RESUMO
Introducción: La COVID-19 es una pandemia mundial que flagela la supervivencia del hombre. Este problema sanitario estremece cada jornada los servicios de salud y genera mortalidad en casi todos los grupos de edad. Objetivo: Aportar datos sobre la COVID-19 que tribute a mejoras en el proceso de atención a niños sospechosos y enfermos con SARS-CoV-2. Material y Método: Se hizo revisión sobre la COVID-19 en Pubmed/Medline, ScienceDirecty SciELO. Se utilizó el buscador Google Académico. Se usaron las palabras coronavirus, COVID-19, y SARS-CoV-2, en idioma español e inglés. La información obtenida se clasificó según tipo fuente. Después de este proceso, se inició la redacción del artículo. Desarrollo: La mayor parte de los casos pediátricos es asintomático. Las manifestaciones clínicas comunes incluyen fiebre, tos, odinofagia y dificultad respiratoria. Aunque la presentación asintomática sigue siendo preponderante, la afectación respiratoria, digestiva, neurológica y cutánea se señala en grado variable. El hábito de fumar, y otras condiciones individuales se relacionan con la evolución de la enfermedad. Las pruebas de laboratorio describen leucopenia; sobre todo, en formas graves. La elevación de la procalcitonina y la proteína C reactiva orientan a sobreinfección bacteriana, y es justificación para usar antibióticos. La radiografía de tórax habitualmente es normal, pero puede revelar infiltrados en forma de parches en pacientes con afectación parenquimatosa. La evolución es favorable, y la mortalidad baja. Conclusiones: La COVID-19 en niños tiene presentación heterogénea. Por lo general, es asintomática, aunque puede tener afectación en sistemas y aparatos. Evoluciona hacia la recuperación total en 3-4 semanas(AU)
Introduction: COVID-19 is a global pandemic that threats the survival of man. This health problem shakes health services every day and generates mortality in almost all age groups. Objective: To provide data on COVID-19 that contribute to improve quality of the care process in children with suspected SARS-CoV-2 or with the infection. Material and Methods: A review of COVID-19 was carried out in Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct and SciELO. Google Scholar search engine was used. The words coronavirus, COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 in Spanish and English were used. The information obtained was classified according to the type of source. After this process, the drafting of the article began. Development: Most pediatric cases are asymptomatic. Common clinical manifestations include fever, cough, odynophagia, and respiratory difficulty. Although asymptomatic presentation remains to be predominant, respiratory, digestive, neurological and cutaneous involvement is noted in varying degrees. Smoking and other individual conditions are related to the evolution of the disease. Laboratory tests describe leukopenia, above all, in serious ways. Elevation of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein suggest bacterial overinfection, justifying the prescription of antibiotics. Chest X-ray is usually normal, but it may reveal patchy infiltrates in patients with parenchymal involvement. The evolution is favorable and the mortality is low. Conclusions: COVID-19 in children has a heterogeneous presentation. It is usually asymptomatic, although it may affect systems and organs. It evolves towards recovering in 3-4 weeks(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Pediatria , COVID-19 , Grupos EtáriosRESUMO
The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide represents an important threat for both the environment and public health. In this context, the development of risk analysis and management tools as well as sustainable and cost-effective treatment processes is essential. The research project TALGENTOX, funded by the Ibero-American Science and Technology Program for Development (CYTED-2019), aims to address this ambitious challenge in countries with different environmental and social conditions within the Ibero-American context. It is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines ecology, water management and technology fields, and includes research groups from Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Spain. In this review, the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwaters from these countries are summarized. The presence of cyanotoxins has been confirmed in all countries but the information is still scarce and further monitoring is required. In this regard, remote sensing or metagenomics are good alternatives at reasonable cost. The risk management of freshwaters from those countries considering the most frequent uses (consumption and recreation) has been also evaluated. Only Spain and Peru include cyanotoxins in its drinking water legislation (only MC-LR) and thus, there is a need for regulatory improvements. The development of preventive strategies like diminishing nutrient loads to aquatic systems is also required. In the same line, corrective measures are urgently needed especially in drinking waters. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have the potential to play a major role in this scenario as they are effective for the elimination of most cyanotoxins classes. The research on the field of AOPs is herein summarized considering the cost-effectiveness, environmental character and technical applicability of such technologies. Fenton-based processes and photocatalysis using solar irradiation or LED light represent very promising alternatives given their high cost-efficiency. Further research should focus on developing stable long-term operation systems, addressing their scale-up.
