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The work presented here provides the guidelines and results for designing and implementing a highly sensitive modified Van der Pol - Duffing oscillator with a trigonometric damping function (VTD). This VTD can exhibit periodic and quasi-chaotic behavior necessary for application in weak signal detection. Here, we present two proposals: (1) A method based on a quasi-chaotic intermittent array (ANLIOA), whose all VTD parameters are calculated and fine-tuned toward a critical state between chaotic and periodic state through a Lyapunov exponent procedure, and (2) A method based on a single oscillator in an adaptive stopping oscillation system (ANLSOS), where VTD is established within an oscillatory regime. Both systems can detect non-stationary signals while reconstructing the time-frequency spectrogram in high resolution within severe noise conditions. The systems were adapted for the detection of a synthesized Doppler signal corresponding to the blood flow velocity profile from an artery. Comparative results using typical oscillators such as Duffing or Van der Pol demonstrate the superiority of the VTD oscillator in detection when used for both methods, whose mean absolute percentage error reached around 6% for a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of -10 dB. Furthermore, compared to other time-frequency methods, ANLIOA and ANLSOS promise high precision in detecting Doppler signals with low rates of frequency changes while minimizing energy emission and avoiding possible bio-thermal effects.

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The synthesis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spheres with different sizes has been a challenge. PMMA has promise for future applications, e.g., as a template for preparing porous oxide coatings by thermal decomposition. Different amounts of SDS as a surfactant are used as an alternative to control PMMA microsphere size through the formation of micelles. The objectives of the study were twofold: firstly, to determine the mathematical relationship between SDS concentration and PMMA sphere diameter, and secondly, to assess the efficacy of PMMA spheres as templates for SnO2 coating synthesis and their impact on porosity. The study used FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques to analyze the PMMA samples, and SEM and TEM techniques were used for SnO2 coatings. The results showed that PMMA sphere diameter could be adjusted by varying the SDS concentration, with sizes ranging from 120 to 360 nm. The mathematical relationship between PMMA sphere diameter and SDS concentration was determined with a y = axb type equation. The porosity of SnO2 coatings was found to be dependent on the PMMA sphere diameter used as a template. The research concludes that PMMA can be used as a template to produce oxide coatings, such as SnO2, with tunable porosities.

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BACKGROUND: Breast cancer has positioned itself worldwide as one of the main public health problems, especially in Latin America. In some countries, several programs for the prevention and control of breast cancer in women have been developed and implemented on a permanent basis, but there are no public reports on the policies that originated such programs. OBJECTIVE: A scoping review of scientific publications that identify the type, extent, and scope of policies and programs for the prevention and control of breast cancer in Latin American women was performed, and the main results were presented in this paper. METHODS: This scoping review was carried out according to the method by Arksey and O'Malley based on 3 fundamental questions about breast cancer prevention and control policies in Latin America: their type, extent and scope, and reference framework. The search period was from 2000 to 2019, and the search was carried out in the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), MEDLINE (EbscoHost), CINAHL (EbscoHost), Academic Search Complete (EbscoHost), ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index), and Scopus in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, and Scielo, Cochrane, and MEDES-MEDicina in Spanish and Portuguese. Of the 743 studies found, 20 (2.7%) were selected, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The selected studies identified several Latin American countries that have generated policies and programs to prevent and control breast cancer in women, focusing mainly on risk communication, prevention and timely detection, effective access to health services, improvement of the screening process, and evaluation of screening programs. Evaluation criteria and greater participation of civil society in policy design and program execution are still lacking. This could undoubtedly help eliminate existing barriers to effective action. CONCLUSIONS: Although several Latin American countries have generated public policies and action programs for the prevention and control of breast cancer, a pending issue is the evaluation of the results to analyze the effectiveness and impact of their implementation given the magnitude of the public health problem it represents and because women and civil society play an important role in its prevention and control. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/12624.

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Abstract Introduction The pain prevalence in hospitalized infants and preschool children has not been accurately identified in high-income countries, and in low and medium-income countries it has not been extensively studied. The assessment instruments are limited. Objective To describe the prevalence and management of pain in infants and preschool children during the first 24 hours of hospitalization in a third level institution in Colombia, using the LLANTO scale. Methods An observational study was conducted during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Demographic information was recorded, pain was assessed at admission, after 4, and 24 hours using the LLANTO scale. Pharmacological therapy was also documented. Results 250 children between one month and 5 years old were studied. The pain prevalence at admission was 12 %. The pain prevalence per subgroups was higher among the surgical patients, as compared to the clinical patients (35.9 % vs. 7.6 %). The pharmacological analysis revealed that 70.8 % of patients received treatment; the most widely used medications were oral acetaminophen and intravenous dipyrone. Conclusions: Pain prevalence was lower than the levels described for the general pediatric population. This result may be due to the sensitivity of the LLANTO instrument, or to a particular pain behavior. Further studies are needed to identify the sensitivity of the assessment instruments in early life and to accurately investigate any associated phenomena.

