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery was similar in both treatments. Opisthotonos was observed in 33% of the animals in each treatment. The propofol microemulsion presented clinical and respiratory parameters similar to those obtained with the lipid emulsion commercially available, but had some significantly different hemodynamic characteristics when used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia. Based only in these results, no advantages are seen in the use of this new microemulsion.
Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos clínicos e cardiorrespiratórios de uma formulação de propofol formada por nanopartículas, em cães. Para esse propósito, seis cães hígidos, adultos, fêmeas, com peso médio de 14,8±1,2kg foram utilizados. Cada cão recebeu dois tratamentos, sendo que entre estes foi permitido aos animais um período de washout de 15 dias. Os animais receberam propofol em microemulsão (MICRO) ou em emulsão lipídica (EMU) por via intravenosa (IV) para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. A anestesia foi mantida com velocidade de infusão constante (0,4mg kg-1 min-1). As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias foram mensuradas antes da indução (basal), imediatamente após a indução, e então a cada 15 minutos, durante 90 minutos. Amostras de sangue arterial também foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos, exceto aos 45 e 75 minutos após a indução. A pressão arterial média diminuiu significativamente com a utilização de ambos os tratamentos, enquanto o índice cardíaco reduziu significativamente somente com o tratamento MICRO. O tempo necessário para extubação, decúbito esternal, deambulação e recuperação total foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Opistótono foi observado em 33% dos animais em cada tratamento. A microemulsão de propofol apresentou parâmetros clínicos e respiratórios semelhantes àqueles obtidos com a emulsão lipídica comercialmente disponível, porém mostrou algumas características hemodinâmicas diferentes, quando utilizada para a indução e manutenção da anestesia. Com base somente nesses resultados, não são observadas vantagens na utilização da microemulsão.
RESUMO
Descreve-se a epidemiologia da morte de suínos ocorrida entre 2002 e 2009 pela ingestão da neurotoxina botulínica do tipo C. A neurotoxina presente em resíduos de alimentos provenientes de cozinhas de restaurantes e hotéis, armazenados em tonéis sem abrigo do sol e administrado em cocho coletivo sem tratamento térmico prévio. Animais de diferentes idades morreram com sinais clínicos de botulismo caracterizados por paralisia flácida, emagrecimento, anorexia, fraqueza, incoordenação, dificuldade de locomoção com evolução para decúbito lateral com micção e defecação involuntárias. Nenhuma alteração evidente foi observada na necropsia e no exame histológico. O teste de bioensaio com soroneutralização em camundongos foi realizado com amostras de conteúdo intestinal dos animais afetados e alimentos e revelou a presença de grandes quantidades de toxina botulínica do tipo C.
The paper addresses the epidemiologic data of the death of pigs during the period of 2002 to 2009 following the ingestion of botulinum neurotoxin type C. This neurotoxin was present in food residues originating from restaurant and hotel kitchens, stored in barrels without shelter from the sun and administered in a collective trough without prior thermal treatment. Animals which died at different ages showed clinical signs of botulism characterized by flaccid paralysis, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, lack of coordination, locomotion difficulties with the evolution of lateral recumbency with involuntary urination and defecation. No alterations were observed at postmortem and histological examination. The bioassay with serum neutralization in mice was carried out on samples of intestinal contents from pigs affected and revealed the presence of large quantities of botulinum toxin type C.