Assuntos
Cianobactérias , Água Doce , Chile , Colômbia , Água Doce/análise , México , Microcistinas , Peru , Gestão de Riscos , Espanha , Tecnologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In addition to their own antioxidants, human cells feed on external antioxidants, such as the phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables, which work together to keep oxidative stress in check. Sechium edule, an edible species of chayote, has phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and antineoplastic activity. A Sechium hybrid shows one thousand times greater antineoplastic activity than edible species, but its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the content of phenolic compounds are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the extract of fruits of the Sechium hybrid in vitro and in vivo. Phytochemical analysis using HPLC showed that the extract of the Sechium hybrid has at least 16 phenolic compounds; galangin, naringenin, phloretin and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant. In an in vitro assay, this extract inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-L-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and protected the dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) phospholipid model cell membrane from oxidation mediated by hypochlorous acid (HClO). In vivo, it was identified that the most abundant metabolites in the extract enter the bloodstream of the treated mice. On the other hand, the extract reduces the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) but increases interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glutathione peroxidase levels. Our findings indicate that intake of the fruits of the Sechium hybrid leads to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model. Therefore, these results support the possibility of exploring the clinical effect of this hybrid in humans.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Frutas/química , Interleucina-10/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/química , Animais , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Glutationa Peroxidase/química , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/química , Picratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Epirubicin is a cytotoxic drug used in the treatment of different types of cancer and increasing evidence suggests that its target is cell membranes. In order to gain insight on its toxic effects, intact red blood cells (RBC), human erythrocyte membranes and molecular models were used. The latter consisted in bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), phospholipid classes found mainly in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. The results obtained by X-ray diffraction displayed that epirubicin induced structural perturbations in multilayers of DMPC. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that epirubicin disturbed the thermotropic behavior of both DMPC and DMPE vesicles, whereas fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated alterations in the fluidity of DMPC vesicles and the erythrocyte membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that epirubicin changed the normal discoid form of RBC to echinocytes and stomatocytes. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) disclosed that this drug induced conformational changes in the erythrocyte membrane proteins. These findings demonstrate that epirubicin interacts with lipids and proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane, effects that might compromise the integrity and function of cell membranes. This is the first time that its toxic effects on the human erythrocyte membrane have been described.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Epirubicina/toxicidade , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Células Cultivadas , Dimiristoilfosfatidilcolina , Eritrócitos/patologia , Eritrócitos/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Lipossomos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Fosfatidiletanolaminas , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
En la actualidad, su editorial dedica espacio a los trabajos sobre infección por SARS-CoV-2. Recientemente se publicó del profesor Humberto Guanche, el artículo "COVID-19. La necesidad de nuevos paradigmas de cooperación y riesgo de los trabajadores de la salud"1 texto que recoge medidas a cumplir para evitar la propagación del virus en centros de atención a personas sospechosas o confirmadas de la COVID-19; pero siguen siendo escasos los trabajos que reportan el alcance de su cumplimiento. El Hospital Pediátrico San Miguel del Padrón, desde el pasado 22 de abril, por indicaciones de la dirección del país, comenzó a recibir casos pediátricos sospechosos y confirmados de la COVID-19 de la capital. Esta alta responsabilidad fue asumida por la dirección administrativa y los trabajadores con altruismo y responsabilidad.....