Resumen Introducción La prevalencia de dolor en lactantes y preescolares hospitalizados no se conoce con exactitud en países de altos ingresos. Mientras que en países con bajos y medianos ingresos se ha estudiado poco. Los instrumentos de evaluación son limitados. Objetivo Describir la prevalencia y manejo del dolor en lactantes y preescolares durante las primeras 24 horas de hospitalización en un centro de tercer nivel en Colombia, mediante la escala LLANTO. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional durante las primeras 24 horas de hospitalización. Se registró la información demográfica, se evaluó el dolor al ingreso, 4 y 24 horas, mediante la escala LLANTO. Adicionalmente se documentó el tratamiento farmacológico. Resultados Se estudiaron 250 niños (entre un mes y 5 años). La prevalencia de dolor encontrada al ingreso fue del 12 %. La prevalencia de dolor por subgrupos fue mayor en los pacientes quirúrgicos comparado con los clínicos (35,9 % vs. 7,6 %). Al analizar el manejo farmacológico, 70,8 % de los pacientes recibió tratamiento. Los medicamentos más empleados fueron acetaminofén oral y dipirona endovenosa. Conclusiones La prevalencia de dolor fue menor a la descrita en la población pediátrica general. El resultado puede deberse a la sensibilidad del instrumento LLANTO o a un comportamiento particular del dolor. Se necesitan más estudios para conocer la sensibilidad de los instrumentos de evaluación en las primeras etapas de la vida y poder investigar los fenómenos relacionados acertadamente.

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Resilience has been reported to be a protective psychological variable of mental health; however, little is known about its role in COVID-19 survivors. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety, stress, traumatic impact, and resilience associated with COVID-19, as well as to investigate the role of resilience as a moderating variable. A sample of 253 participants responded to an online survey; all were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 by a nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR test, were older than 18 years, and signed an informed consent form. Significant negative correlations were found between resilience and the mental health variables. Higher resilience was significantly related to a lower impact of the event, stress, anxiety, and depression when the number of symptoms was low. Only when the duration of COVID-19 was short and resilience levels were medium or high was psychological distress reduced. Moreover, resilience moderated the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, even if a relapse occurred. The results emphasize the need for interdisciplinary interventions aimed at providing COVID-19 patients with psychological and social resources to cope with the disease, as well as with probable relapses.

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Resumen Entre los más importantes peces del río Meta se encuentra Prochilodus mariae (bocachico llanero o coporo), tanto por su mayor tamaño dentro de los bocachicos de la cuenca, como por su aporte a la biomasa trófica y de las pesquerías de la región. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el régimen alimenticio de poslarvas (inicio de la alimentación exógena) del coporo Prochilodus mariae, hasta el inicio de la fase de alevino (aletas completas y cuerpo con escamas), en condiciones simuladas durante los primeros 30 días de alimentación exógena. Los estanques en tierra del IALL, asignados para el desarrollo de este trabajo, fueron abonados orgánicamente con (bovinaza y heno) teniendo en cuenta las condiciones que suceden cada año, a las entradas de aguas en las áreas de inundación de los afluentes, los que fueron sembrados con larvas obtenidas por reproducción inducida a densidad de veinte larvas / m2 y con el 80% de su saco vitelino absorbido. Cada dos días, durante 30 días, a las 8:00 h, fueron colectadas poslarvas junto con las muestras de zooplantcton y fitoplancton y fijados en formol bufferado al 4%. Los índices de frecuencia (IF) de los contenidos estomacales de siete poslarvas/estanque y los ítems alimenticios como oferta hallados en aguas y perifiton fueron evaluados. Los análisis se realizaron con un total de 156 ejemplares que oscilan entre intervalos de 6-8.99; 9-17.99; 18-26.99; 27-35.99; 36-44.99; 45-47.99 mm de longitud total. Las poslarvas del primer intervalo exploran organismos relacionados con el perifiton principalmente bacterias, protozoos y algas en este primer muestreo se caracterizó porque el 66.7% de las poslarvas presentaron estómagos vacíos. En las poslarvas del segundo intervalo el IF de los contenidos mostró una tendencia por el consumo de organismos pelágicos con preferencia por los cladóceros. En el último intervalo los alevinos inician el consumo de detritos (materia orgánica particulada, bacterias, hongos) y otras formas del fitoplancton cercano a las paredes y fondo del estanque.

