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Colistin is one of the last-line treatments for multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The emergence of mobile colistin resistance genes has driven global concern and triggered the need for surveillance. Our report reveals the identification of mcr-9.1 and mcr-10.1 in Ecuador by employing a proximity ligation technique.

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Resumen Introducción: La sobrevida de pacientes con síndrome de Marfan y compromiso de la raíz aórtica ha aumentado debido a la introducción de técnicas de reemplazo de raíz aórtica con preservación valvular. Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar desenlaces a corto y largo plazo de pacientes con síndrome de Marfan intervenidos con la técnica de reemplazo de la raíz aórtica con reimplante de la válvula aórtica (procedimiento de Tirone David). Materiales y método: Serie de casos de pacientes con síndrome de Marfan sometidos al procedimiento quirúrgico de Tirone David entre 2002 y 2020. Se generaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier para evaluar el tiempo libre de reintervención aórtica y la sobrevida. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes, con edad promedio de 29 años. Se identificó progresión de la enfermedad en el 35.3%, determinada por reintervención en 5 pacientes, disección aórtica tipo B en 3 pacientes, insuficiencia aórtica grave en 2 pacientes y aneurismas crónicos torácicos o abdominales en 5 pacientes. Se identificaron 3 muertes no relacionadas directamente con la progresión de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: En pacientes con síndrome de Marfan y patología de raíz aórtica, el procedimiento de reemplazo de la raíz aórtica con reimplante de la válvula aórtica es la técnica ideal por sus resultados en libertad de reintervención, sobrevida y calidad de vida. Sin embargo, la cirugía no resuelve el compromiso aórtico distal, el cual es el principal factor en la progresión de la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: The survival of patients with Marfan syndrome and aortic root involvement has increased over the past decades due to the introduction of valve-sparing aortic root replacement techniques. Objective: To identify and characterize the short- and long-term outcomes of patients with Marfan syndrome managed with aortic root replacement with aortic valve reimplantation (Tirone David procedure). Materials and method: A case series of patients diagnosed with Marfan syndrome who underwent the surgical procedure between 2002 and 2020. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to evaluate aortic reintervention-free time and survival. Results: 18 patients were included, the average age was 29 years; disease progression was identified in 35.3%, determined by reintervention in five patients, three patients had type B aortic dissection, two had severe aortic insufficiency and five had chronic thoracic or abdominal aneurysms. There were three deaths, not directly related to disease progression. Conclusions: In patients with Marfan syndrome and aortic root disease, aortic root replacement with aortic valve reimplantation is the ideal technique due to its results in results in avoiding the need for reintervention and improving survival and quality of life. However, surgery does not resolve distal aortic involvement, which is the main factor in disease progression.

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OBJECTIVES: The paediatric gut microbiota is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. Environmental factors such as a child's exposure to faecal contamination and antimicrobial resistance genes of animal origin likely shape the resistome of infants and children. This study measured how different levels of exposure to domestic or food animals affect the structure of the intestinal resistome in children between 1 and 7 years of age. METHODS: One hundred nineteen faecal samples from 39 children were analysed according to the level of exposure to domestic or food animals and categorized into three risk groups. Using high-throughput sequencing with an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 SP platform, we performed faecal resistome analyses using the ResFinder database. Additionally, ResistoXplorer was used to characterize the resistomes of children differentially exposed to domestic animals. RESULTS: Our data indicated that specific antimicrobial resistance genes such as those that confer resistance to MATFPR (macrolide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, and rifamycin) and tetracyclines were statistically less abundant in the group of children without exposure to animals (group 2), compared with the groups exposed to domestic and food animals (groups 1 and 3). However, the overall resistome structure among the children was not affected by the different levels of exposure to animals. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that animal exposure is a risk factor for young children acquiring specific antimicrobial resistance genes from domestic animals or animal production areas. However, the overall resistome structure was not affected.

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BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota is a significant reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The use and misuse of antimicrobials can select multi-resistant bacteria and modify the repertoire of ARGs in the gut. Developing effective interventions to manipulate the intestinal resistome would allow us to modify the antimicrobial resistance risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Applying shotgun metagenomics, we compared the composition of fecal resistome from individuals treated with triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori plus Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I 745 (Sb) versus triple antibiotherapy without S. boulardii (control) before, after, and one month after treatments. DNA samples were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Reads were trimmed and filtered for quality, and the reads classified as host genome were removed from further analysis. We used the ResFinder database for resistome analysis and the web-based tool ResistoXplorer and RStudio for graphical representation and statistical analysis. RESULTS: We identified 641 unique ARGs in all fecal samples, conferring resistance to 18 classes of antibiotics. The most prevalent ARGs found in at least 90% of the samples before the treatments were against tetracyclines, MLS-B (macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B), beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides. Differential abundance analysis allowed the identification of ARGs significantly different between treatment groups. Thus, immediately after the treatments, the abundance of ARGs that confer resistance to lincosamides, tetracyclines, MLS-B, and two genes in the beta-lactam class (cfxA2 and cfxA3) was significantly lower in the group that received Sb than in the control group (edgeR, FDR <0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the addition of S. boulardii CNCM-I 745 to the conventional antibiotic eradication therapy for H. pylori reduced the abundance of ARGs, particularly those genes that confer resistance to lincosamides, tetracyclines, MLS-B, and a few genes in the beta-lactams class.

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BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a common nasal colonizer in 20-30% of the general population. When mucosal and cutaneous barriers are disrupted, S. aureus can cause severe infections. While MRSA nasal carriers have an increased risk of infections when compared to non-carriers, prolonged exposure to the hospital environment may cause an increase in carriage of MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey questionnaire was filled for analyzing risk factors of colonization. Swab isolates were identified as S. aureus by traditional microbiological assays. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were performed following the CLSI standard guidelines. Multiplex PCR was conducted to determine the presence of genes mecA and lukS-PV/lukF-PV. Chi-squared, univariate, and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to find statistically significant associations between risk factors and the presence of S. aureus and MRSA. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-six isolates were identified as S. aureus. The strains showed high resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, clindamycin (inducible), and tetracycline. The overall prevalence of MRSA in medical students was 45.9% [40.4-51.6] 95% CI. PCR showed a prevalence of mecA gene in MRSA isolates of 6.1% while lukS-PV/lukF-PV gene was present in 3.2% [1.2-6.9] 95% CI of the S. aureus samples. The risk factors frequency of antibiotic intake and repeated visits to hospitals demonstrated statistical significance. CONCLUSION: S. aureus and MRSA isolates have a high prevalence of colonization, and antibiotic resistance in the population studied. MRSA resistance was not related to the presence of the mecA gene. The prevalence of PVL genes was low, but it could represent a risk because they are circulating in the community.

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Microscopic examination is the standard method for diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis despite its low sensitivity. This study compared the diagnosis efficacy of microscopic examination versus polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing using whole blood and skin lesion samples from patients with suspected leishmaniasis. The presence of Leishmania was determined by microscopy and amplification of 18S ribosomal RNA gene from blood and skin samples of 22 patients. Twenty individuals were positive for leishmaniasis. Microscopic analysis identified 85%, whereas PCR identified 100% of positive cases from skin and 90% from blood. Cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) amplification and sequencing identified Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania shawi, and Leishmania naiffi from skin and blood samples. This study demonstrated the usefulness of whole blood and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and species identification of leishmaniasis.

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In tropical areas, the predominant cause of fever has historically been malaria. However by 2011, among febrile patients in northwestern Ecuador, dengue was identified in 42% and malaria in none. This finding suggests a transition in the cause of fever from malaria to other illnesses, such as dengue.

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