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adaptação Psicológica , Infecções por Coronavirus , Hospitais Pediátricos , Capacitação em Serviço , CubaRESUMO
Introducción: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa de alta transmisibilidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la casuística pediátrica que posibilite disponer de conocimientos para el enfrentamiento a la pandemia en Cuba. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal en pacientes con COVID-19, ingresados en el Hospital Pediátrico San Miguel del Padrón: abril-junio de 2020. Se analizó: edad, sexo, estado nutricional, enfermedad previa, área de residencia, sintomatología al ingreso, resultados de complementarios, y condición al egreso. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 niños con COVID-19. La proporción según sexo no mostró diferencias. Hubo predominio del grupo de edad entre 10-14 años, piel mestiza y presentación asintomática en 72,2 por ciento. Las comorbilidades más observadas fueron el asma bronquial leve y la anemia ligera. Prevalecieron los residentes del Este de la capital, sobre todo, en la semana estadística 21 y 25. En el grupo de enfermos sintomáticos predominaron las manifestaciones respiratorias y la fiebre. Los complementarios revelaron linfocitosis (63,9 por ciento), anemia (13,9 por ciento) e infiltrados pulmonares (8,3 por ciento). El 100 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo evolución favorable y PCR negativo tras concluir tratamiento. Conclusiones: La COVID-19 tuvo mayor incidencia en niños de 10 años o más. No hubo variaciones en cuanto al sexo. Predominó el color de piel mestizo. Los pacientes tuvieron espectro clínico variable, y evolución de PCR condicionada por la presencia de factores de riesgo individual y social. La recuperación clínica y la regresión de alteraciones hematológicas y radiológicas se logró en todos los pacientes entre 2-3 semanas(AU)
Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease with high transmissibility. Objective: To characterize the pediatrics casuistry that allows having the relevant knowledge to fight COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba. Methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study in patients with COVID-19 admitted in San Miguel del Padrón municipality's Pediatric Hospital from April to June, 2020. There were analyzed as variables: age, sex, nutritional state, previous diseases, living area, sintomatology in the moment of admission, results of complementary tests, and state in the moment of discharge. Results: 36 children were identified with COVID-19. Proportion according to sex had no differences. There was a predominance of the group age among 10 to 14 years, mixed race patients and the asymptomatic forms in 72,2 por ciento of them. The most frequent comorbidities were slight bronchial asthma and slight anemia. There was predominance of patients living in the Eastern area of the capital, mainly in the statistic weeks #21 and #25. In the group of symptomatic patients prevailed the respiratory manifestations and the fever. The complementary tests showed lymphocytes (63,9 por ciento), anemia (13,9) and pulmonary infiltrates (8,3 por ciento). 100 por ciento of the patients had favorable evolution and negative PCR after finishing the treatment. Conclusions: COVID-19 had a higher incidence in 10 or more year's children. There were not variations regarding sex. Mixed race patients predominated. Patients had a variable clinical spectrum, and an evolution of the PCR conditioned by the presence of individual and social risk factors. Clinical recovery and regression of hematologic and radiologic alterations was achieved in all the patients among 2 to 3 weeks(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Diagnóstico Clínico , Risco Ajustado/métodos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
The interactions and the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on human erythrocytes (RBC) and molecular models of its membrane were investigated. The latter consisted of bilayers built- up of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that EGCG induced significant structural and thermotropic perturbations in multilayers and vesicles of DMPC; however, these effects were not observed in DMPE. Fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed that EGCG produced alterations of the molecular dynamics at the level of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface in DMPC vesicles, and in isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes (IUM). EGCG also induced morphological alterations in RBC from their normal discoid form to echinocytes. These outcomes indicate that EGCG molecules were located in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane. The assessment of EGCG protective effect demonstrated that it inhibits the morphological alterations and lysis induced by HClO to human erythrocytes. The results obtained from this study suggest that the insertion of EGCG into the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane might prevent the access and deleterious effects of oxidant molecules such as HClO and free radicals into the red cells, protecting them from oxidative damage.