Abstract Prochilodus mariae (bocachico llanero or coporo) is amongst the most important fish in the Meta River (a major left tributary of the Orinoco River); along with being the largest of the Prochilodus species in the river basin, flannel-mouth characiforms contribute greatly to the dynamics of the region's food chain and fisheries. This work was aimed at assessing Prochilodus mariae post-larvae feeding habits during their first thirty days of exogenous feeding until the beginning of the alevin stage. Simulations were made in the Instituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos (IALL) facilities' earthen fish ponds to closely resemble the fishes' natural annual water and feeding conditions. The ponds had been organically fertilised with cattle manure and hay and were then periodically inundated and drained to simulate the Meta River's tributaries natural/annual floodplains or areas that are periodically inundated by high water levels. The ponds were stocked with larvae obtained by artificial spawning at twenty larvae/m2 density when around 80% of their yolk sacs had been absorbed. Post-larvae and pond water samples containing zooplankton and phytoplankton were collected at 8 am every other day for 30 days and fixed in 4% buffered formalin. Seven post-larvae/pond stomach/gut contents (frequency of fullness index - FI) were analysed from 156 specimens divided into size intervals ranging from 6-8.99, 9-17.99, 18-26.99, 27-35.99, 36-44.99 and 45-47.99 mm in length. Food items' frequency of abundance (i.e. supply) in the pond water and periphyton were estimated. First-size interval post-larvae explore periphyton-related organisms for their food source (mainly bacteria, protozoans and algae). This first sampling was characterised by 66.7% of the post-larvae having empty stomachs. Second-size interval post-larvae FI tended reflect the consumption of pelagic organisms, having a preference for microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepods). The longest alevins (45-47.99 mm long) started consuming detritus (particulate organic matter, bacteria and fungi) and other forms of phytoplankton close to the sides and bottom of the fishponds.

Resumo Entre os peixes mais importantes do rio Meta encontra-se Prochilodus mariae (bocachico llanero ou coporo), devido a ser dos maiores bocachicos da bacia, assim como a sua contribuição para a biomassa trófica e pesca da região. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar a dieta das pós-larvas do coporo Prochilodus mariae, até ao início da fase de alevinos em condições simuladas durante os primeiros trinta dias de alimentação exógena. Os estanques do IALL destinados ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram fertilizados organicamente com (esterco bovino e feno) atendendo às condições que ocorrem a cada ano, na entrada de água nas áreas de alagamento dos afluentes, que foram semeados com larvas obtidas por reprodução induzida na densidade de vinte larvas / m2 e com 80% do saco vitelino absorvido. A cada dois dias, durante 30 dias, às 8:00 da manhã, as pós-larvas eram recolhidas juntamente com a água, e fixadas em formalina tamponada a 4%. Foram avaliados os índices de frequência (IF) do conteúdo estomacal de sete pós-larvas/tanque e itens alimentares encontrados nas águas e perifiton. As análises foram realizadas com um total de 156 espécimes entre 6-8,99; 9-17,99; 18-26,99; 27-35:99; 36-44,99; 45-47,99mm de comprimento total. As pós-larvas do primeiro intervalo exploram organismos relacionados com o perifiton principalmente bactérias, protozoários e algas, esta primeira amostragem foi caracterizada porque 66,7% das pós-larvas apresentavam estômagos vazios. Nas pós-larvas do segundo intervalo o IF do conteúdo estomacal mostrou uma tendência para o consumo de organismos pelágicos com preferência pelos cladóceros. No último intervalo, os alevinos começam a consumir detritos (partículas orgânicas, bactérias, fungos) e formas de fitoplâncton ligadas às superfícies do substrato (feno) e ao fundo do tanque.

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Resumen Introducción: hasta el 60 % de los pacientes con sepsis desarrollan daño renal agudo. La procalcitonina indica la presencia de sepsis y puede predecir un daño renal agudo. Objetivos: determinar los valores de procalcitonina como biomarcador predictor de daño renal agudo y sus complicaciones en el espectro de sepsis. Métodos: estudio transversal. Se midió procalcitonina durante las 24 horas de hospitalización. Se determinó el área bajo la curva, el error estándar, la sensibilidad y especificidad de los valores de procalcitonina relacionado con daño renal agudo. Resultados: un total de 72 pacientes con edad de 51 años (rango 18 -79); 35 (48,6 %) casos eran hombres, 44 (61,1 %) presentaron sepsis, 14 (19,4 %) choque séptico, 11 (15,3 %) sepsis severa y 3 (4,2 %) hipotensión inducida por sepsis. Encontramos una elevación de procalcitonina (≥0,5 ng/mL) en 54 (75 %) pacientes; presentaron daño renal agudo 42 (58,3 %) casos; estadio KDIGO 1 en 19 (45,2 %), KDIGO 2 en 12 (28,6 %) y KDIGO 3 en 11 (26,2 %) pacientes; de ellos 37 (88,1 %) presentaron procalcitonina ≥0,5 ng/mL (OR 5,65, IC 95 % 1,73 - 18,42; p<0,01). El área debajo de la curva 0,75 (IC 95 % 0,63 - 0,86 p <0,0001); el valor de procalcitonina de 2,565 ng/mL tuvo la mayor validez prediciendo daño renal agudo, con sensibilidad de 61,9 %, especificidad de 80 %, un valor predictivo positivo de 44,52 %, valor predictivo negativo de 56,18 %, LR+ de 0.80 y un LR- de 0.77. Conclusión: en el espectro de sepsis, el nivel de procalcitonina ≥2,565 ng/mL al ingreso hospitalario predice daño renal agudo.