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Membrana Eritrocítica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Hipocloroso/antagonistas & inibidores , Oxidantes/antagonistas & inibidores , Antioxidantes/química , Catequina/química , Catequina/farmacologia , Dimiristoilfosfatidilcolina/química , Membrana Eritrocítica/química , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Ácido Hipocloroso/farmacologia , Cinética , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Oxidantes/farmacologia , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
This study was aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of the antitumor alkylphospholipid drug miltefosine with human erythrocytes (RBC) and molecular models of its membrane. The latter consisted of bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. X-ray results showed that the drug interacted with DMPC multilayers; however, no effects on DMPE were detected. The experimental findings obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that miltefosine altered the thermotropic behavior of both DMPC and DMPE vesicles. Fluorescence spectroscopy evidenced an increase in the fluidity of DMPC vesicles and human erythrocyte membranes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on human erythrocytes showed that miltefosine induced morphological alterations to RBC from its normal biconcave to an echinocyte type of shape. These results confirm that miltefosine interacts with the outer moiety of the human erythrocyte membrane affecting the cell morphology.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Membrana Eritrocítica/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Fosfolipídeos/química , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Dimiristoilfosfatidilcolina/química , Eritrócitos/citologia , Hemólise , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Modelos Moleculares , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/química , Fosforilcolina/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Termodinâmica , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The interaction and protective effect of caffeic acid (CA) on human erythrocytes (RBC) and molecular models of its membrane were studied. The latter consisted of bilayers built up of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), representative of phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that CA induced structural and thermotropic perturbations in multilayers and vesicles of DMPC. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that CA increased the fluidity of DMPC vesicles and of human erythrocyte ghosts. Scanning electron microscopy observations displayed that CA induced morphological alterations to RBC from their normal discoid form to echinocytes. The assessment of its protective capacity showed that CA inhibits RBC morphological alterations and lysis induced by HClO. These findings imply that CA molecules were located in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane, and that this preferential location might effectively protect the red cells from damage caused by oxidizing species.
Assuntos
Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Dimiristoilfosfatidilcolina/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Glicerofosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol present in many plants. This study was aimed to investigate the molecular interaction of GA with the human erythrocyte membrane and to determine its antioxidant capacity. The molecular interaction with the membrane of human red cells and the antioxidant property was assayed on both human red cells and molecular models of its membrane. Observations by optical, scanning electron, and defocusing microscopy demonstrated that GA is capable to convert red cells from their normal biconcave shape to crenated echinocytes. This result indicates that GA molecules are positioned in the outer monolayer of the red cell membrane. Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) were selected as classes of phospholipids found in the outer and inner monolayers of the red cell membrane, respectively. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed that GA was preferentially bound to DMPC bilayers. Experiments related to the antioxidant capacity of GA indicated that this compound offsets HClO oxidative capacity on DMPE bilayers. In addition, optical, scanning, defocusing microscopy, and hemolysis assays confirmed the protective capacity of GA against HClO deleterious effects on human red cells. As a conclusion, GA would be capable to block the access of oxidants into the lipid bilayer, and thus avoid their access into red cells.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Células Cultivadas , Membrana Eritrocítica/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/ultraestrutura , Ácido Gálico/química , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Bicamadas Lipídicas , Estrutura Molecular , Fosfolipídeos , Termodinâmica , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) es uno de los trastornos metabólicos más frecuentes que pueden afectar el embarazo. Su prevalencia aumenta en la misma proporción que la epidemia de obesidad y sobrepeso. Reconocer y tratar cualquier grado de alteración de la glucemia que afecte la gestación conduce a la disminución de complicaciones maternas y fetales, inmediatas y a largo plazo. A pesar de un cúmulo de investigación básica y clínica, aun no existe un enfoque único para diagnosticar y tratar la diabetes durante el embarazo. Lo deseable para nuestro país es buscar la uniformidad de criterios en la pesquisa y el diagnóstico de la DMG, y de esa manera, poder tener nuestra propia casuística. Es por ello que la Sociedad Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo ha concebido la idea de elaborar este Manual de Diabetes Gestacional, con la colaboración de la Sociedad de Obstetricia y Ginecología de Venezuela, la Sociedad Venezolana de Medicina Interna y Especialistas que integran el equipo multidisciplinario de atención a la embarazada de alto riesgo conformado por endocrinólogos, internistas, obstetras, nutricionistas, deportólogos y/o biólogos del ejercicio y neonatólogos, para que pueda ser utilizado tanto a nivel primario como en áreas de especialización. Este manual se enfocará en la prevención, la pesquisa, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y seguimiento de la Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional, pudiendo servir de base para la integración del equipo de salud que se constituya para atender a nuestra paciente.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders that can affect pregnancy. Its prevalence increases in the same proportion as the epidemic of obesity and overweight. Recognize and treat any degree of impaired glucose affecting pregnancy leads to decreased maternal and fetal, immediate and long-term complications. Despite a wealth of basic and clinical research, there is no single approach to diagnose and treat diabetes during pregnancy. Desirable for our country is to seek uniformity of criteria in the screening and diagnosis of GDM and thus able to have our own casuistry. That is why the Venezuelan Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism has conceived the idea of a Manual of Gestational Diabetes, in collaboration with the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Venezuela, the Venezuelan Society of Internal Medicine and specialists who make up the multidisciplinary care team high-risk pregnant formed with endocrinologists, internists, obstetricians, nutritionists, exercise physiologists and/or biologists exercise and neonatologist so that it can be used both at the primary level and areas of expertise. This manual will focus on prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and can serve as a basis for integrating health team to serve our patient.
RESUMO
Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal para identificar las características de la población maltratada y los factores de riesgo que favorecen la ocurrencia del maltrato infantil en niños atendidos en Policlínico de Primero de Enero desde el 1 de enero de 2005 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2008. La muestra estuvo constituida por 51 pacientes sospechosos de maltratos. La recogida de la información se hizo a través de una encuesta semiestructurada que contenía información relacionada con los aspectos sociodemográficos, familiares, psicológicos y físicos de los niños. Como resultado se encontró predominio del sexo femenino, del grupo de edad entre 1 y 4 años, hijos de padres con relaciones de pareja conflictivas, con buen nivel educativo y socioeconómico. El 54,9 por ciento de los niños maltratados vivía con ambos padres. Hubo negligencia como forma de maltrato en el 37,3 por ciento de los casos. Las lesiones de piel y tejido celular subcutáneo ocuparon el 41,2 por ciento entre todos los tipos de maltratos. Se comprobó que la incapacidad para detectar las necesidades del menor y el alcoholismo son factores contribuyentes en la aparición del maltrato.