Abstract Introduction: Up to 60% of patients with sepsis develop acute kidney injury. Procalcitonin indicates the presence of sepsis and could predict acute kidney injury. Objectives: To determine the values of procalcitonin as a predictive biomarker of acute renal injury and its complications in the sepsis spectrum. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Procalcitonin was measured during the 24 hours of hospitalization. We determined the area under the curve, standard error, sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin values related to acute renal injury. Results: A total of 72 patients aged 51 years (range 18-79); 35 (48.6%) were male, 44 (61.1%) presented sepsis, 14 (19.4%) had septic shock, 11 (15.3%) severe sepsis and 3 (4.2%) sepsis-induced hypotension. We found an elevation of procalcitonin (≥0.5 ng / mL) in 54 (75%) patients; presented acute renal injury 42 (58.3%) cases; KDIGO 1 in 19 (45.2%), KDIGO 2 in 12 (28.6%) and KDIGO 3 in 11 (26.2%) patients; of them 37 (88.1%) had procalcitonin ≥0.5 ng / mL (OR 5.65, 95% CI 1.73-18.42, p <0.01). The area under the curve 0.75 (95% CI 0.63 - 0.86 p <0.0001); the value of procalcitonin of 2,565 ng / mL had the highest validity predicting acute renal injury, with sensitivity of 61.9%, specificity of 80%, a positive predictive value of44.52%, negative predictive value of 56.18%, LR + of 0.80 and an LR - 0.77. Conclusion: In the sepsis spectrum, the level of procalcitonin ≥2,565 ng / mL at hospital admission predicts acute kidney injury.

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RESUMEN Nuestro objetivo fue diseñar una solución gluco-proteica estandarizada con aporte de calcio y evaluar su adecuación en recién nacidos pre-término en las primeras horas de vida. Método: Se realizó un estudio piloto entre febrero de 2016 y febrero de 2017 en el que se diseñaron dos soluciones gluco-proteicas (vía central y vía periférica) para ser utilizadas en recién nacidos en las primeras horas de vida, que se adaptasen a los requerimientos de todos los recién nacidos en función del ritmo de infusión. Se diseñaron según las recomendaciones existentes y se elaboró el protocolo normalizado de trabajo para describir el proceso de elaboración y los controles de calidad requeridos (visual, gravimétrico y microbiológico). Se monitorizo la respuesta de esta solución gluco-proteica en recién nacidos pre-término. Resultados principales: Se elaboraron 54 lotes de soluciones glucoproteicas por vía central y 52 por vía periférica que se administraron a 47 recién nacidos pre-término sin presentarse complicaciones ni efectos adversos. Conclusiones: la concentración de calcio de la solución gluco-proteica se adapta a las necesidades de la mayoría de los recién nacidos pre-término. La elaboración de soluciones estandarizadas disminuye la carga de trabajo del servicio de farmacia y los costes económicos asociados.

ABSTRACT Our aim was to design a standardized glycoprotein solution with calcium and evaluate adequacy for preterm newborn infants in the first hours of life. Method: Pilot study conducted between February 2016 and February 2017. Two glycoprotein solutions were designed (central and peripheral administration) to be used in newborns in the first hours of life to provide the requirements of all newborns depending on the infusion rhythm. The solutions were designed according to current recommendations, the standard operating procedure was drawn up describing the elaboration process, and the quality controls required (visual, gravimetric and microbiological). The response of this solution in preterm newborns was monitored. Main results: During the study, 54 batches of central glycoprotein solutions and 52 of peripheral glycoprotein solutions were prepared and administered to 47 preterm newborns without complications or side effects in relation to their administration. Conclusions: The concentration of calcium used in the glycoprotein solution formulation was adapted to the requirements of most preterm newborns. The development of standardized solutions reduces the workload of the pharmacy service and the associated economic costs.

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El sueño es un requerimiento biológico para la vida, sus alteraciones o su ausencia pueden disminuir la calidad de vida, el estado anímico y funcional, afectando seriamente la salud. Un sueño placentero y reparador implica cursar por facetas de profundidad diversa y actividad neuronal compleja. En este artículo se intentan explicar las generalidades del proceso del sueño y algunos de sus trastornos que lo relacionan con aumento de la actividad de los músculos masticatorios (bruxismo). Son presentados aspectos clínicos y neuronales que inducen a un incremento de microdespertares como alteración del sueño, estimulando bruxismo nocturno y bruxismo asociado a apnea nocturna. Son discutidas las posibles relaciones bidireccionales entre bruxismo diurno y nocturno secundarias a modifi caciones en la cantidad y calidad del proceso del sueño. De la misma manera, son sugeridas algunas consideraciones semiológicas y nosológicas para el mejor manejo y control del bruxismo asociado a las alteraciones del sueño, bajo el diagnóstico, atención y supervisión de equipos de atención multi- e interdisciplinarios (AU)