A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to identify the maltreatment population´s characteristics and risk factors that favour the child abuse in children treated in Primero de Enero medical clinic from January 1st, 2005 to December 31st, 2008. The sample consisted of 51 suspected abuses. To collect the information we used a semistructured questionnaire that had information related to children´s sociodemographic aspects, family, psychological and physics. As a result it was found female predominance, from the age group between 1and 4 years, children of parents with conflicting relationships, with good education and socioeconomic level. The 54,9 percent of abused children lived with their parents. There was negligence as a way of maltreatment in 37,3 percent of cases. Skin lesions and subcutaneous cellular tissue ocupated the 41,2 percent within all kinds of abuse. It was demonstrated that the incapacity for detecting the child's needs and alcoholism are contributing factors in the abuse occurrence.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Fatores de Risco , Maus-Tratos Infantis/diagnóstico , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
Objetivo: Ofrecer una alternativa de educación sobre escabiosis, adaptada a las condiciones locales y a las necesidades sentidas por las madres. Métodos: Se describe la metodología utilizada en una intervención educativa sobre escabiosis, dirigida al primer nivel de atención. El estudio se realizó en el Policlínico de Primero de Enero. En la primera etapa se practicó una encuesta para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las madres con relación a la escabiosis. A partir de este resultado, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, para la cual se elaboró un material de apoyo docente (folleto), y dos actividades para dar sostenibilidad al programa educativo, uno dirigido a la promoción de medidas de protección y prevención y otro destinado a la identificación de conductas de riesgo. Ocho meses después se aplicó la misma encuesta para conocer el nivel de conocimientos con relación al inicial. Resultados: Antes de la aplicación de la metodología educativa, un grupo importante de madres tenía deficiente higiene y bajo nivel de conocimientos con relación a la escabiosis. Después de la capacitación mejoraron los conocimientos, se modificaron hábitos y prácticas; las mujeres reconocieron la utilidad de la higiene personal y ambiental en la prevención de complicaciones durante los episodios activos de escabiosis. Conclusiones: A pesar del corto tiempo transcurrido entre la aplicación de la experiencia educativa y la encuesta final, los hallazgos encontrados después de su aplicación demuestran que el programa aplicado puede mejorar los conocimientos de la población con relación a la escabiosis y sus complicaciones.
Purpose: to provide an educative alternative about escabiosis, adapted to the local conditions and the necessities felt by mothers. Methods. The methodology used in an educational intervention on escabiosis is described, being directed to the first attention level. This study was conducted in Primero de Enero Polyclinic. In the first stage, a survey was carried out, to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes etc. Stemming from the results, an educational methodology was developed, for which a teaching aid was created (a pamphlet), plus two activities to provide sustainability for the educational program. Mothers were polled again Eight months later, by means of the same survey, in order to know their acquisition of knowledge up to now. Results. Before the new methodology was applied, a number of mothers had insufficient hygiene habits and low level of knowledge with regards to escabiosis. After doing this training, women recognized the usefulness of developing appropriate personal and environmental hygiene habits to prevent complications during its occurrence. Conclusions. In inspire of the short period of time elapsed from the implementation of the educational intervention and the last survey, it showed its effectiveness to improve people knowledge in regards of escabiosis, as well as the main complications that may occur.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Educação em Saúde/métodos , EscabioseRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 267 niños menores de un año pertenecientes al Policlínico Comunitario José Agustín Mas Naranjo del municipio de Primero de Enero, durante el período comprendido desde el 1ro de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2007; el objetivo fue conocer el comportamiento de algunos factores relacionados con el uso y permanencia de la lactancia materna. Para esto se realizó un modelo encuesta procesado mediante computación. De la muestra estudiada sólo el 54,3 por ciento mantuvo lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el sexto mes. Se demostró que el abandono de la lactancia fue mayor en las madres con edad inferior a los 20 años, con nivel escolar de secundaria básica, estudiantes, con unión estable y sin apoyo familiar. El 100 por ciento de las madres con destete precoz habían recibido asesoramiento prenatal y la mayoría lo hicieron a través del médico y enfermera de la familia. La causa más frecuente referida de destete fue la hipogalactia. Los resultados se expresan en números y porcentajes, en tablas y gráficos confeccionados para los mismos.
An observational descriptive study was conducted on 267 children under one year old belonging to the Community Policlinic José Agustín Mas Naranjo located at Primero de Enero Municipality from January 1st to December 31st, 2007. The objective of this study was to know about the behaviour of some factors related with the use and continue use of breast-feeding. A survey was applied to achieve this. From the studied sample, just 54, 3 percent of women breast-fed until sixth month. The majority of mothers who stopped breast-feeding were under 20 years old, with junior high school level, long term relationship and no family support. 100 percent of mothers who did early weaning had prenatal advice from the family doctor and nurse. The most frequent reason for weaning was hypogalactia. Results are represented in charts and tables, by means of numbers and percentages.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Desmame , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio experimental prospectivo sobre el nivel de conocimientos de la población con relación a la nutrición infantil. Se estudiaron 41 pacientes con riesgo de malnutrición por defecto, de los consultorios urbanos 8 y 9 del Policlínico José Agustín Mas Naranjo del municipio de Primero de Enero, desde el 1ro de enero de 2006 al 30 de junio de 2007. Se diseñó y aplicó una estrategia educativa para elevar el nivel de conocimientos de la familia sobre nutrición infantil, y de esta forma lograr cambios en la conducta de los padres y cuidadores con respecto a la alimentación del niño menor de 2 años. La aplicación inicial de la encuesta (anexo 1) evidenció que un grupo de niños no recibía lactancia materna durante el primer semestre de la vida (31,3 por ciento). Se conoció que la diversificación y suplementación de la dieta en el mayor de 6 meses se hacía sólo en el 19,5 por ciento (8 casos), después de la intervención el 87,8 por ciento la utilizó (36 casos). Con la aplicación de la estrategia educativa se logró aumentar el nivel de conocimientos de los participantes. Este trabajo demostró la importancia y la asequibilidad de métodos participativos para mejorar la comprensión sobre esta problemática.
A prospective experimental study was done on the population knowledge regarding children nutrition. 41 patients at the risk of malnutrition by default were analyzed, being registered in urban surgeries 8 and 9 of the Policlinic Jose Agustín Mas Naranjo in Primero de Enero Municipality from January 1st, 2006 to June 30, 2007. For the execution of the work, the investigation equipment designed and applied an educative strategy to elevate the family knowledge on children nutrition, and thus to obtain changes in the parents and caretakers behaviour regarding the feeding of younger-than- 2 years- old children. The initial application of the survey (addendum 1) showed an important group of children who never were breast feeded during the first three months of their lives (31, 3 percent). It was also known that diversification and supplementation of older-than- 6 -months old children diet was carried out a 19,5 percent only (8cases). It was used in 36 cases (87, 8 percent) after doing the intervention. It was increased the participants knowledge on this matter after the application of the educative strategy. This work demonstrated the importance and attainability of participative methods to improve the understanding on this topic.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Desnutrição , Ensaio Clínico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Objetivo: Ofrecer una alternativa de educación sobre diarreas agudas en niños, adaptada a las condiciones locales y a las necesidades sentidas por las madres. Método: Se describe la metodología utilizada en una intervención educativa comunitaria sobre diarreas agudas, dirigida al primer nivel de atención. El estudio se realizó en el Policlínico Comunitario José Agustín Mas Naranjo del municipio Primero de Enero. En la primera etapa se practicó una encuesta para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las madres con relación a las diarreas. A partir de esto, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, para la cual se elaboró un material de apoyo docente (video-casete) y dos actividades para dar sostenibilidad al programa educativo. Ocho meses después de concluir la actividad se aplicó la misma encuesta para conocer el nivel de conocimientos con relación al inicial. Resultados: Antes de la aplicación de la metodología educativa, un grupo importante de madres tenía deficiente higiene y bajo nivel de conocimientos con relación a las diarreas. Después de la capacitación mejoraron los conocimientos, se modificaron hábitos y prácticas; las mujeres reconocieron la utilidad del suero oral en el tratamiento y prevención de complicaciones durante los episodios agudos de diarreas. Conclusiones: A pesar del corto tiempo transcurrido entre la aplicación de la experiencia educativa y la encuesta final, los hallazgos encontrados después de su aplicación demuestran que el programa aplicado puede mejorar los conocimientos de la población sobre las diarreas y sus complicaciones.