Sleep is a biological requirement for life, its alterations or privation thereof may reduce a person's quality of life, his or her state of mind and physical functions, which signifi cantly aff ects their health. Pleasant and repairing sleep implies going through variable deepness sleep stages, and a complex neuronal activity. This article intends to explain the generalities of the sleep process and certain disorders, particularly those in connection with the activity of the mastication muscles (bruxism). Clinical and neuronal aspects are presented inducing an increase in micro-awakenings such as sleep alterations stimulating nocturnal and bruxism associated with sleep apnea. Bidirectional connections between diurnal and nocturnal bruxism are argued as secondary to changes in the amount and quality of the sleep process. In the same manner, certain considerations associated to semiology and nosology of the diverse bruxism manifestations are considered for the better handling and control of the bruxism associated with sleep alterations under the diagnosis attention and supervision of multi- and interdisciplinary teams (AU)

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Los eventos de apnea o hipopnea durante el proceso del sueño se caracterizan por una disminución o bloqueo de la respiración induciendo a un estado orgánico de hipooxigenación que a su vez induce a microdespertares en reacción fi siológica de protección del organismo. Durante estos eventos, el individuo transita de una fase profunda del sueño a una más superfi cial. La repetición de los eventos de apnea/hipopnea provoca que el sueño no sea reparador física y emocionalmente, además de provocar una hiperactividad motora de los músculos masticadores. induciendo un incremento en la frecuencia e intensidad de movimientos rítmicos masticatorios que eventualmente pueden promover daños musculares, articulares, mucosos y dentales. El incremento de los movimientos rítmicos mandibulares también se observa en bruxismo nocturno, lo que abre la posibilidad que haya un efecto sumatorio entre ellos. Para ambos tipos de padecimientos, la polisomnografía empleada en tiempos modernos es un procedimiento para evaluar las alteraciones del sueño, que puede demostrar que los microdespertares preceden a un incremento de manifestaciones del sistema nervioso autónomo, incluida la hiperactividad muscular, la cual puede provocar alteraciones orgánicas de tipo sistémico, además de episodios de apretamiento y rechinamiento dental (AU)

The events of apnea or hypopnea during the sleep process are characterized by a decrease or obstruction of respiration inducing an organic state of hypooxygenation that in turn induces micro-arousals as a physiological reaction to protect the organism. During these events, the individual transits from a deep sleep phase to a more superfi cial phase. The repetition of apnea/hypopnea events causes a sleep that is nor physically neither emotionally repairing; furthermore inducing a motor hyperactivity of the masticatory muscles which increases the frequency and intensity of rhythmic masticatory movements that can eventually promote muscular, joint (TMJ), mucous and dental damage. That increase of the rhythmic masticatory movements is also observed in sleep bruxism, which leaves open the possibility of observing a summation eff ect with sleep apnea. For this type of conditions, polysomnography is a procedure that assesses sleep disturbances and demonstrates that micro-arousal precedes an increase autonomic changes, including muscle hyperactivity, which eventually could cause organic systemic alterations, as well episodes of clenching and dental grinding (AU)

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El bruxis mo muestra una fi siopatología compleja, donde se involucran señales aferentes y eferentes reguladas por el SNC a través de la expresión de neurotransmisores que repercute en una hiperactividad muscular disfuncional y eventualmente dañina. Para intentar comprender bruxismo desde sus particularidades neurofi siológicas, fue realizada una revisión bibliográfi ca en las bases de Medline y PubMed con el objetivo de establecer la relación entre neurotransmisores y el sistema neuromasticatorio, señalando las posibles alteraciones en su liberación que desencadenen irregularidades en los movimientos rítmicos de la mandíbula (rhythmic jaw Mmovement [RJM]) durante el sueño, inducidos por desórdenes en el sistema nervioso central, por trastornos psicológicos y psiquiátricos, drogadicción y prescripciones médicas, y en alguna medida a una respuesta reactiva a situaciones locales y cambios adaptativos. El funcionamiento masticatorio depende de la integración del aporte sensorial (aferente) de componentes como lo son el ligamento periodontal, músculos masticatorios, dientes y articulación temporomandibular, que puede ser perturbado; cuando alguna de estas partes sufre alteraciones en su integridad, infl amación o sobrecarga funcional o por alteraciones morfológicas, observándose una variedad de respuestas adaptativas y compensatorias (eferentes). En bruxismo esta información local es de relevancia menor, ya que este se rige por cambios centrales observados durante el sueño o bien alteraciones de infl uencia psicológica durante el bruxismo diurno. Consiguientemente, el bruxismo trae apareados cambios biológicos, emocionales y de conducta que repercuten en músculos mayores, preferentemente localizados en cabeza y cuello, ocasionando de manera secundaria numerosas alteraciones; particularmente en la región estomatognática, se observan diversos deterioros como daño de las mucosas, dolor miofascial y articular y atrición dental. La comprensión de los complejos procesos neurofi siológicos que determinan la aparición y persistencia de bruxismo puede ayudar a establecer estrategias de control y tratamiento (AU)

Bruxism shows a complex pathophysiology, where afferent and aff erent signals regulated by the CNS, through the expression of neurotransmitters with repercussion in dysfunctional and eventually harmful muscular hyperactivity. To try to understand bruxism from its neurophysiological peculiarities, a bibliographic review was carried out on the bases of Medline and PubMed, with the aim of establishing the relationship between neurotransmitters and the neuromasticatory system, pointing out the possible alterations in their release that trigger irregularities in the rhythmic movements of the jaw (rhythmic jaw movement [RJM]) during sleep induced by disorders in the central nervous system, psychological and psychiatric alterations, drug addiction and medical prescriptions, and to some extent, a reactive response to local situations and adaptive changes. The masticatory functioning depends on the integration of the sensory input (aff erent) of components such as the periodontal ligament, masticatory muscles, teeth and temporomandibular joint, which can be disturbed when any of these parts suff er alterations in their integrity, infl ammation, functional overload or morphological alterations, observing a variety of adaptive and compensatory (efferent) responses. In bruxism, this local information is of minor relevance, since it is governed by central changes observed during sleep or changes in psychological infl uence during daytime bruxism. Consequently, bruxism brings with it biological, emotional and behavioral changes that aff ect major muscles, preferably located in the head and neck, causing in a secondary way many other alterations. Particularly in the stomatognathic region, several deteriorations are observed, such as mucosal damage, myofascial and joint pain and dental attrition. The understanding of the complex neurophysiological processes that determine the appearance and persistence of bruxism can help to establish control and treatment strategies (AU)

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En ausencia de guías clínicas que permitan ponderar factores de riesgo para el manejo del paciente bruxista, respecto a los índices de supervivencia de los implantes dentales y restauraciones que soporta, se realiza esta revisión bibliográfi ca a través de una búsqueda electrónica, indagando cómo un incremento en la función muscular pudiera signifi car un factor de riesgo para el implante mismo o para sus diferentes componentes y tipos de diseño protésico. Fue encontrada una diversidad de información contrastante en cuanto a los efectos que tiene el bruxismo en pacientes que han recibido un tratamiento de implantes, respecto a diagnóstico, manejo y adecuaciones o compensaciones que pudieran ser requeridas. En este reporte se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones respecto a la valoración clínica de los individuos con historial de bruxismo para mejor estimar los riesgos de colocación de implantes en sus bocas y poder reducirlos o sobrepasarlos (AU)

The lack of clinical guides to assess the risk factor for the treatment of a patient with bruxism and its relationship with the survival rate of the dental implants and its restoration has motivated a literature review on the subject. This examination was done through an electronic search, looking for the possible association between an increased muscular function as a risk factor and the damage possibility to dental implants or their diff erent prosthetic components. The obtained information was rather contrasting regarding the eff ects that bruxism may lead on dental implant treatment, as well as on diagnosis, management, and treatment plan modifi cations. A number of recommendations are given regarding evaluations of individuals with bruxism to better estimate risk factors to control or overpass them in benefi t of the patients seeking rehabilitation through the use of dental implants (AU)

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Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps, es uno de los loricáridos de gran tamaño (hasta 50 cm LT), presentes en la cuenca del río Orinoco en Colombia, de la cual se sabe poco en el medio natural. Para conocer del ciclo reproductivo, fueron capturados bimensualmente durante doce meses, en una madre vieja del río Guaviare (N 02°37' 52.7", W 072° 42' 28,08", 196 msnm), especímenes adultos los cuales fueron sacrificados in situ, previa anestesia, registrándose las medidas morfométricas y peso, luego eviscerados, identificando el sexo y estado de desarrollo gonadal y retiradas las gónadas las cuales fueron pesadas. Una muestra de la porción media de cada gónada fue fijada en formol buferado y transferida a las 24 horas a etanol 70% donde se conservó para procesamiento histológico estándar (H-E). Un total de 26 hembras con peso de 495.7±52.9 g y longitud total de 36.6±4.1 cm y 9 machos con peso de 676.7±192.8 g y longitud total de 36.6±4.1 cm, proporción sexual 3 hembras: 1 macho, fueron estudiados describiéndose la escala de maduración gonadal en cuatro estados (reposo, en maduración, maduro y un estado juvenil pre-reproductivo). En reposo los ovarios y testículos se presentan reducidos traslúcidos, de difícil diferenciación. En estado de maduración los ovarios son diferenciables ligeramente globosos y de color amarillo traslucido con ovocitos con diámetros de 2768 ± 373µm. En el estado maduro los ovarios son saculares de color amarillo intenso y brillante y los ovocitos tienen diámetros de 4155 ± 96 µm; los testículos se presentan blancos cuando alcanzan el punto máximo de madurez. Hembras y machos adultos reproductivamente activos maduran sus gónadas una vez al año de manera sincrónica, con desove total en aguas subiendo. Se estimó una fecundidad media de 1483 ± 380 óvulos / hembra madura. Se describe el ciclo ovocitario y espermático de la especie como similar al de otros loricáridos.

Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps (sailfin pleco), is one of the largest loricariids (up to 50 cm TL) in the Orinoco River basin in Colombia of which little is known of their natural history. To know the reproductive cycle, bimonthly collections for twelve months of adult specimens were made in a section of the Guaviare River (N 02 ° 37 '52.7 "W 072 ° 42' 28.08", 196 m). Specimens were killed on site, after anesthesia, recording morphometric and weight measurements, and then eviscerated. The gonads were weighed, and the sex and stage of sexual maturity of individual gonads were identified. A sample of the middle portion of each gonad was fixed for 24 h in buffered formalin and transferred to 70% ethanol until processed for standard histological analysis of tissues stained with H&E. A total of 26 females weighing 495.7 ± 52.9 g and 36.6 ± 4.1 cm TL, and 9 males of 676.7 ± 192.8 g and 36.6 ± 4.1 cm TL, (sex ratio 3 females to 1 male) were studied and four main stages were used to describe gonadal development (resting stage , developing or maturing, ripe or matured, and pre-reproductive juveniles). At rest the ovaries and testicles were small translucent and difficult to differentiate. The maturing ovaries were slightly differentiated, globular, translucent yellow containing oocytes with diameters of 2768 ± 372µm; the testicles had a rosy coloration. The mature ovaries were globular of an intense brilliant yellow, and the oocytes attained diameters of 4155 ± 96µm, and were visible to the naked eye; the testicles were white and apparent. The pre-reproductive juveniles or individuals with immature gonads were found throughout the year. In the reproductively active females and males the gonads mature synchronously once a year and spawning activity occurred during periods when water levels were rising. The average fecundity was estimated at 1483 ± 380 eggs / mature female. The oocyte and sperm cycles were very similar to those described for other Loricariids.

Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps (Bode-cacunda) é um dos loricaridos de maior tamanho (até 50 cm CT), na bacia do rio Orinoco na Colômbia, de quem pouco se conhece de sua vida na natureza. Para estudar seu ciclo reprodutivo, foram capturados espécimes adultos bimensalmente, durante doce meses em uma várzea do rio Guaviare (N 02°37' 52.7", W 072° 42' 28,08", 196 msnm), os quais foram sacrificados in situ, previa anestesia, registrando suas medidas morfométricas e peso, logo foram eviscerados, identificado o sexo, estádio de crescimento gonadal e peso da gônada. Uma amostra da porção media de cada gônada foi fixada em formol tamponado e transferida às 24 horas em etanol 70%, onde se conservo para processamento histológico padrão (H- E). Um total de 26 fêmeas (com peso de 495.7±52.9 g com comprimento total de 36.6±4.1 cm) e 9 machos (com peso de 676.7±192.8 g e comprimento total de 36.6±4.1 cm), com proporção sexual 3 fêmeas: 1 macho, foram estudados descrevendo sua escala de maduração gonadal em quatro estados (repouso, em maduração, maduro e um estado juvenil pre-reprodutivo). Em repouso os ovários e testículos se apresentam reduzidos translúcidos, de difícil diferenciação. Em estado em maduração os ovários são diferenciáveis ligeiramente globosos, de cor amarelo translúcido e ovócitos com diâmetros de 2768 ± 373µm; os testículos se apresentam rosáceos. No estado maduro os ovários são globosos de cor amarelo intenso e brilhante, os ovócitos conseguem diâmetros de 4155 ± 96 µm e são visíveis ao olho nu; os testículos são brancos, diferenciáveis. Um estado juvenil pre-reprodutivo o de indivíduos com gônadas imaturas se apresentou durante o ano inteiro. Fêmeas e machos adultos reprodutivamente ativos maduram suas gônadas uma vez ao ano de maneira sincrônica, com desove total em águas subindo. Estimou-se uma fecundidade media de 1483 ± 380 óvulos / fêmea madura. Descreve-se o ciclo ovocitario e espermático da espécie como similar ao de outros loricaridos.

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Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 257 ancianos con afecciones gastroduodenales, según resultados clinicoendoscópicos e histológicos, ingresados en las salas de Medicina Interna y Geriatría del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el bienio 2010-2011, con vistas a caracterizarles e identificar los principales diagnósticos en ellos. Entre las entidades gastroduodenales predominaron las enfermedades gástricas; asimismo, preponderaron el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 70-79 años y la gastritis antral como hallazgo endoscópico. Se demostró que en un número elevado de pacientes estaba infectado por Helicobacter pylori y que la densidad de colonización ligera se distinguió a medida que progresaba la lesión gástrica.

A descriptive and retrospective study of 257 old men with gastric and duodenal disorders, according to clinical endoscopic and histological results who were admitted in the Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Departments of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out during the biennium 2010-2011, with the aim of characterizing them and to identify the main diagnosis in them. Among the gastric and duodenal diseases the gastric ones prevailed; also, the male sex, the age group 70-79 years and the antral gastritis as endoscopic finding prevailed. It was demonstrated that a high number of patients were infected by Helicobacter pylori and that the density of slight colonization was distinguished as the gastric lesion progressed.