Objectives: To offer an education alternative on acute diarrhoeas in children, adapted to the local conditions and the needs felt by mothers. Method: The methodology used in a communitarian educative intervention on acute diarrhoeas is described, aim at the first level of attention. The study was carried out in the Communitarian Policlinic Jose Agustín Mas Naranjo of the municipality Primero de Enero. In the first stage a survey was applied to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of the mothers in relation to the diarrhoeas. From this result, the educative methodology was developed, for which a material of educational support was elaborated (videotape), and two activities to give sustainability to the educative program. Eight months after concluding the activity the same survey was applied to know the level of knowledge in relation to the initial one. Results: Before applying the educative methodology, a group of mothers had deficient hygiene and low level of knowledge in relation to the diarrhoeas. After the qualification they improved the knowledge and modified their habits and practices; the women recognized the utility of the oral serum in the treatment and prevention of complications during the acute episodes of diarrhoeas. Conclusions: In spite of the short time passed between the application of the educative experience and the final survey, the findings found after their application demonstrate that the applied program can improve the knowledge of the population on the diarrhoeas and their complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Diarreia Infantil , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
Se realiza una revisión actualizada sobre las peculiaridades clínicas, radiológicas y neuropatológicas de la Sarcoidosis. Esta enfermedad tiene un amplio espectro clínico cuyos síntomas pueden ser inespecíficos o tener afectación orgánica múltiple. El eritema nudoso asociado a erupciones maculopapulosas, linfoadenopatías, cuadros obstructivos con progresión hacia la insuficiencia respiratoria y la afectación glandular son las alteraciones comunmente observadas en el niño. La fibrosis progresiva del parénquima, la atelectasia distal, la arteritis granulomatosa de grandes vasos pulmonares y el derrame unilateral, constituyen las formas de presentación habitual de la Sarcoidosis pulmonar, identificables radiologicamente mediante gammagrafia con galio y tomografía axial computarizada. El diagnóstico exige la demostración de las lesiones granulomatosas no caseificantes en un estudio histológico. La confirmación diagnóstica permite evaluar periódicamente los casos así como prevenir las posibles complicaciones.
An updated review on clinical, radiological and neuropathological peculiarities of Sarcoidosis is made. This disease has an ample clinical specter which symptoms can be unspecific or have multiple organic affectation. Erythema nodosum associated to maculopapular eruptions, obstructive lynphoadenopathies, with pictures progressing towards respiratory insufficiency as well as glandular affectation are the alterations commonly observed in children. The progressive parenchymal fibrosis , distal atelectasis, the granulomatose arteritis of large pulmonary vessels and the unilateral collapse, radiologically constitute the forms of habitual presentation of pulmonary Sarcoidosis, identifiable by means of scintigraphy with gallium and CAT. The diagnosis demands the demonstration of the granulomatoses injuries in an histologic study. The diagnostic confirmation allows for the evaluation of cases periodically, as well as prevent the possible complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Pediatria , Sarcoidose , Sarcoidose PulmonarRESUMO
Se realizó una investigación observacional descriptiva para estimar los beneficios del ingreso en el hogar en niños y jóvenes del área de trabajo correspondiente al Policlínico Comunitario de Primero de Enero. Los grupos etáreos donde más se utilizó la técnica fueron: los niños con edades entre 1 y 4 años y el menor de un año; el sexo predominante fue el masculino; los medicamentos más utilizados estuvieron en correspondencia con las enfermedades y su disponibilidad. Las principales causas de ingreso fueron las infecciones respiratorias y diarreicas agudas. El estudio demostró que el 89,3 por ciento se curó, se complicó el 5,4 por ciento y no se produjeron defunciones.
A observational descriptive investigation was conducted in order to stimulate the benefits of admission to the Home of children and young people of the work area corresponding to the communitarian policlinic of Primero de enero municipality. The age groups where this technique was more commonly used were: Children in ages between 1-4 years and infants, males were predominant , the most utilized medicines were in correspondence with the diseases and their availability. The main causes of admission were respiratory infections and the acute diarrheal diseases. This study demonstrated that (89.3%) was cured, (5.4%) encountered complications and fatalities did not occur.