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La cardiopatía isquémica constituye en la actualidad uno de los problemas de salud más serios a nivel mundial y entre sus formas clínicas, el infarto del miocardio agudo es el que presenta mayor morbilidad y letalidad. Las concentraciones elevadas de la proteína C-reactiva, indican inestabilidad de las placas e inflamación y puede ser interpretada como el factor predictivo más importante de riesgo en el episodio isquémico.Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la proteína C reactiva como indicador de la evolución clínica del paciente con infarto del miocardio agudo.Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional prospectivo, en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey; el universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 210 pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto del miocardio agudo, la muestra estuvo constituida por 70 pacientes, 35 con el diagnóstico de infarto del miocardio agudo no complicado y 35 con el diagnóstico de infarto del miocardio agudo complicado a los que se le determinó los niveles de proteína C reactiva al ingreso y al egreso.Resultados: en el análisis del comportamiento de los factores de riesgo según infarto del miocardio agudo complicado y no complicado, se observó que 32 pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio complicados presentaron valores elevados de proteína C-reactiva para un 91,42 por ciento, seguido del tabaquismo, el sedentarismo, la hipertensión arterial y la obesidad, además en la primera determinación realizada en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio complicado el 94,28 por ciento presentaron proteína C-reactiva elevada y en la segunda en un 97,14 por ciento de casos se manifestó elevada. Conclusiones: los valores elevados de proteína C reactiva constituyen un factor predictivo en la evolución favorable o no del paciente con infarto del miocardio agudo...

Myocardial ischemia is nowadays one of the most serious health problems worldwide and among its clinical presentations the acute myocardial infarction is the one that has the greatest morbidity and mortality. The high concentrations of C-reactive protein indicate instability of patches and inflammation and may be interpreted as the most important predictive risk factor in the ischemic episode.Objective: to evaluate the results of C-reactive protein as evolutionary evidence in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods: an analytical, prospective observational study was carried out at Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Provincial Hospital of Camagüey. The universe was composed of 210 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction; the sample consisted of 70 patients: 35 cases with the diagnosis of non-complicated acute myocardial infarction and 35 cases with the diagnosis of complicated acute myocardial infarction, their C-reactive protein levels were determined at the admission and discharge from hospital. Results: in the analysis of the risk factors behavior, regarding complicated acute myocardial infarction and non-complicated acute myocardial infarction, it was observed that 32 patients with complicated acute myocardial infarction presented high C-reactive protein levels for a 91,42 percent, followed by smoking, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and obesity. Besides, in the first determination made in patients with complicated acute myocardial infarction, the 94, 28 percent of the cases presented high C-reactive protein levels; in the second one, in a 97, 14 percent of the cases, the levels were also high. Conclusions: high C-reactive protein levels are a predictive factor in the favorable or unfavorable evolution of the patient with acute myocardial infarction...

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This paper deals with the attitude estimation of a rigid body equipped with angular velocity sensors and reference vector sensors. A quaternion-based nonlinear observer is proposed in order to fuse all information sources and to obtain an accurate estimation of the attitude. It is shown that the observer error dynamics can be separated into two passive subsystems connected in "feedback". Then, this property is used to show that the error dynamics is input-to-state stable when the measurement disturbance is seen as an input and the error as the state. These results allow one to affirm that the observer is "robustly stable". The proposed observer is evaluated in real-time with the design and implementation of an Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) based on low-cost MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) Inertial Measure Unit (IMU) and magnetic sensors and a 16-bit microcontroller. The resulting estimates are compared with a high precision motion system to demonstrate its performance.

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Introduction. Recent studies in Mexico have shown that from 20/10,000 to 58/10,000 newborns with Toxoplasma infection could be undetected. The aim of this study was to determine the weighed prevalence of T. gondii infection and describe the epidemiological transition of infection in newborns. Methods. Research literature reporting Toxoplasma infection prevalence in Mexican newborns and children were searched in five international databases. Weighted prevalence was calculated by inverse variance-weighted method in asymptomatic and symptomatic study groups, and the epidemiological transition was estimated by a lineal regression analysis. Results. The weighed prevalence in 4833 asymptomatic newborns was 0.616%, CI95% (0.396%-0.835%) (P < 0.001), whereas, among 895 symptomatic newborns, the weighed prevalence was 3.02%, CI 95% (1.91%-4.1%) (P < 0.001). A downward trend of 0.25%/year represented an accumulated decrease of -13,75% in the prevalence in the symptomatic newborns throughout 55 years, whereas, in the asymptomatic children, the prevalence was similar over the course of the years. Conclusion. The high-weighted prevalence of congenital Toxoplasma infection in newborns justifies that Toxoplasma gondii testing be included in the screening programs for women during pregnancy and newborns in Mexico. A rapid diagnosis and treatment strategy could aid in limiting a potential damage to the newborns.

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Introducción: el embarazo en adolescentes puede tener consecuencias adversas para la salud. Objetivo: disminuir la incidencia del embarazo y sus riesgos en adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención educativa para modificar los criterios sobre el embarazo y sus riesgos en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Policlínico Arturo Puig Ruiz de Villa...

Introduction: adolescent pregnancy can have adverse health consequences. Objective: to reduce the incidence of pregnancy and its risks in adolescents. Method: a study of educational intervention was carried out to modify the criteria on pregnancy and its risks for pregnant adolescents, who were assisted at the Polyclinic Arturo Ruiz de Villa Puig...

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